36克区块链图谱图片,36氪 区块链

区块链作为一种新兴的技术，在近年来受到了广泛的关注，在许多领域都发挥着重要作用。今天，我们就来聊聊36氪区块链拓展中的三个关键词：区块链技术、区块链应用和区块链投资。

区块链技术是一种分布式数据库技术，也是一种去中心化的网络技术。它是一种不可篡改的数据存储和传输技术，它可以在网络中创建一个安全、可信赖、全球范围内的去中心化数据库。它的核心特点是去中心化、加密安全和不可篡改性，它可以用来存储和传输数据，还可以用来实现智能合约，构建分布式应用程序，从而带来可信赖的数据传输和交易。

区块链应用是指将区块链技术应用于各种行业，以改善传统行业的效率和安全性，提高行业的效率和安全性。目前，区块链技术已被广泛应用于金融、物流、医疗、教育、政务等诸多领域，为传统行业带来了新的发展机遇。例如，金融行业可以利用区块链技术来改善资金流转的效率，提高金融服务的安全性；医疗行业可以利用区块链技术来实现医疗数据的安全共享，提高医疗服务的效率；政务行业可以利用区块链技术来实现政务数据的安全存储，提高政务服务的效率。

区块链投资是指投资者利用区块链技术投资区块链资产，包括投资区块链项目、ICO、STO、IEO等。区块链投资有着较高的风险，但也有可能带来较大的回报，因此投资者应该谨慎对待，并对投资项目进行全面的风险评估。投资者可以通过了解相关行业发展，分析投资项目的技术、商业模式、团队等，以及参考市场行情，来进行投资决策。

以上就是36氪区块链拓展中的三个关键词：区块链技术、区块链应用和区块链投资的介绍，希望能够帮助大家了解区块链技术，更好地发掘区块链应用的价值，以及投资区块链资产的知识。

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A. New scientific discoveries reveal the surprising similarity between blockchain and DNA

Some scientists realize that computers are another form of life. Among them, blockchain technology is like DNA, which forms the basis of human life. A recently published study reveals striking parallels between computers and living things—life in general.

This research combines theory, observational data and conceptual models for analysis, and summarizes some basic elements that define "life". It is found that blockchain technology meets these elements. We observe that blockchain There are many similarities in function and structure between strands and DNA in organisms.

Blockchain is a structure that can only continuously add data. It is composed of many sub-units called "blocks" that are permanently connected together through encryption algorithms. From a practical application level, the blockchain is a permanent medium that stores a set of instructions in the form of computer code for replicating a large number of node copies. This is the same function as DNA in cells.

DNA is like the blueprint of a cell. The process of cell reproduction must follow the instructions stored in the DNA to copy the same new cell.

This study proposes that systems built on the basis of blockchain meet many conditions for the definition of "life", such as response to the environment, growth and change, replication, self-restraint, etc.

Research continues to look forward to rapidly developing systems, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs, systems that simulate the human brain) and artificial intelligence systems, which are more like "creatures" that can operate independently.

The study mentioned that compared with living organisms, these systems have many advantages, such as the ability to selectively pass their characteristics to the next generation, fast action, high accuracy, and can be said to have The ability to "eternal life". Distributed virtual machines (dVM) based on blockchain have the ability to plan how they want to evolve.

Researchers say that since the blockchain is like DNA and the neural network based on artificial intelligence is like the brain, once the two are combined in the future, what kind of life will be created!

What did scientists discover that shocked the world? Uncovering the "longest-lived" four-quark particle to date

What did scientists discover? Revealing the inherent characteristics of space-time of electromagnetic fields

What important value have scientists recently discovered? The latest estimate of the age of the universe is released

Scientists have discovered the frequent occurrence of mysterious fast radio bursts. What is the reason?

ScienceWhat did the family find? Brain neuron map is released, brain surgery will open up a new world

What did scientists unexpectedly discover? Why do so many different new stars appear in distant galaxies?

