区块链系统会不会储存太多数据,区块链系统会不会储存太多资源

近年来，随着区块链技术的发展，越来越多的人开始关注区块链系统是否会储存太多数据和资源。那么，区块链系统会不会储存太多数据和资源呢？下面就来讨论三个相关关键词：区块链存储容量、区块链技术优势和区块链系统安全性。

区块链存储容量：现在的区块链系统可以支持大量的数据存储，比如比特币网络的每个节点的存储容量可以达到几百兆字节，而且它的存储容量还会随着网络的发展而不断增加。此外，区块链技术还支持分布式存储，这意味着数据可以在多台计算机上存储，从而避免单点故障，提高了数据的可用性和安全性。

区块链技术优势：区块链技术拥有许多优势，其中最为突出的是去中心化和不可篡改性。由于没有中央服务器，所有节点都可以相互通信，而且数据可以在多台计算机上存储，从而极大地提高了数据的安全性。此外，由于区块链技术的不可篡改性，所有的数据都是不可篡改的，从而保证了数据的完整性和可靠性。

区块链系统安全性：区块链系统的安全性非常高，这是因为它采用了分布式存储技术和共识机制，从而使得数据不可篡改，也不可能被窃取。此外，区块链系统还采用了加密技术，从而使得数据在传输过程中不可能被破解。因此，区块链系统可以为用户提供安全可靠的数据存储服务。

从以上分析可以看出，区块链系统可以支持大量的数据存储，而且数据安全性也得到了很好的保障，因此不会储存太多数据和资源。

⑴ What is the relationship between blockchain and big data storage?

The relationship between blockchain and big data storage is as follows:
1. Data security: Zone Blockchain allows data to truly flow "with confidence"
With its trustworthiness, security and non-tamperability, blockchain allows more data to be liberated. Let’s use a typical case to illustrate how blockchain promotes the generation of gene sequencing big data. Blockchain sequencing can use private keys to limit access rights, thereby circumventing legal restrictions on individuals' access to genetic data, and utilize distributed computing resources to complete sequencing services at low cost. The security of blockchain makes sequencing an industrialized solution, enabling global-scale sequencing, thus promoting the massive growth of data.
2. Data openness and sharing: Blockchain ensures data privacy
The government holds a large amount of high-density and high-value data, such as medical data, population data, etc. The openness of government data is a general trend and will have an immeasurable impetus to the development of the entire economy and society. However, the main difficulty and challenge in data openness is how to open data while protecting personal privacy. Blockchain-based data desensitization technology can ensure data privacy and provides a solution for data openness under privacy protection. Data desensitization technology mainly uses encryption algorithms such as hashing. For example, the Enigma system based on blockchain technology can calculate data without accessing the original data, which can protect the privacy of data and eliminate information security issues in data sharing. For example, company employees can safely open access to their salary information and jointly calculate the average salary within the group. Each participant is informed of his relative position within the group but not of the compensation of other members.
Data HASH desensitization processing diagram
3. Data storage: Blockchain is an immutable, full-historical, strongly endorsed database storage technology
Blockchain technology, through the network All nodes in the network participate in calculations and mutually verify the authenticity of their information to reach a consensus across the entire network. It can be said that blockchain technology is a specific database technology. So far, our big data is still in a very basic stage. Trusted blockchain data based on the consensus of the entire network is non-tamperable and full of history, which also enables the quality of the data to gain unprecedented strong trust endorsement. It also brings the development of database into a new era.
4. Data analysis: Blockchain ensures data security
Data analysis is the core of realizing data value. When conducting data analysis, how to effectively protect personal privacy and prevent core data leakage has become the primary consideration. For example, with the popularization of fingerprint data analysis applications and genetic data detection and analysis methods, more and more people are worried that once personal health data is leaked, it may lead to serious consequences. Blockchain technology can prevent such situations through multi-signature private keys, encryption technology, and secure multi-party computing technology. When the data is hashed and placed on the blockchain, the data isWord signature technology allows only authorized people to access data. The private key ensures data privacy and can be shared with authorized research institutions. The data is uniformly stored on the decentralized blockchain, and data analysis can be performed without accessing the original data. This can not only protect the privacy of the data, but also safely provide it to global scientific research institutions and doctors for sharing. The basic health database will bring great convenience to solve sudden and difficult diseases in the future.
5. Data circulation: Blockchain protects data-related rights and interests
For individuals or institutions’ valuable data assets, blockchain can be used to register them, and transaction records are recognized and transparent by the entire network. , traceable, clarifying the source, ownership, use rights and circulation path of big data assets, which is of great value to data asset transactions.
On the one hand, blockchain can eliminate the threat of intermediaries copying data and help establish a trustworthy data asset trading environment. Data is a very special commodity, which is essentially different from ordinary commodities. It mainly has characteristics such as unclear ownership and "it is owned after seeing it and copying it". This also determines that the transaction method using traditional commodity intermediaries cannot meet the needs of data. Share, exchange and trade. Because the intermediary center has the conditions and ability to copy and save all the data flowing through it, this is extremely unfair to the data producers. This threat cannot be eliminated by relying on promises alone, and the existence of this threat has also become a huge obstacle to the flow of data. Based on decentralized blockchain, it can eliminate the threat of data copying by intermediary centers and protect the legitimate rights and interests of data owners.
On the other hand, blockchain provides a traceable path and can effectively solve the problem of data verification. The blockchain jointly participates in the calculation and recording of data through multiple nodes participating in calculations in the network, and mutually verifies the validity of their information. It can not only prevent information counterfeiting, but also provide a traceable path. By stringing together the transaction information of each block, a complete list of transaction details is formed. The ins and outs of each transaction are very clear and transparent. In addition, when people have questions about the "value" of a certain block, they can easily review historical transaction records to determine whether the value is correct, and identify whether the value has been tampered with or recorded incorrectly.
Everything is guaranteed on the blockchain, and big data will naturally become more active.
The tokens of crowdfunding projects on the Biying China platform are all developed based on blockchain technology, and relevant information will be recorded on the blockchain.

