区块链囚徒困境分析,区块链囚徒困境有哪些

区块链囚徒困境是指在一个块链系统中，参与者有两种决策：一种是所有人都采取一种行动，另一种是每个人都采取另一种行动，但任何一种行动都会带来不利的结果，因此参与者无法获得最优的结果。在这种情况下，参与者需要比较和分析来解决这个问题。本文将讨论三个与区块链囚徒困境相关的关键词：博弈论、社会合作和游戏理论。

博弈论是一种研究策略决策的理论，它是经济学、数学、心理学和计算机科学等学科的交叉学科。它的主要目的是研究当两个或多个参与者之间存在博弈关系时，如何通过分析双方的策略，以获得最佳结果。在区块链囚徒困境中，参与者之间存在博弈关系，因此可以使用博弈论来分析双方的最佳策略，以获得最佳结果。

社会合作是指两个或多个参与者之间形成的合作关系，以实现共同的目标。社会合作可以是一种有利的策略，因为它可以帮助参与者获得最优的结果。在区块链囚徒困境中，参与者之间可以通过社会合作来解决问题，以获得最优的结果。

游戏理论是一种理论，它可以用来研究参与者之间的策略决策。它的主要目的是研究当参与者之间存在着不同的利益冲突时，如何通过分析双方的策略，以获得最佳结果。在区块链囚徒困境中，参与者之间存在着利益冲突，因此可以使用游戏理论来分析双方的最佳策略，以获得最佳结果。

总之，区块链囚徒困境是一个复杂的问题，需要多方研究和分析，以获得最优的结果。三个与区块链囚徒困境相关的关键词：博弈论、社会合作和游戏理论，可以帮助参与者获得最佳结果。

A. How did Bitcoin come about and what is its role

The following content is from: http://bitcoin.org/zh_CN/about

Historical Background

Bitcoin is one of the first currencies to implement the concept of "cryptocurrency". In 1998, Wei Dai first explained the concept of "cryptocurrency" on the cypherpunks mailing list. Built on the basic concept of currency - items or any form of record that are used to pay for goods, services and repay debts in a given country or economy. Bitcoin is a new form of currency. The original design intention incorporated the idea of ​​not relying on a central authority and using cryptography principles to control currency issuance and transactions.
In 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published the first Bitcoin specification and its proof of concept on the cryptography mailing list. At the end of 2010, Satoshi Nakamoto claimed that he had moved on to other matters and left the project. The creator of Bitcoin never revealed his true identity and simply left his invention to the world. To this day, the origins and motivations for Bitcoin’s invention remain a story steeped in mystery.
Since 2010, many developers have been working on this project, and the Bitcoin community has grown quickly. Between June and July 2011, Bitcoin suddenly received media attention, leading to massive buying. The resulting bubble caused Bitcoin's price to continue to fall throughout the second half of 2011. After that, the price of Bitcoin gradually and slowly returned to the height of 2011.
In order to regulate, protect and promote the development of Bitcoin, the Bitcoin Foundation was created on September 27, 2012. Today, with the increasing number of Bitcoin users, the Bitcoin economy is developing rapidly.

Technical Characteristics

Any network like Bitcoin has the following basic characteristics:
Bitcoin can be transferred between any nodes in the network.
Transactions are irreversible.
The use of blockchain avoids double consumption.
Transactions are propagated within seconds and verified within 10 to 60 minutes.
Transaction processing and currency issuance are uniformly executed through mining.
Receive Bitcoin at any time, whether you are online or not.

Economic Rules

The entire Bitcoin network jointly implements the following rules:
The total number of Bitcoins issued is approximately 21 million.
A Bitcoin can be split to 8 decimal places, for a total of approximately 21×1014 currency units.
Transaction costs are very low and most are free.

Statistics

The Bitcoin network has been running continuously for more than 48 months. Bitcoin’s security features have developed dramatically over the past year. As of April 2013:
The longest blockchain has over 232,000 blocks.
One of the largest distributed computing networks in the world, with a computing power of more than 65 trillion hashes per second.
50,000 transactions are completed every day, totaling millions of dollars.
The total value of Bitcoin in circulation exceeds $1.3 billion.
There has been only one major security incident in the protocol, which was resolved in August 2010.

For other information, please refer to:
Internet: http://ke..com/view/5784548.htm
Bitcoin official website: http://bitcoin.org/zh_CN /

B. What are single games and multiple games

From the perspective of game theory, a game only involves one-time strategic choices of both parties. In this case, Both parties in the game only need to consider the cost of one transaction without considering the subsequent possible transaction costs, so they are very "self-interested" in strategy selection

In the case of multiple games, the game There is the possibility of multiple games between the two parties, which means that to a certain extent, the two parties may become a contract aggregate. In this case, the strategic analysis method of "looking forward and reasoning backward" must be used for multiple games to determine the initial transaction. Strategy. A typical case is the multiple game model of "Prisoner's Dilemma".