Scientists have discovered a new pterosaur fossil with a wingspan of seven meters in Australia.

What is the major discovery? Scientists study that the shape of the universe may be a donut shape

B. [Blockchain Mind Map] 002: Bitcoin

Here, Sir Jay gives you the 002nd zone Blockchain mind map: 002 Bitcoin~

The following is a brief description of Bitcoin:

Bitcoin (English: Bitcoin) is a decentralized, A non-universally globally payable electronic cryptocurrency. Bitcoin was invented by Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) on January 3, 2009, based on a borderless peer-to-peer network and using consensus-active open source software. As of February 12, 2018, Bitcoin is currently the cryptocurrency with the highest market capitalization. 【1】

Why was a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin created? In other words, why is Bitcoin so popular among the public, from a trendy gadget in the geek circle to a daily investment for ordinary people? ?

Some people believe that the advent of Bitcoin is the result of people’s hatred of the over-issuance of national sovereign currencies in the commodity economy and monetary policy intervention, and their yearning for community consensus currency autonomy in the gift economy. I believe everyone will have deep feelings about the issue of "inflation", right?

Check the information: Inflation is generally defined as: under the credit currency system, the amount of currency in circulation exceeds the actual needs of the economy, causing currency depreciation and a comprehensive and sustained increase in price levels-- In more common language: over a given period of time, the price level in a given economy generally continues to increase, resulting in a sustained decline in the purchasing power of money. 【2】

In China, we can use a vivid example to illustrate: around 1980, at the beginning of reform and opening up, “thousand-yuan households” were all very wealthy; Today, more than 30 years later, it is estimated that one has to reach the level of billions of assets to be considered a "rich man", right? ? Behind this tens of millions of times difference is the huge problem of currency depreciation caused by the over-issuance of currency.

Satoshi Nakamoto hates this kind of "inflation" problem. Therefore, he proposed his own methodology to solve the problem: Based on his belief in technology and liberal monetarism, he proposed a blockchain technology system; and relying on blockchain technology, he created Bitcoin.

Interestingly, Satoshi Nakamoto created the first block of the Bitcoin system, the "Genesis Block", with the sentence "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second lout for banks” (on January 3, 2009, the chancellor was on the verge of implementing a second round of emergency bank bailouts), and this sentence was the headline of the front page article in The Times that day.

At this point, people’s bold attempt to issue their own currency system began, and once the experimental wheels were started, it was difficult to stop them. Later, Bitcoin went through continuous iterative development and produced many hard fork currencies.

Data shows:

Of course, the development of Bitcoin is not smooth sailing. Hackers will attack Bitcoin trading websites; and many criminal organizations will also use Bitcoin to Bitcoin is used for illegal transactions; many people even still think that Bitcoin is a "Ponzi scheme."

In addition, celebrities have different opinions on Bitcoin. The data shows:

Paul Kluman, the Nobel Prize winner in economics, believes that "Bitcoin It’s evil” and expressed several views on Bitcoin.

David Woo, global head of interest rate and foreign exchange research at Bank of America Merrill Lynch, believes that "Bitcoin can become a major payment method for e-commerce and become a strong competitor for traditional currency transactions." . . 【3】

What exactly is Bitcoin? Everyone will have their own different opinions. However, Sir Jay thinks: Before we easily make judgments about new things that are unclear to us, we should take the initiative to learn and understand them. To learn Bitcoin, it is a good methodology to first understand the Bitcoin white paper.

Sir Jay has also written about the interpretation of Bitcoin’s official white paper in his previous article. You are welcome to check it out:

Title: [Talk about Digital Currency] Interpretation of Bitcoin’s White Paper

Link: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzU1MTA2NDM1NA==&mid=2247483713&idx=1&sn=&chksm=5c761a#rd

Overall Generally speaking, a new era has arrived, and new things such as blockchain and Bitcoin will surely show their greatness in the future.Big energy! We are all the lucky ones and witnesses of the times, so hurry up and learn and understand the world of blockchain! ! !