⑵ A brief discussion on the accumulation of blockchain storage and traffic technology - the era of real WEB3 is coming

What breakthroughs and advances in storage and traffic technology have modern society made? Let’s briefly summarize it for you.

The current Internet is all about centralized traffic and storage. With the development of the world, the bt network was born. The bt network is a distributed storage and traffic system. But it also has its limitations. First, the bt network can only transfer and share single files. Second, the bt network does notThere is an incentive mechanism. To put it simply, everyone joins the BT network, but there is no willingness to actively save and distribute files, because this is not beneficial to the participants.

With the exposure of bt network flaws, IPFS was born. That is, the IPFS system developed by the Filecoin project party’s protocol laboratory. IPFS is an upgraded version of the bt network. It adds a folder system based on the bt network. In the IPFS system, folders can be transferred and shared directly. Others can also browse related data, files, etc. directly from the folder.

But IPFS, like the bt network, has several problems. First: There is no incentive system. Second: In the early stage of file transmission, because there are very few nodes to store files, the efficiency is very low. For example, if A uploads a file and B needs to retrieve it, it can only retrieve it from A. Therefore, the efficiency is very low. If C wants to retrieve, it can only retrieve from the two nodes A and B. If both A and B are shut down, the files will not be retrieved. This is the problem with IPFS and BitTorrent networks. Their initial transmission efficiency is extremely low. Only when files are retrieved countless times and widely distributed among nodes, the transmission speed will become very fast. So the bt network and IPFS system are both a process from slow to fast. If you retrieve a file that is distributed less among nodes, the retrieval capability is very weak and the transmission speed is also very slow. In order to solve this incentive mechanism problem, Protocol Labs developed the Filecoin supply chain.

Filecoin and IPFS are two concepts. Filecoin actually puts the real-life IPFS onto the blockchain. The characteristic of blockchain is decentralization, and nodes do not trust each other. Data transmitted between nodes must be re-checked. This results in very poor performance of the blockchain. After IPFS was put on the chain, Filecoin was formed. Therefore, Filecoin is also subject to the impact of blockchain performance, resulting in the inability to match valid data and the inability to perform efficient retrieval. Filecoin realizes the storage of data on the blockchain, which is a very significant contribution. Subsequently, SWARM and BZZ appeared, but BZZ has no block incentive mechanism and only has a traffic settlement system, which currently seems to be a failure. However, BZZ has also made certain improvements compared to IPFS and Filecoin: a set of active distribution mechanisms. For example: when I upload a video, the video will be actively distributed by the node. The video will be quickly cached to multiple nodes. Therefore, BZZ has made outstanding contributions in traffic settlement and efficient retrieval. Although it left behind technical contributions, it remained a failed project.

From the current point of view, most of the problems in traffic and storage have been solved in the blockchain field. The second is the issue of blockchain performance. go throughAfter years of evolution, Layer0, Layer1, and Layer2 have also undergone continuous experiments. In recent years, research in the field of Layer 1 has achieved a lot of results and patents. I believe that breakthroughs in high-performance public chains will appear soon.