(2) Extended reading on the blockchain prisoner’s dilemma:

Everyone is an opportunist in a single game, and everyone values ​​​​in multiple games For long-term benefits, the natural system will become better. This is the basic logic of the Chinese-style crowdfunding game of humanity.

In our view, the core of the blockchain, which is particularly popular now, is also a game system. However, this game system is based on mathematical model operations, and the essence behind it is still a set of human nature games. Therefore, in our opinion, Chinese-style crowdfunding and blockchain are the same thing, but they have different entry routes. They are both changing production relations.

C. Hongmeng 2.0, some people criticize it and some people love it, let’s see how awesome it is 10 years later

[This article is the full text version of my video, focusing on the hot issues of dear netizens, Add answers at the end]

On June 2, Hongmeng System 2.0 is coming. I would like to use Genesis to describe the birth of this system. I don’t want to brag about it. In this issue, we look at it from the perspective of embracing the future. Considering the impact of this incident, I would bet that Hongmeng system will be the most used system in the world in 10 years.

Okay, let’s take a look at this time.What are the outstanding functions of Mongolia 2.0 system? We know that the most used system in the world is the andriod system, followed by the Apple system, and there are also some customized systems developed based on the Android system, such as the previous mobile phone systems of manufacturers such as Huawei and Xiaomi. . Hongmeng system and Apple system are one open source and the other exclusive. They are not comparable and will not be discussed. So what is the difference between Hongmeng system and the Android system we use now? Although both are developed based on the Linux operating system, the cores are different. The Android system is a macro kernel, and the Hongmeng system is a microkernel. The macro kernel has many things in its heart, has good performance, and is inconvenient to maintain. The microkernel has There are not many things, and the performance is relatively average, but it is definitely enough for us, easy to repair and expand. From the underlying logic, each has its own advantages and disadvantages, but the biggest advantage of Hongmeng system is that it was originally designed for the Internet of Everything scenario. The starting point is higher than that of Android system. One system can simultaneously use smartphones and smart wearable devices. , computers, smart homes, smart cars, etc., so I dare to say that it will be the most used system in the future. For comparison, the Xiaomi MIUI system can also realize these functions of smart homes. In the future, it may also be able to realize the Internet of Everything. , but it is based on the American Android system. If people say that if you are not allowed to use it, your foreign mobile phone market will collapse in an instant. The Hongmeng system is developed by Huawei itself and belongs to us Chinese systems. In other words, it is a family system. No matter how much people fight and fight, it is our family matter and no one else can care about it. If we use Android system, others can criticize us at every turn, and we have to look at the other person’s face. How frustrating would that be? The emergence of Hongmeng system has taken the first step towards domestic mobile phone systems. The next few years will be a critical point. It will be very difficult. The difficulty is that others have been developing for decades, and it is still a baby. It is missing seven aunts and eight sisters. Dear developers and elders, please give it more clothes to wear. Don’t freeze to death. As ordinary people, we must be more tolerant to our children. I tried it out these two days and found that it is not too different from the Android system. There is a big difference. If you want to upgrade according to your personal opinion, you can upgrade. Please support it. If there are more people, it is easier to find bugs. So Huawei makes systems and sells mobile phones. Will it create a monopoly in the mobile phone industry? How do friends and businessmen deal with themselves?

With the emergence of Hongmeng system, various people will definitely express their opinions on the Internet. They may be friends or businessmen, they may be enemies, or they may be Friends, everyone is in a different position and has different ideas, which is understandable, especially for other domestic brands that also make mobile phones. You are both a referee and a football player. How do you want us to live? If I were a businessman, I would be unwilling and want to kill it, but Huawei would be better off directly donating the underlying core architecture of the Hongmeng system to the Open Atomic Open Source Foundation, which is overseen by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, which is the country’s competent authority. The state will be the referee. This means that I donated the bottom layer, and the system I now use on my Huawei phone is a system customized and optimized on this basis.System, other mobile phone manufacturers can also develop their own customized systems on this basis. You have nothing to say. You can make a customized system based on the Android system. If you are willing, of course you can also make a customized system based on the underlying architecture of Hongmeng. A customized system, and the biggest advantage of this Hongmeng system is that once you develop it, it can be adapted to different devices, such as mobile phones, watches, and TVs. You no longer need to build a system specifically for this product. Just like stacking blocks, you can just use the modules.

So I personally feel that there is no need to make any more noise. Huawei dares to be the first to take advantage of foreign technology monopoly and challenge foreign technology monopoly. I, a small person, also dare to stand up and speak my mind. There really is a world war, and the product I use every day suddenly has a black screen.