Note:

[1] Excerpted from Wikipedia: Bitcoin

[2] Excerpted from the Internet: Inflation

[3] Excerpted from Wikipedia: Bitcoin

C. In the future of carbon neutrality, how does the blockchain "move up"

#01

We are serious about achieving carbon neutrality

In recent years, the issue of global warming has received increasing attention, and the issue of climate change has gradually been recognized by everyone.

In order to deal with the global climate crisis, our country is also vigorously promoting the concept of "carbon neutrality". On the one hand, it is a solemn commitment to address global climate issues; on the other hand, energy substitution is also an important engine for economic growth in the post-epidemic era.

Xiaoou’s note: What are carbon peak and carbon neutrality?

"Carbon peak" refers to a certain moment when carbon dioxide emissions reach a historical high and then gradually fall back;

" "Carbon neutrality" refers to offsetting the carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions produced by itself through afforestation, energy conservation and emission reduction, achieving positive and negative offsets, and achieving relatively "zero emissions."

It is understood that China will achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals by 2030 and 2060 respectively.

The global carbon neutrality goals are as follows:

Currently, we choose to adopt a "carbon pricing mechanism" to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. The so-called carbon pricing, that is, "who pollutes, pays" means that if you want to emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, you must first obtain the right to carbon emissions, and then pay for this right. There are two specific methods: levying a carbon tax and establishing a carbon emissions trading system (referred to as carbon trading).

Carbon tax policy is not difficult to understand. At present, the public discussion is more about carbon trading.

The so-called carbon trading refers to treating carbon dioxide emission rights as a commodity, which can be bought and sold between enterprises through a certain mechanism. This market formation is usually artificially created by the government through emission control of energy-consuming enterprises.

However, from a global perspective, a unified global carbon trading market has not yet been formed, and my country is still in the pilot stage of carbon emissions trading.

Currently, a total of 8 regions are currently carrying out carbon emission trading pilot projects, namely: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen and Fujian.

According to ICAP statistics, the total amount of quotas in the world's 21 operating carbon markets in 2020 is approximately 4.782 billion tons. Among them, the eight pilot markets totaled 1.425 billion tons, accounting for 29.8%, second only to the EU.

According to Guosen Securities’ prediction, as the market improves and coverage increases, transactions will become more and more active, and the national carbon trading market transactions may reach more than 100 billion in 2030.

#02

What kind of chemical reaction will blockchain + carbon neutrality produce?

Today, the carbon neutrality movement is in full swing. In addition to energy-saving and emission-reduction measures in real life, some emerging new technologies are also providing more solutions to achieve this goal. Taking blockchain as an example, it trades efficiency for energy saving, thereby reducing carbon emissions, and may speed up the achievement of carbon neutrality.

A special researcher at Ouke Cloud Chain Research Institute said:

“In terms of helping achieve carbon neutrality goals and industrial transformation and upgrading, the advantages of blockchain-related technologies and models are mainly reflected in the following: Three aspects: First, on the enterprise side, the natural advantages of blockchain data transparency and traceability and supply chain management can effectively improve the overall output efficiency and resource utilization of each link in the industrial chain, and activate low-carbon and zero-carbon related suppliers. and the market value and competitiveness of related processes; secondly, on the management side, carbon accounting standards based on blockchain technology and smart contract execution can be established to achieve unified management of the entire industry, automatic sorting, and carbon emission early warning with clear rights and responsibilities. Rewards and penalties, etc.; thirdly, on the energy side, blockchain technology is deeply involved in energy distribution, trading, recycling and other aspects, such as focusing on energy distribution in low-carbon industries, promoting the transformation of the energy market from centralized to decentralized, reducing waste, etc. Objectively, it also stimulates the vitality of the renewable energy market."

In addition, he also pointed out that in the process of assisting "carbon neutrality", blockchain technology does not exist independently. It can only be integrated with big data. , privacy computing, knowledge graph, Internet of Things and other technologies, only by opening up data islands and analyzing and summarizing data on the chain can the role of blockchain be better utilized, thereby creating a more visible and credible carbon regulatory environment.