Therefore, if you want to build a blockchain network that is truly similar to web3, you should achieve breakthroughs in three aspects: First: efficient retrieval. Second: Incentivize storage and traffic separately. The third is that there must be an authorized access system. The authorized access system is similar to when people watch video websites and need to pay to obtain data. In the traditional Internet world, there are many monetization channels. The Internet world of blockchain has just taken shape. Therefore, ecological builders can directly obtain certain benefits. Only in this way can the prosperity of the ecosystem be promoted, and the builders of the ecosystem can continue to contribute more useful applications. Finally, breakthroughs in high-performance public chains are also indispensable. Therefore, with the above four conditions, web3 is getting closer and closer to us.

This content is authorized by the original teacher Zeng Bo and may not be modified or reproduced without permission

⑶ Blockchain technology can protect your data. Why not store all your data privately, or perhaps sell it?

Blockchain technology can protect your data. First, blockchain will facilitate the creation of cleaner, more organized personal data. Secondly, blockchain will promote the emergence of new markets:
1. For example, the data market (this is relatively easy to implement);
2. For example, the model market (this is much more interesting);
>3. There may even be an AI market in the end.
Thus, simple data sharing and new markets, coupled with blockchain data verification, will provide smoother integration, thereby lowering the entry barrier for small businesses and shrinking the competitive advantage of technology giants. In the effort to lower the barrier to entry, two problems are actually solved, namely providing wider data access and more effective data monetization mechanisms.
The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot of the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" launched by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

⑷ Where is the database stored in the blockchain national accounting and why the file does not get larger and larger?

const SHA256 = require(crypto-js/SHA256);
class Block{
constructor(index,timestamp,data,previousHash='')
{
this.index=index;
this.timestamp=timestamp;
this.data=data;
this.previousHash=previousHash;< br />$this.hash=this.calculateHash();
}

calculateHash(){
return SHA256(this,index+this.previousHash+this.timestamp+ JSON.stringify(this.data)).tostring();
}
}
class Blockchain{
constructor(){
this.chain=[this. createGenesisBlock()];
}
//Create a generation information block
createGenesisBlock(){
return new Block(0,"01/01/2019","Genesis block" ,0);
//The date is the user's data, which is actually the hash value obtained by adding several values. Here the information is encrypted, the picture is encrypted, and then the data is still stored in the database, but all The data are all hash values. If you want to obtain this data, you must know the hash value of the previous data block. Then if a hacker cracks it, he needs to crack all the nodes and decrypt the hash, and then crack all the blocks from the first node to the last node. In this way Only then can we decrypt and obtain the real data. Therefore, the security of data stored in the blockchain depends on whether the data has been encrypted. If the plaintext is not encrypted, it is not a blockchain.
}
//Get the last block
getLatesBlock(){
return this.chain[this.chain.length-1];
}
//Create block
addBlock(newBlock){
newBlock.previousHash=this.getLatesBlock().hash;
newBlock.hash=newBlock.calculateHash();
this.chain .push(newBlock);
}
}

⑸ What consensus mechanisms are currently used in the blockchain? What are their respective advantages, disadvantages and scope of application?

1. Area What is the technology of blockchain?

If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as an accounting behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find information within a period of time. Find the person with the fastest and best accounting, who will do the accounting, and then send this page of information in the ledger to everyone else in the entire system. This is equivalent to changing all the records in the database and sending them to every other node in the entire network, so blockchain technology is also called a distributed ledger.

Blockchain refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block. Blockchain is a general term for technical solutions similar to NoSQL (non-relational database). It is not a specific technology and can be implemented through many programming languages ​​and architectures. There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc. The concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", written by an individual who calls himself Satoshi Nakamoto (or group). Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.

2. What is the principle of blockchain?

Combined with the definition of blockchain, we need these four characteristics before we can consider it: Decentralized , Trustless, Collectively maintain, Reliable Database. And the four characteristics will lead to two other characteristics:

Open Source (Open Source) and Anonymity (Anonymity). If a system does not possess these characteristics, it will not be considered an application based on blockchain technology. Go to ChinaDecentralized: The entire network has no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect the operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness. Trustless: Data exchange between each node in the entire system does not require mutual trust. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data content is also public, so it is within the scope of the rules specified by the system. and within the time range, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes. Collectively maintain: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and anyone can participate in these nodes with maintenance functions. Reliable Database: The entire system will be divided into databases so that each participating node can obtain a copy of the complete database. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the entire system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid and cannot affect the data content on other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes and stronger computing power participating in the system, the higher the data security in the system. Open Source: Since the operating rules of the entire system must be open and transparent, for the program, the entire system must be open source. Anonymity: Since nodes do not need to trust each other, there is no need to disclose their identities between nodes, and every participating node in the system is anonymous.