I have also talked about the Prisoner's Dilemma in game theory before. The essence of involution is that the emergence of Hongmeng system this time also has a negative impact on the mobile phone industry. , I believe that manufacturers such as Xiaomi and VIVO must have been dissatisfied with Google in the United States for a long time. They all want to create their own system ecosystem and challenge Google's leadership. However, people who are on fire will definitely feel pain first than those who are about to catch fire. Huawei has been sanctioned by the United States since 2018. People don’t want Huawei to develop, so they want to beat the number one spot. But fortunately, Huawei has survived. If you don’t let me use GMS, I will create it. I am not allowed to use my own HMS chips, so I can only quietly accumulate strength, sell the Honor business, use retreat to make progress, and look for other profit points. I don’t know how long Huawei can hold on, and whether it can hold on. I don’t know. I can only support them here, and I don’t know how many people saw it.

Strictly speaking, I am not a fan of Huawei. I have also used Apple, Xiaomi, Meizu, vivo and other mobile phones. Each has its own advantages. This time, Huawei has developed Hongmeng, which belongs to the Chinese. System, if other Chinese mobile phone manufacturers develop a mobile phone system belonging to the Chinese, I will also support it. Because I firmly believe that human society is progressing, and more advanced new systems will definitely replace the backward old systems! , and finally, through the Hongmeng system, let us imagine the future of the Internet of Everything.

The release of the Hongmeng 2.0 system is bound to provide a guarantee for future smart life. All devices equipped with the Hongmeng system can achieve wireless interconnection and interoperability, and intelligence, interconnection and collaboration between different devices All have a unified machine language. Well, some people have said that these are now achievable. Yes, that is true. For example, you will understand that the products and equipment supported by the current Hongmeng system are equivalent to a group of Chinese people communicating, and the previous interconnection , equivalent to Chinese people learning English to communicate with foreigners, which one is more convenient for communication, needless to say.

Of course, when it comes to the Internet of Everything, 5G technology is inseparable. Without such a fast networkWithout support, the Internet of Everything cannot be realized. It just so happens that Huawei’s achievements in the field of 5G technology are among the best in the world. In the application scenario, it is closely related to our lives, that is smart home. Just imagine, all the home equipment in the house, including audio and video , air conditioners, curtains, lighting, security, even rice cookers, etc., all the products you can think of can be remotely controlled from a terminal through the Hongmeng system. Then you can really "lie down", and the robot will do the laundry and cooking for you. It is said that Bill Gates realized this smart home application scenario as early as 20 years ago. However, due to the huge investment, it has never been popularized and it is difficult for us ordinary people to have it. Now, all this will bring convenience to everyone, and Not just for the rich.

For factories, every piece of equipment can be connected through the same system. While being more intelligent, it will also greatly improve social production efficiency. It is clear at a glance where there are problems with all equipment. Of course, this requires more developers to join in so that more products can join the Hongmeng system’s ecosystem. Only in large quantities can miracles happen. There is a long way to go.

We know that one of the biggest advantages of blockchain technology is its non-tamperability, coupled with the interconnection of everything,

Every cup of milk you eat in the future will know which cow it is from. What kind of grass did this cow grow up on? This is the meaning of the Internet of Everything. All products can be intelligently controlled, traced to their origins, and closely connected. How the product can be more fun depends on your imagination. Rich.

The future is here, and scenes that appear in science fiction movies will be realized in reality one by one. Technology changes life. These will definitely be gradually implemented in the near future, while fueling the Hongmeng system. We'll see.

Question 1: How to upgrade Hongmeng 2.0 system?

Currently, you need to click [My Huawei (or Service)] on the phone - you will see HarmonyOS Try It Now on the homepage. Click Try It Now, and Huawei will push the system upgrade package. In Settings, Phone Update As you can see, the current public beta supports MateX2, Mate40 series, P40 series, Mate30 series, MatePad pro series, etc.

Question 2: Hongmeng system, like Android system, is also developed based on Linux. Will Linux system not restrict Huawei?

The Linux system is an open source system developed by a Finn named Linux. It has no copyright, is free, and can be used all over the world. Although the andriod system is also open source, its copyright is owned by Google in the United States. It is in the hands of the company, so it must be authorized for use.

Question 3: The underlying architecture of Hongmeng system is donated to the Atomic Open Source Foundation of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Will future updates be more inconvenient?

Let me explain it hereTo explain, the Xiaomi, VIVO, and OPPO we use now, including the original Huawei mobile phones, use systems that are customized and optimized based on the andriod system and belong to their respective mobile phone manufacturers. The underlying architecture is the andriod system of the American Google Company, which is not the original version. The Android system is equivalent to a renovation, but the land still belongs to the other party. Huawei has donated its "land" to the country. Huawei will also update Hongmeng 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, etc. in the future. It does not affect other mobile phone manufacturers if necessary. They can also develop their own customized systems based on this Hongmeng infrastructure.

Thank you again for your support. Your support is my motivation to update. Thanks.