Today, the carbon trading market is gradually getting on the right track, and the application of blockchain in this field is also maturing. At present, IBM, State Grid, Huawei, etc. have also joined the practice. As a new generation of disruptive core technology that has emerged after steam engines, electricity, and the Internet, the blessing of blockchain is bound to make my country's carbon trading market more standardized and dynamic.

D. What are the blockchain architecture designs?

As an implementation of architecture design, blockchain is quite different from basic languages ​​or platforms. Blockchain is the technology behind cryptocurrency. It is one of the popular technologies currently on par with VR virtual reality. It is not a new technology in itself, similar to Ajax, it can be said that it is a technical architecture, so let’s talk about the technical implementation of blockchain from the perspective of architectural design. No matter what programming language you are good at, you can refer to this design to implement a blockchain product. At the same time, we will sort out the related knowledge maps and systems to help everyone study and research systematically.

In terms of architectural design, blockchain can be simply divided into three levels, the protocol layer, the extension layer and the application layer. Among them, the protocol layer can be divided into the storage layer and the network layer, which are independent of each other but inseparable.

Blockchain Architecture Diagram

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is developed by the School Planning, Construction and Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China "Smart Learning Workshop 2020-Master's Degree Innovation Workstation" is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

E. What is Quark blockchain

Quark blockchain, the derivative is QKI: Quark Points, I already hold a lot of them, the current market value is about 30, and there are activities now To obtain QKI directly, you only need to follow the "Quark Assistant" public account. There is a game center inside, click in and you can start.

F. How does blockchain empower digital city construction | Blockchain classroom

Cities are actively embracing digital technologies such as blockchain, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence to accelerate urban development economic growth, improving the quality of urban life and environmental sustainability. The digital transformation of cities also provides a good experimental field for the value mining and application of blockchain technology.

The construction of a digital city not only requires city-wide coverage of connected devices, but also needs to consider the collection of full-process data and automation of decision-making. The data on the blockchain has the advantages of being difficult to tamper with, safe and trustworthy, and can help the construction of digital cities in the following aspects:

The blockchain adopts a distributed storage structure, so each node in the system All data on the system is stored, making the data open, transparent and easy to manage. At the same time, cryptographic technologies such as privacy computing integrated in the blockchain can achieve safe sharing of data without leaking data privacy, or by setting access permissions, authorized nodes can obtain corresponding data to ensure data security.

Thanks to the distributed network structure, even if a single or a small number of nodes fail, the entire blockchain network can still operate normally, greatly reducing the risk of system failure due to network attacks or technical problems. Compared with traditional cities, digital cities are more dependent on technology. Improving system stability will also help maintain the normal operation of digital city life.

Digital city empowered by blockchainCity Innovation Cases

Dubai's digital city project integrates a variety of new digital technologies such as blockchain, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, and is committed to making Dubai "the happiest city in the world."

A major innovation in Dubai Digital City is to strive to realize the on-chain operation and management of all government data transactions in 2021, and realize the electronicization of an average of 100 million paper-based processes per year. This blockchain-enabled digital reform is expected to save process management costs worth US$1.5 billion, save 25 million hours of process processing time, and reduce 114 million tons of carbon emissions. In addition, the Dubai government is actively cooperating with many blockchain companies, focusing on key areas and implementing multiple blockchain application cases.

The European Commission also recognized the importance of blockchain in reforming government services, and established the European Blockchain Partnership in 2018, covering local law enforcement agencies, national governments and the private sector in Europe. enterprise. The Commissioner of the European Commission’s Department of Digital Economy and Society is also confident in the value of blockchain technology in digital city construction and stated: “We believe that all public services in the future will be built on the infrastructure of blockchain.”

For example, the government of South Tyrol in Italy has used blockchain technology to digitize citizen data. Residents only need to register basic personal information once to enjoy services provided by different government departments, streamlining government affairs processing procedures, reducing costs and increasing efficiency.