3. What is blockchain finance?

In 2016, innovators will be innovated. The new round of technological revolution will address the challenge of trust between strangers in the sharing economy while destroying the basis for such platforms to make money.

Traditional intermediaries

Although the sharing economy effectively challenges the status quo and has strong innovative attributes, it still adopts a very traditional business model.

The most common method of charging commissions on transactions has been used for centuries. Today, technology has made many things possible, but it still cannot completely replace intermediaries.

When P2P platforms and other online marketplaces first emerged, people were talking a lot about disintermediation, a new way of connecting people directly through the Internet, bypassing traditional intermediaries. Indeed, even though we have experienced how much more convenient new markets are and the possibilities of transacting with a variety of suppliers, we still rely heavily on intermediaries today. The fact is that the largest new companies today are giant intermediaries whose scale is beyond imagination, such as Alibaba, Amazonzon, eBay and Uber.

Is there a technical solution that can completely remove the intermediary between transaction parties? Is there a system where you can trade directly with anyone and be safe from being cheated, but no one owns the system so there is no commission taker.

Blockchain technology makes this possible. Blockchain is the core technology of Bitcoin. It is extremely innovative and can be used to build a completely transparent, ownerless and decentralized system. It can ensure the safety of various transaction parties without any form of intermediary. These transactions Parties include people and businesses.

Naturally, a lot of resources flow to the blockchain. The blockchain has also had a considerable impact on the financial and legal industries, and will eventually become rampant in these two industries, or provide the best Opportunity, it's all about how you look at it.

Decentralized Finance

In 2015, probably due to their high sensitivity to the growth of the alternative finance market, nine investment banks targeted blockchain technology finance. The services jointly developed the open standard. Last year saw constant activity discussing the future of blockchain technology and the launch of Slock.it, one of the first technology stacks for the decentralized sharing economy.

What does the sharing economy look like under the blockchain?

If you want to continue to earn commissions in the sharing economy, you must create a new business model.

Of course, the blockchain market will still require some investment. Developers may be happy to spend time solving code that plagues the system. However, I have yet to meet the overdue branding consultants, designers or businesspeople who have similar ideas or are willing to invest. Code alone cannot help the blockchain market enter the mainstream.

But blockchain will flourish, and by getting rid of annoying intermediaries, it can almost be predicted that it will definitely be cheaper than the existing sharing economy. By then, the giants will be forced to start response.

Will the old sharing economy repeat history, decline due to its belief that it is indestructible, and be quickly replaced by competitors that are more flexible and equipped with technology? Or will you experiment, find a profitable market in Sharing Economy 2.0, and beat the game?

What about credit?

Credit is the most frequent word in all discussions related to the sharing economy, and it is quite complicated and tricky. The current collaboration platforms have made it very clear: we can improve the level of trust in the sharing economy; we can take optimal measures to ensure that users trust our platform and transact on it, but we cannot guarantee that transactions between people are trustworthy. The blockchain solution solves the above problems.

The transaction system in the blockchain is immutable, and each transaction can be tracked within the assigned ledger, intelligentlyThe contract can fully set parameters and conditions for all transactions between two parties, so the blockchain no longer requires any "trusted intermediary" or guarantor of credit between strangers.

By 2017, regulators will realize that they need to completely rethink the rules and regulations in the sharing economy. At that time, each transaction party will reach hundreds of millions of independent contracts in the blockchain. One solution is to type rule code into the system.

When the sharing economy first appeared around 2008, many people cheered, believing that it would lead us into a new inclusive and sustainable economy, and that it would lead us into the post-capital paradigm in the future. a democratizing force. However, (so far) this is not the case. The same was true when the Internet first emerged. It was utopian in its initial stages, so people who hold the same transformative expectations for blockchain are likely to be disappointed. Even so, it won’t hurt in the least that blockchain will shake up the giants of the sharing economy.

4. Blockchain community

Bubi Blockchain focuses on the innovation of blockchain technology and products. It already has a number of core technologies and developed its own Blockchain service platform. With decentralized trust as the core, we are committed to building an open value circulation network to allow digital assets to flow freely.