D. Another possibility of civilization 3: "Intergenerational Exploitation" in the centralized world

1. The future is Schrödinger's cat, and CSW created one of them for us , that is another possibility of civilization.

2. I wanted to understand the cat, but my imagination and knowledge were insufficient. Fortunately, I came across "Bitcoin Economics".

3. This series intends to gain an in-depth understanding of Bitcoin Economics by writing reading notes.

This article is based on reading: Recreating Economics based on Bitcoin 11: Intergenerational Exploitation

1. Why does intergenerational exploitation occur? Because of the absence of opposing voices. The contemporary public does not care about other people's interests. In addition, this kind of exploitation of interests requires logical reasoning to be noticed. The mob has no ability to think, they will only look at what is in front of them.

2. The debt system is a typical “intergenerational competition” disaster area. The debt owed by the previous generation will be repaid by the next generation. and borrowing uncontrollably.

3. Fiat currency inflation is also a kind of "intergenerational exploitation". The money of the previous generation is valuable, but the money of the next generation is worthless.

4. What is the outcome of intergenerational exploitation? When the next generation cannot bear it anymore, the angry next generation will restart the entire system.

5. From an abstract perspective, the essential reason for intergenerational exploitation is simply information asymmetry, that is, there is no credit system as a common operating interface for humans. To support the common interaction of all mankind, this interaction needs to travel across regions and time. Everyone talks about things on the same table.

6. Only BSV can have the opportunity to become this credit system in the future and support the entire human interactive interface.

7. Why are the top contemporary think tanks unable to come up with solutions to the world’s problems? Because they are still thinking on the contemporary desktop, the way to solve the problems of the contemporary desktop is to create a new desktop. And BSV is this new desktop, this is dimensionality improvementthinking.

hslayj:

Today I will mainly talk about the issue of "intergenerational exploitation" in the centralized world.

The so-called "intergenerational exploitation" problem mainly refers to when the decision-maker and the person responsible for the results are not of the same generation. The decision-maker may usually not hear the negative feedback of the decision, and the next generation also lacks Political game ability can correct the decision-making behavior of decision-makers, so decision-makers may be inclined to sacrifice future intergenerational interests to meet current social needs. This unequal difference based on intergenerational interests and intergenerational power will eventually lead to "intergenerational "Competition", and the difference between this kind of competition and other competitions is that due to the lack of opposition information, people may not even be aware of the existence of this kind of competition, let alone effectively prevent the occurrence of intergenerational competition. Due to the lack of opposition power, Relatively lacking, "intergenerational competition" can easily turn into "intergenerational exploitation" in the end.

In essence, the national debt system is a typical "intergenerational competition" disaster area. For individuals or companies, the debt rights and debt repayment obligations are equal. This will make this type of lending relatively more prudent. For political decision-makers, the right to borrow money is owned by the short-term government within the term system, while the debt repayment obligation is borne by the entire society in the future. When the pressure to solve political problems reaches a certain level, politicians will have to Addressing the immediate imperative through “intergenerational exploitation.”

However, "intergenerational exploitation" does not only occur in the field of national debt. The essence of fiat currency inflation is actually an overdraft of future currency credit. Its essence is a kind of "intergenerational exploitation" in the financial and monetary field; Environmental pollution is also about sacrificing the future environment in exchange for economic development benefits for current people. Its essence is a kind of "intergenerational exploitation" in the field of survival; the inheritance of heritage wealth allows the current generation's status inequality caused by competition to be passed on to the next generation. The real estate market has driven the take-off of the modern economy but sacrificed the housing rights of young people, and its essence is also a kind of "intergenerational exploitation" of basic rights; the debt economy stimulates It has prevented the economic development of the current generation but put the future generations under huge debt repayment pressure. Its essence is also a kind of "intergenerational exploitation" of economic resources.

However, once this logic of "intergenerational exploitation" continues for a long time, the future of young people in the entire society will be exhausted. Many times, a society's credit collapse is not completed within one government, but is a comprehensive economic feedback accumulated from the "intergenerational exploitation" of multiple governments. The final result of "intergenerational exploitation" may be the complete reconstruction of the entire social order. Angry young people will destroy the world that makes them unable to see a way out, and completely get rid of the "intergenerational exploitation" that their predecessors have blessed them with. Economic burden", social unrest and even national war may break out.

The centralized world will always beIt is far from being able to solve this problem. The information asymmetry, rights asymmetry, and environmental asymmetry between generations make "intergenerational exploitation" the exploitation plan with the smallest normal social cost. And the final solution to "intergenerational exploitation" is, I think. Tucked away in the decentralized world of Bitcoin.