At the same time, based on blockchain technology, Estonia has built a national health information electronic system. Through this blockchain platform, doctors can easily query patients' blood tests, recent treatments, X-ray examinations and other related data with authorization. Patients can also clearly check their medical records, prescriptions issued by doctors and other information. The characteristics of data on the blockchain, such as being difficult to tamper with and fully traceable, can ensure the security and integrity of the data on the platform.

Wanxiang Blockchain has also begun active exploration in blockchain-enabled digital city construction, using blockchain to integrate new digital technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence to build a safe and trustworthy digital base. And through technologies such as private computing, knowledge graphs, digital twins, and distributed business incentives, we can manage production and life in a more refined and dynamic way, forming a smart, low-carbon, and comfortable resilient city with technology integration, comprehensive application, and high-end development. Help build a harmonious urban ecology with economic prosperity, job happiness, and sustainable development.

Wanxiang Blockchain is committed to building a digital city that “truly understands you”. Through the integration of blockchain and new technologies, a trusted digital base is built to allow every resident to have an exclusive digital avatar. Truly gain data sovereignty and enjoy a safe and comfortable urban life without having your privacy protected from prying eyes.

G. One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understandInternet Blockchain

To understand the Internet Blockchain in one article, if you want to understand the Blockchain, you have to study the brief history of the technological development of the Blockchain starting from the birth of the Internet, and discover the consequences of the Blockchain. Motivation, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B drew Jia Dongfeng. After the record is completed, a complete block is generated, but remember, this is only the first game. In the entire blockchain On, this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger. This isBlockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to use a book to keep records and record who won and how much money they won in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. Its applications have expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, there have been 5Technology is of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology on the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a completed Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. With the birth of the World Wide WebThe new B/S (C/S) architecture: the opponent of blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and servers. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is often called the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

How this family of algorithms operates on the entire worldCrucial. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because in addition to blockchain, to So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is dataThe data is placed in a giant server, and we ordinary users access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of the blockchain was the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Every time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50Bitcoin. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had made the entireThe system is facing collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman’s terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher When living things began, the central nervous system appeared, which contained a large number of neurons for communication.mutual.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

H. In the era of digital economy, innovative application scenarios of blockchain continue to expand

In the era of digital economy, blockchain, as a new driving force for economic growth, is leading a new round of global technological revolution. and industrial change. At present, blockchain is developing rapidly and penetrating into all areas of our country's economy, which not only strengthens the resource allocation capabilities of the digital economy, but is also of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development and improving the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities.

Blockchain is the new engine driving digital development

As the role of blockchain in the digital economy grows, its innovative applications continue to expand. According to the "China Mobile Internet Development Report (2021)", "There were nearly 2,000 blockchain projects across the country last year, and the blockchain market size exceeded 3.2 billion yuan."

China Academy of Information and Communications Technology Industrial Internet and Liu Yang, deputy chief engineer of the Internet of Things Research Institute, once said that blockchain is a trust infrastructure necessary for the development of economic activities. It provides inclusive public services for finance, agriculture, industry, energy and other industries and the public. It is also a Collaboration tools, transforming production relations, and integrating with the real economy will improve collaboration efficiency and reduce costs.

In fact, blockchain is called "the next generation of Internet-level technology" because of its disruptive innovation, and is considered the most revolutionary among strategic emerging technologies. In October 2019, blockchain was elevated to a national strategic level. April 2020, blockchainIt was included in the new infrastructure and was listed as one of the seven "key digital economy industries" in the "14th Five-Year Plan". In the future, blockchain will usher in new opportunities for innovation and development.

However, Zhang Chao said that currently, data governance on the blockchain is still a huge challenge at a global level. First, data governance requires a clear regulatory subject, but in blockchains or distributed ledgers (or public chains) other than alliance chains, a relatively clear object may not be found as a regulatory subject; secondly, due to the The data on the chain cannot be easily tampered with, which means that during the data governance process, the rights of the data owner to modify and delete the data may not be fully protected.