Features and Advantages

It has achieved a number of core technological innovations and developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been used in equity, supply chain, points, credit, etc. application in the field.

Fast transaction verification

By optimizing key transaction links such as signature algorithms, consensus mechanisms, and ledger storage, Bubi blockchain can achieve fast transaction verification in seconds.

Efficient ledger access

Bubi blockchain’s adjustments to the ledger storage structure can save 90% of storage space and reduce the long-term operation of the system, resulting in ledger access Risk of performance degradation.

Multiple asset issuance

Bubi blockchain supports the issuance and transaction of multiple assets by different users. Each asset can track and record the issuer, issuance quantity, and transaction. Circulation and other details.

Joint signature control

Allows multiple users to be set up under the same account, and sets corresponding permissions for different operations to meet the usage scenarios of multi-party signature control.

Built-in smart contract

A smart contract is a set of promises defined in digital form. The blockchain becomes a participant in the contract and is responsible for maintaining, saving and automatically executing the contract.

On-chain exchanges

Compared with traditional centralized exchanges, in a trading platform built with blockchain, all transactions are verified, completed and saved on the chain. Ensure user transaction security.

What Bubi Blockchain wants to do is to create a new technology and product - to realize real value circulation and bring the Internet to a new height. With the application of this technology, there will be no central organization when transferring assets, and direct transfer of assets between us can be achieved. In the future, if the network itself can checkout, we can transfer directly without going through an intermediary.

⑹ What is blockchain?

Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.

The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.

We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".

The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.

A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:

For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.

Then some people think that this kind of low-probability event can use any technical means to avoid individual risks, and not only hand over the data to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.

The database structure may look like this:

This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the results?

At this time, the "consensus mechanism" in the definition of blockchain comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: who will process a data request (what qualifications are required); who will verify the results (to see if he has handled it well); how to prevent processors and verifiers from colluding with each other, etc.

Some people may like to be questioned when a "rule" is made. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive so that people are interested and motivated to participate in data processing. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. We will start again later when we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currencies.

When we hand over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can go find itLitigation). They all have my data, why should I trust them?

At this time, encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on stage.

In the blockchain network, the data requests we send will be encrypted according to cryptographic principles into a string of characters that the recipient cannot understand at all. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.

Hash algorithms can quickly convert any type of data into hash values. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Because of these characteristics, the person handling my data request could record the information for me, but they had no idea who I was or what I was doing.

So far, the working principle of the decentralized network has been introduced. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a net. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call it blockchain?

To understand this matter, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:

The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the basic rules and processes of the blockchain system for processing information. . And specifically at the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure", like this:

Figure Each ring in can be regarded as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, unlike ordinary data storage: on a blockchain, the data in a later block contains the data in the previous block.

In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we tried to use a book metaphor to describe what a blockchain data structure is.

Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, the order of each numbered page can be determined.

Inside the blockchain, each block is marked with a page number, the second page contains the content of the first page, the third page contains the content of the first and second pages. The tenth page contains the previous Nine pages of content.

It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.

This brings up an important attribute of blockchain: traceability.

When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is when new blocks are generated in sequence, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a new block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.

This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.

Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."

Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn this feature on, you don’t have to worry about anything.The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe.

When your friend borrows money from you but doesn't remember to pay it back, or makes excuses not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to pay back the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.

Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.

This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.

A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.

Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?

Let's go back to 2008.

On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.

Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Three-party trust institution." The text of the post is a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.

Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block". The genesis block was compiled into block 0 and was not uploaded to the chain. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to mine this block. This also sparked discussion in the bitcointalk forum. Bitcoin "believers" thought of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."

Although concepts such as decentralized, token, and economy did not appear in the paper, Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail the role of blocks and chains in the network. working principle. So, there is Block Chain.

This paper later became the "Bible" of the "Bit Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documentation became the "Bible""Rabbinic Code".

After that, Bitcoin realized the first real-life payment by exchanging pizza, WikiLeaks, whose account was blocked by the US government, miraculously survived by relying on Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto's "decentralization" and retirement, Zhenzhen A series of legends, such as fake appearances and refuting rumors, merged with the expectations, imaginations and speculations of later generations and became "Bible stories".

There are also people who are not satisfied with the world described in the "Old Testament" and start a new story Sects, writing their doctrines into white papers, told the story of their faith in the ten years after Bitcoin. Just like the writing of 66 volumes of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and after 2,000 years of interpretation, Christianity divided into 33,000 branches.

CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%, and the recent price is hovering around US$7,200 per coin.