If BSV finally succeeds in unifying all chains, Bitcoin BSV will be the first time that mankind can establish a sustainable credit system, and it will be the first time that mankind can defeat the decentralization that "time corrodes everything" Solution, it allows mankind to finally have the first reliable wealth system and credit system in the face of time. Bitcoin does not depend on the rise and fall of individuals, organizations, and countries. Its own internal logic can become a sustainable system for the world. The logical basis of development, the significance of Bitcoin to human civilization is similar to the significance of the steam engine to the industrial revolution. It represents the progress and upgrade of the underlying logic of an overall civilization.

The stable and predictable money supply of BSV is the same for people of all eras, 21 million coins. Therefore, the government will not be able to initiate "intergenerational exploitation" through additional currency issuance. , the government will only be able to use the resources at hand to complete political commitments and the construction of economic order. When the government's capabilities are insufficient to deal with real challenges, the order of government bankruptcy will be ranked higher than the option of "intergenerational exploitation."

Since the total amount of money in the world remains consistent, digital currency will have a very good store of value. Since the underlying miner nodes of Bitcoin are a peer-to-peer network system, digital currency will have a very good store of value. The penetrating power of national borders will make digital currencies have very good liquidity. The reliability of stored value credit and the guarantee of circulation will make Bitcoin BSV the most reliable liquid credit asset in mankind. This reliability is even higher than that of sovereignty. Bonds, sovereign fiat currencies, precious metals, real estate and other traditional low-risk financial products. And good monetary credit will also reduce people's anti-inflation investment needs. Debts are used to repay, and houses are used to live in, which will become the financial norm in the new world. People can completely preserve the value of wealth and even save money by storing Bitcoin. value-added (the speed of value-added depends on the speed of social and economic development), then in the fields of contemporary investment products such as bonds and real estate, it will be difficult for the phenomenon of "intergenerational exploitation" to reappear, because rich people will no longer hoard bonds and houses. Complete the fight against inflation.

As the only source of truth in the world and the large-scale popularization and application of the monetary and financial system, Bitcoin will give rise to stable "Bitcoin price" expectations. The currency that will never depreciate will make smart contracts more popular in the world. In the long history, it will play an important role in intergenerational commitment. Environmental indicators such as "global carbon emissions", "global pollution index" and "global waste production" can be completed through the market method of "smart contract locking commitment to Bitcoin". Market bidding allows high-polluting companies to bear greater pollution costs, allowing high-efficiency pollution control companies to have a more stable source of profits, thereby making environmental pollution gradually reduce or even disappear completely.So that the development of human civilization can become a sustainable development logic instead of an overdraft economic model.

Since Bitcoin is a globally trackable wealth ledger, the possibility of wealth concealment will be greatly reduced, and if there is a blockchain legislation for unified property inheritance tax around the world, this will make The economic friction of intergenerational inheritance has increased, which has greatly alleviated the wealth inequality caused by intergenerational inheritance. Each generation will not fall into the abyss of unchangeable bottom wealth because of the differences between their parents. This wealth inheritance logic brings "Intergenerational exploitation" will be completely broken. The descendants of the rich can live in safety, and the descendants of the poor can also live with hope.

Only true decentralization of power can lead to real diversification of social choices and equalization of intergenerational competition. Otherwise, no centralized organization can get rid of the subjective perception of controlling people and controlling generations. Limitations, just like natural evolution, allow the free development of social forms, survival of the fittest, and survival of the fittest. Only then can human civilization truly resist the influence of various subjective biases and the possibility of "intergenerational exploitation" brought by "centralized organizations."

In the short term, as long as CSW’s identity as Satoshi Nakamoto is not taken seriously by the mainstream world, the world will not face up to the true logic of the BSV system, and will not truly understand the blockchain and Bitcoin. What is the underlying meaning of BSV? For a long time to come, BSV will have the long-term mission of educating the investment market and cultivating the blockchain ecosystem. Those who can really make money in the investment market must know the truth that the mainstream market does not know. For that group of people, market following logic is not suitable for analyzing the BSV system. No matter how BTC rises in the short term, it cannot avoid the illegal problems of the Lightning Network, the centralization problem of Core, and the miner incentive problem after subsidies disappear. If a chain will die sooner or later, then whether it will die in ten years or tomorrow will have a different value. It's the same for investors. It's better to stay away from them. A gentleman doesn't stand behind a dangerous wall.

Without the logic of civilization upgrading brought by the BSV system, the future of mankind is very gloomy. If you listen to and read the analysis of the top think tanks in all mankind, you will understand that the world is heading toward Economic downturn, national confrontation and civilizational division, and those who are the smartest and most powerful have no choice but to watch the prisoner's dilemma pull the entire human race into the abyss. Western civilization will not allow a new collectivist civilization to ride on them On top of that, China will not allow its road to revitalization of civilization to be suppressed and discriminated against forever. Human beings have no better way to go except to rebuild trust. This is the historical mission of the BSV system, and almost everyone, including those The most powerful and intelligent people have not yet comprehensively thought about this path, so BSV represents the future development direction of all mankind, and we early BSVers are the first batch to hold the key to the future treasure. People should use larger overall thinking and leadership thinking to consider the relationship between BSV and human beings. I hope that any early BSVSVer can arm themselves with the way of thinking of the strong and lead more people to explore the world framework of this new civilization. As the saying goes, "If you don't get what you want, you must suffer the consequences. If you don't succeed in time, you will suffer the consequences."