Blockchain innovative application scenarios continue to expand

Driven by favorable policies and market demand, blockchain innovative application scenarios continue to expand. In recent years, in addition to the two major outbreak scenarios of finance and government affairs, there is even more promise in empowering the field of rule of law. On the one hand, the multi-faceted and multi-field application of "blockchain + rule of law" can effectively improve the efficiency of rule of law construction; on the other hand, blockchain technology can also help public prosecutors and law enforcement agencies crack new criminal cases.

Industry insiders believe that based on the analysis and tracking of massive on-chain data, blockchain technology provides governments, enterprises and users with on-chain data monitoring, transaction maps and on-chain address analysis. For suspected criminal activities such as virtual currency, the blockchain browser provides on-chain data tracking to combat virtual currency crimes, safeguard national financial security, and provide "blockchain power" for the construction of Digital China.

I. 36Kr Exclusive Interview｜Silicon Valley Senior Investor: Web3 is not equal to blockchain, and has nothing to do with “coin”

Different The role of technology in the Web3.0 landscape | Image source: Draper Dragon

"User autonomy is the core of web3, decentralization is not"

36 Krypton: Now people talk about it Web3 must mention "decentralization", and "decentralization" has become an ultimate goal.

Wang Yuehua: That is a misunderstanding. Web3 can be partially centralized and does not necessarily have to be "decentralized".

The core of Web3 should be "user autonomy". Because the basis of web3 is "decentralized" data. The source of data must be decentralized. The so-called "decentralization" means that the data is authorized and managed by the user himself, that is, user autonomy.

If "centralized" services want to achieve "user autonomy", the difficulty lies not in technology, but in how to make users trust you and that you will listen to them? This is hard to convince users to believe.

But if you are decentralized on a technical level, you have essentially met the requirements and there is no need to persuade. Obviously, "Go to China""Centralization" is the most convenient way to achieve "user autonomy". Everyone chooses the path they want to take.

36Kr: Can "user autonomy" be achieved in China?

Wang Yuehua: Complete "user autonomy" is unlikely. But there is a degree of issue, such as whether to achieve 1% user autonomy or 99% user autonomy.

This depends on the government department. Data rights involve many dimensions, such as dividend rights, operating rights, management rights, etc., and can be divided into hundreds of categories. If any of them involve national security or organizational privacy, users will not be allowed to use them.

36Kr: Since web3 does not necessarily need to be "decentralized", how to understand the relationship between web3 and web2?

Wang Yuehua: During the Web1 period, the Internet was not centralized because the infrastructure at that time was underdeveloped. (For example, there is no cloud computing), so "centralization" cannot occur, and it is impossible to form a large-scale monopoly.

In order to pursue efficiency and reduce costs, the Web2 platform has become centralized. Web2 is nothing more than User accounts and user data are "centralized". Now that Web3 technology is complete, centralization can be broken. Web2 companies can return data rights to users and continue to maintain the original business model, which is no problem.

From Web2 to Web3, it is transition and iteration, they are not separated. There are many projects in the United States from Web2 to Web3, and maybe domestic people don’t care much about it.

36 Krypton: In Web3 How to understand the commercial value of the often mentioned "function protocol"?

Wang Yuehua: Web3.0's hierarchical combination architecture based on "functions" means a large number of new business opportunities.

The economic dividends originally attributed to a certain Internet company will be redistributed according to the combination of functions. It is no longer possible for various protocols to obtain more through the monopoly of certain resources, especially the monopoly of data resources. Large economic benefits, and only through the improvement and optimization of functions can one reflect his own value and achieve greater benefits. This means more fairness and openness.

More protocols with different attributes and rich functions You will have the opportunity to enter the service chain and participate in benefit distribution. It is a huge opportunity for entrepreneurial teams.