So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain value storage and hedging characteristics; Ethereum The digital currency represented by Bitcoin has become the "operational fuel" in its network system; the stable currency represented by USDT and Libra has good payment properties due to its low volatility; the digital currency issued by the central bank represented by DCEP will definitely To a certain extent, it can replace M0, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to receive and pay without delay when they have no cash and are disconnected from the Internet.

It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, the first and most "biggest" application is digital Currency.

Digital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain public chains.

So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used?

Let us recall again Next, what is the essence of blockchain - a decentralized database, and its corresponding characteristics: traceability, openness, anonymity, and tamper-proof. In theory, you can try all traditional scenarios where centralized databases are used. Let’s use blockchain to transform it and see if it’s suitable.

Next, let’s talk about a few industries and scenarios where blockchain has been successfully implemented:

Blockchain can prove a file through hash timestamps Or the existence of digital content at a specific time provides a perfect solution for judicial authentication, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc.

In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in food and medicine through supply chain tracking , agricultural products, alcohol, luxury goods and other fields.

Give two examples.

Blockchain can allow government data to be run and greatly streamline the work process

The distributed technology of blockchain can allow the government to Departments are centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the worker passes identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contract can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent approvals and signatures can be completed in sequence.

area Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the blockchain electronic invoice "Tax Chain" platform, and the tax department, invoicingParty and payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing upon transaction" and "immediate reimbursement upon invoicing" - invoicing in seconds and reimbursement in minutes, significantly reducing tax collection and management costs and effectively solving data problems Issues such as tampering, over-reporting of one vote, tax evasion, etc.

Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Give two examples as well.

The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.

Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes

In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track on-chain transactions and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.

In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complicated. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer can handle the issuance on its own through smart contracts. , regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification, and investors can also bypass intermediaries for direct operations.

In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Give me an example.

The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have Corresponding vouchers will be split by the first-tier supplier and handed over to the sameSecond- and third-tier suppliers in the chain can help them with financing; core enterprises can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid the pressure of emergency payment.

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing

The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. As more new technologies develop, blockchain may be able to be combined with them and play a role in unexpected cross-fields and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.

In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.

Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.

In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

During this trial process from traditional technology to blockchain, we found that when certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, they also have problems with the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance). , the requirements are not high, and this field is quite suitable for combining blockchain.

At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.

Typical examples of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, Fabric, a major contribution from IBM, and Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.

These trustless systems represent more secure data authentication and storage mechanisms, where data is effectively authenticated and protected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.

It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improves transaction efficiency.Easy and efficient.

Generally speaking, there has been a lot of progress in the implementation of blockchain compared to two years ago.

Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.

I hope that after reading this, you have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.

Related Q&A: What is blockchain

Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.

In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Blockchain infrastructure:

Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.

⑺ Introduction to blockchain

Wikipedia describes blockchain as follows:

A blockchain, originally block chain, is a continuously growing list of records, called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography. Each block typically contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp and transaction data. By design, a blockchain is inherently resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way". For use as a distributed ledger,a blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to-peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for validating new blocks. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires collusion of the network majority.

In simple terms, the blockchain system includes the following elements:

Data: The data stored in the blockchain can be transaction records or intelligence. Contract and other information;

Block: used to save data; the block has a block header, which contains the hash value of this block, the hash value of the previous block header and the timestamp. Block ID and other information;

Chain: Blocks form a linked list. The first block is called the founding block. Subsequent blocks are added to the chain in the manner mentioned above, and they can only be added but cannot be added. Delete modifications;

Distributed: It is a distributed system. Unlike other distributed systems, each node in the system will save complete data (some practices may be different, but at least Requires a majority of nodes)

Safe: the data will not be tampered with. Each block records the hash value of its previous block. If the content of the block is changed, the hash value will change. This means that all blocks after this block must be modified; furthermore, all nodes store complete linked lists. If it is possible to change a single node, then it is basically difficult to change all (most) nodes. The so-called folding One chopstick is easy, but hundreds of chopsticks are difficult.

Transparent: Other nodes will perceive the operation of any node, and the data stored on the chain will be verified, which further provides security and mutual trust.

Decentralization: There are no central nodes or key nodes, thus providing high reliability, but there are also distributed system consistency issues. Now different products use different consistency algorithms, such as Bit POW in the currency, Ethereum POW+POS, etc.

From the technical characteristics of the blockchain, we can see that it is suitable for some scenarios that require cross-organizations/individuals.

WIP