E. What is blockchain

Why do you think the country attaches so much importance to blockchain? The central bank also issued the world’s first sovereign digital currency DCEP. This technology seems to have nothing to do with us. What is the difference between it and current mobile payment? Have you ever had similar doubts? It’s a bit brain-burning, but it will definitely allow you to fully understand the core value of blockchain.

Let’s review first. In the era before e-commerce, how difficult was it to buy something off-the-beaten-path? You either had to go around a lot by yourself and spend a lot of time going to various places. Or directly find an intermediary to pay a high cost and let them buy it for you, right? Because our transaction requires the cost of information matching, that is, how the buyer's needs are received by the seller. This process of information transmission is either done by someone or by a robot. You may be confused, aren't we talking about blockchain? Why have we come to this point? Hey, don’t worry, if you want to understand blockchain, you must start from the nature of economic activities.

All economic activities in our society can be understood as a group of exchanges. Whether it is looking for a job, a buying something, or a live broadcast, they are all sets of transactions, transactions, trading, trading The more and more prosperity there is, the more developed the economy will be. But there's always something standing in the way of a deal being made, and that's transaction costs.

There are several types of them. The information matching cost of the transaction we just talked about is one of them. For a long period of time, your family has something to sell, and I just want to buy it, but I don’t know you, this deal can’t be concluded. Until the emergence of the Internet and big data, everyone can suddenly start hooking up quickly. All sellers and buyers can complete the deal without leaving home. This is technology. Progress has significantly reduced the cost of confidence in transactions, creating a 20-year boom in e-commerce. But once the transaction intention is reached, can we make bold transactions with confidence?

At this time, the second obstacle to the transaction jumps out. It is called trust cost. For example, before signing a contract, you must check whether the other party is from Earth, right? If he is a Alien, what contract did you sign for him? Also, you must check whether he has the corresponding qualifications. If it is illegal and has no resources, you will not sign it. But this inspection process costs money, and this is the cost paid for trust.Book. Furthermore, why do we need to sign a contract? That's because if the other party violates the contract, we can file a lawsuit and we can get legal protection. The reason why the contract is credible is because there is a whole legal system behind it to provide protection, but this system requires money to operate. Where did the money come from? Of course, it is extracted from each of our transactions. Each of us is paying a huge cost for trust in the transaction process, because trust is based on information transparency, and people are naturally motivated by interests. As for panic, both parties to the transaction are trapped in a prisoner's dilemma. In the end, in order for the transaction to proceed smoothly, we have to introduce a trusted third party to break this dilemma.

We need to read the next sentence carefully. We have never trusted the counterparty of the transaction, but because we trust the third party, the third party has proved that the other party is reliable, so we indirectly trust This is one of the basic systems that our entire society operates now. However, all our current trusted third parties are basically composed of people, and any system that uses human power as energy must be at the bottom of its efficiency. Regarding professional institutions, looking at the entire history of human development, it is a process of constantly replacing human power with machines. We invented the wheel to replace shoulder-carrying manual labor, we invented machine tools to replace manual work, and we even invented computers to replace manual labor. Human core abilities are calculation and reading. So what can replace manpower in the field of trusted third parties? It is the blockchain, which uses distributed storage, zero-knowledge proof, and asymmetric elliptic curve encryption algorithms. In short, technically it is a trusted third party that does not need to rely on anyone, cannot be tampered with, and cannot be tampered with.



So, if our legal digital currency DCEP application matures, what will happen? The cost of trust will be further reduced, and the friction cost in transaction behavior will also be reduced. Ultimately, it will trigger fundamental changes in the entire society's business, taxation, law and even governance methods. At least corrupt officials can no longer hide their money, and the impact will definitely be far greater than the current e-commerce.

We should be happy that we live in a very forward-looking country. We are trying to create a new social form unprecedented in human history, and lead the entire world with this change.

Not written by me?

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With the development of blockchain technology, the concept of decentralization has gradually come to the fore and has become more and more widely recognized and respected. It has become a hot spot for emerging technology models in the future. Why should we decentralize? Does decentralization mean anti-centralization? Will centralization be completely replaced by decentralization? Does the centralized model have no value? Where is the value?