In addition, a very sophisticated incentive system can be established based on smart contracts, which will benefit all those who have joined Or teams and individuals who want to join the web3.0 ecosystem can form direct incentives.

(Editor’s note: Smart contracts are equivalent to coding an agreement and putting it on the Internet for execution. The agreement can include application gameplay , equity allocation, repurchase terms, etc.)

DAO is not suitable for all types of work

36 Krypton: DAO still seems to be unable to get rid of the problem that the organization is made by a small number of people. ?

Wang Yuehua: DAO is not suitable for all types of work, nor is it suitable for all business models. It's efficient in some situations and inefficient in others, depending on what you're using it to achieve.

The DAO model is more suitable for work collaboration. Many so-called associations in the United States, such as electronics associations, industrial associations, etc., have long used the DAO model to operate, but they are not called DAOs and do not use smart contracts.

36Kr: What is the ideal DAO?

Wang Yuehua: The core logic of DAO is that everyone is for me and I am for everyone. Its functions and properties can be implemented through the deployment of smart contracts and change with organizational goals. The smart contracts are like stacking Lego blocks. The members of the DAO are added one by one according to the rules. The rights of each member are established based on different dimensions such as contribution, credit rating, participation, etc.

36 Krypton: It is the people who make up the community, and profits are what the company pursues. Therefore, DAO can never make big money, but its incubation team can. Do you agree?

Wang Yuehua: DAO is an operating mechanism, not a profit-seeking organization. Appropriately speaking, DAO can be used as a tool and a platform.

The Web3 industry is being reshuffled

36Kr: In the past year, Web3 has experienced a boom and entered a bear market. What changes have occurred in the portraits of entrepreneurs you have come into contact with?

Wang Yuehua: Most of the entrepreneurs I contacted in the first half of the year were crypto native. In the second half of the year, many entrepreneurs came from the traditional Internet, such as Ant, Tencent, Alibaba, and the Internet. This is a big change.

Crypto native people prefer to capture users in the currency circle. Their methods of building communities and fans are relatively grassroots and not very systematic. Entrepreneurs who have transitioned from Web2 have relatively stable thinking, whether they are dealing with traffic or product design.

36Kr: Over the past year, NFT transaction volume has been declining. Has NFT bid farewell to the era of sky-high prices?

Wang Yuehua: It must be a complete farewell. For a long time, the mentioned NFTs basically belong to PFP (avatar, picture category). The value of PFP is relatively small, and the value can be amplified only by functionality.

NFT should have three attributes: asset, collection, and functionality. PFP projects basically only have asset properties. They only seek recognition from a group to support their value, and their asset properties are pushed up.

The biggest market for NFT in the future is functional. It must be functional and useful. The point is to be useful.

36Kr: After the current crypto bear market, which projects do you think will be shuffled away and which projects will remain?

Wang Yuehua: Doing agreementsIt is easier for enterprises to stay, while application ones will be shuffled.

Because of the application type, their traffic is originally the traffic of the currency circle. If the market is bearish, these traffic will also disappear.

On the contrary, companies with traffic in Web2 have opportunities because they have advantages in capital and traffic. For example, they can direct traffic to Web3. There are some Web2 projects in the United States that have been transferred to Web3 very quickly because they carry their original traffic.

36Kr: Will the future development space of cryptocurrency become smaller and smaller?

Wang Yuehua: No, it will only be better. Some central banks have issued digital currencies, which may not necessarily be called cryptocurrencies, but they are of the same type and belong to digital currencies, and their volume will become larger and larger. Once regulation keeps up with the development of cryptocurrencies or digital assets, governments will encourage its development.

36Kr: Why encryption must be the future? What is the reason you believe in most? Apart from the financing function, tokens seem to be of little use to the Web3 team?

Wang Yuehua: Encryption is fundamentally interpreted as a privacy protection. Privacy protection is a basic need because without privacy there is no freedom and that is definitely the future. The role of Token is actually to open up the possibility of another business model or even business format. Something as simple as a certificate, a badge, or an asset can be run in the form of a Token.