Centralization is a traditional organizational structure that has been formed by humans for thousands of years. It should be said that in traditional social environments, centralization is an effective organizational management structure and the only option under environmental conditions. management structure, but based on the rapid development of the Internet and blockchain technology, it has broken information asymmetry, transformed production relations, and provided cross-era technical tools for organizational management. Therefore, in the past thirty years, Internet technology has gradually and deeply transformed traditional Organizational models and relationships, and the explosive growth and development of Bitcoin as a representative of decentralization has opened the door to decentralization to the world, allowing people to see the broad prospects of a decentralized world. However, centralization and decentralization ization, spanning a wide range of breadth and depth, is not a simple relationship of trade-offs and substitutions. This article attempts to explore it from a partial perspective.

In the face of the decentralization craze, there seems to be an emotional reaction today. The era of decentralization has arrived, all centralized models have fallen behind, and all models in the future will be decentralized. No, this is the traditional prejudice against centralization and misunderstanding of decentralization, and it is an emotional reaction of the group. In fact, the form of decentralization can be distributed, weak center, or p2p. Centralization and decentralization have very different environments to adapt to. Decentralization has broad prospects, but the value of centralization will last forever. The advantages of the two are different. There is overlap between the two, but more importantly, they learn from each other's strengths and complement each other's weaknesses. Centralization and decentralization Centralization and centralization jointly promote the development of organizational systems.

The historical process of human organizations over the past thousands of years has been a process of centralization. Compared to today, human society thousands of years ago was like a piece of scattered sand. In the process of historical evolution, the scattered masses Due to the needs of security, economy, and development, organization and centralization have gradually begun to form, and large religious, national, financial, and military organizations have been established. The general public can gain recognition and recognition by "joining/adapting" to centralized organizations. safe and able to maneuver within organizational systemsTo make a living. Centralization realizes the cohesion and strengthening of scattered weak forces, realizes the organizational coordination of productivity, greatly improves productivity and economic benefits, and promotes the economic development and social progress of the entire human society through organizational rules and centralized management, realizing With the progress and development from primitive society to agricultural society to industrial society, overall social wealth has increased significantly and people's lives have gradually improved.

In a decentralized organizational model, power is decentralized and there are no upper-level oligarchic managers. Each individual organization is completely equal under consensus rules. The foundation of the existence and development of individual organizations is to create value. Therefore, It has completely changed the survival rules of traditional centralized organizations and formed self-organization and self-discipline management. The formation of traditional centralized organizations is often the beginning of their own decline, while the formation of decentralized organizations is the beginning of the development and growth of their organizations. , decentralized organizations tend to be dynamic and can greatly promote innovation.

Why is the decentralization trend happening today? The two major thrusts are: the Internet and blockchain.

The comprehensive popularization of Internet technology in the past thirty years has accelerated the expansion of the production and dissemination of information. Internet technology has fundamentally solved the problems of large-scale and timely dissemination of information and information asymmetry. A single organizational system can Gather a large amount of first-hand information from the middle and lower layers, reduce dependence on the middle layer, and even remove multiple layers of intermediaries, reducing the noise and delay in information transmission. A large amount of information can be quickly and comprehensively grasped, and more effective judgments and decisions can be made, and even It can improve the rules of the organizational system and dig deeper into the reorganization structure, thus greatly improving management and production efficiency.

Internet technology has weakened and dismantled the centralized organizations of the traditional pyramid model, and entered the era of flat centralized large platforms. The "universal" Taobao is a typical example of making full use of the Internet to remove the multi-layered intermediary market, completely flattening it. Transform the "production-sales-consumption" relationship and establish a centralized organization with a flat platform. Flatness is the basis of decentralization. Only with the flat technical foundation can a decentralized organizational model be produced.

After thirty years of application and development of Internet technology, today we have entered an environment where the Internet is available anytime and anywhere. Our life and work have been completely integrated into the Internet. At this time, the traditional Internet has "mature". When it comes to food, clothing, housing, transportation, and entertainment, we all obtain information from the Internet immediately to make comparisons and choices. We record our lives and work on the Internet. We have fully entered the network environment of voice, video, text, and digital connections.

The traditional Internet has flattened the organization and improved economic efficiency. However, the traditional Internet is already old, and the pace of development of the times will not stop. Blockchain has caught the attention of innovators. Blockchain Based on the p2p decentralized network architecture, the chain realizes the transfer of value on the network through encryption algorithms + public ledgers + consensus rules + timestamps.The blockchain architecture has no central manager, open ledgers, and consensus rules, completely subverting the core of the traditional management mechanism and eliminating any room for cheating for personal gain (the encryption algorithm and POW mechanism ensure that the cost of trying to seek personal gain through cheating exceeds the reward, thus losing the motivation to cheat) ), the individual survival rules within the organization have been completely changed. There is no upper or lower hierarchy. Each node is based on consensus rules and is completely equal. All individuals survive and develop at the same starting point and in the same environment. Therefore, the best game choice for individuals is to dig inwards to create and exert themselves. self value.

On the blockchain, information cannot be distorted or tampered with. Such a mechanism closes the space for cheating and evil, gives individuals equal opportunities and fair rules, and encourages individuals to choose innovation and hard work to the greatest extent possible. Stimulate individual vitality. Eventually, an inward-looking self-organizing system is formed.

Blockchain opens the door to decentralization and lays a basic model for decentralization. Based on the needs of innovation and efficiency, more and more organizations will adopt decentralized methods in the future. Architecture, through decentralization, stimulates public innovation and vitality, thereby improving the overall efficiency and value of the organization. An era of decentralized organizations without central managers will flourish, and the original complex and even distorted relationships in our entire world will gradually Simplify, reshape, and replace it with an equal self-disciplined group relationship. We will enter an era of fully exploring inner values ​​and self-realization, and then enter an era of internal and external balance.

The Internet has flattened the world, and decentralization will lead the world into an era of inner depth. The value does not lie in the outer height, but in the inner depth.

The beginning of the era of decentralization does not mean anti-centralization. Centralization is still the core model of organizational management. As long as people have the need for cooperation and as long as cooperation can produce larger-scale effects, there will be There is a need for centralized organization and management, and centralization and decentralization are just like competition and cooperation. Competition without cooperation will enter the "prisoner's dilemma", disorderly competition lacking mutual trust, both parties will lose, and there is no competition. Cooperation will enter a situation of inefficiency and incompetence, a pool of stagnant water.

The biggest advantage of centralization is to exert scale effect, but the system is prone to rigidity, and rigidity will weaken the ability to adapt and respond to the external environment; the biggest advantage of decentralization is to stimulate innovation and vitality, but it must Scale effects can only be achieved with the help of centralization. In a commercial environment, innovation generated by decentralization must eventually achieve scale by turning innovation into processes, so that business value can be generated and amplified.

In the future, centralized organizations will become increasingly streamlined and more focused on their core essence. In the future, centralized management will be more about connection, coordination and consensus management, and will be a completely flat management. Decentralization will be penetrated and applied in more and more organizations, stimulating the potential of each individual, stimulating the inner vitality of each individual, and giving the system a powerful endogenouspower.

As Huawei's Ren Zhengfei said: "Many companies have emerged in China. In fact, like Huawei, they also concentrate on doing one thing. It is very difficult for a person to accomplish one thing in a lifetime. It’s not simple anymore. Why? There are 1.3 billion people in China. We, the tofu grinders, grind them into good tofu. Your companies can grow the bean sprouts and make the bean sprouts well. Each of us 1.3 billion people can do a good job. Things, put together we are the great motherland."

In the Internet era, in the blockchain era, classes are eliminated and values ​​are reshaped. Every individual has the opportunity to polish his or her own share of tofu. The final value choice of each individual organization can only be to polish its own share of tofu. In this way, if each individual does one thing well and "fights" together, it will be an unprecedented era of greatness for mankind!

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Heshu Media: Blockchain should be defined as an original technology that reshapes production relations
2019-06-25 13:38:37

Chief Soy Sauce Officer of South China

3 years of coding experience

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The current technologies represented by artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and big data have greatly promoted the development of social productivity. While productivity continues to develop, it often leads to changes in production relations.

If artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing focus on solving productivity problems, then blockchain should be defined as a technology that reshapes production relations.

Distributed accounting, Token incentives, smart contracts, etc. in blockchain technology will profoundly change the incentive model and governance mechanism of society, causing the rematching and combination of management elements. Token incentives will solve The game problems raised by "Game Theory - Mechanism Design - New Institutional Economics - Incentive Compatibility", while smart contracts will solve the contract problems raised by "Coase Theorem - Contract Theory - Property Rights Theory - Transaction Cost Theory" (Yuan Yuming, Yan Si, 2018), thus bringing about a new round of changes in corporate organizational structures and management models
1. Solving the "prisoner's dilemma" of the incentive system

In a pyramidal organizational structure, due to corporate management If there are too many layers, a lot of costs will be spent on communication and coordination within the organization, which also makes enterprises lack flexibility in responding to market changes and technological innovations. The promotion of Internet technology has gradually evolved from a pyramidal tall organizational structure to a flat organizational structure.

The organizational structure has changed from tall and long to flat. On the surface, it is a change in the organizational structure and hierarchy. On a deeper level, it is a reduction in transaction costs and trust costs. However, flattening does not essentially eliminate hierarchies, nor does it completely solve the problem of organizationalInternal transaction costs and trust cost issues.

The transparency and reliability of blockchain technology can establish common operating standards and cooperation methods for business owners, managers and other stakeholders, minimizing trust costs and transaction costs to Achieve zero marginal cost society.

“The essence of blockchain is that you don’t need to trust anyone.” Blockchain is based on machine trust and realizes an epoch-making technology that “does not need to trust people”. When trust becomes the air and water of society, the organizational structure and management model of enterprises will inevitably face new and great changes since the equity system.