区块链与数字经济自测题,区块链与数字经济课程论文

近年来，随着区块链技术的发展，数字经济也日渐受到社会的关注，其中最重要的三个关键词分别是：去中心化、智能合约和数字货币。

去中心化：去中心化是区块链技术的基础，也是它的核心价值所在。去中心化指的是把原本集中在中心化服务器上的数据和运算操作，分散到多个结点上，从而实现去中心化的网络结构。在去中心化的网络结构下，每个节点都可以以相同的方式参与网络的运行，从而实现信息共享、数据共享和资源共享，从而构建出一个可以让每个参与者都能获得公平对待的网络环境。

智能合约：智能合约是区块链技术的一种应用，它是一种可以自动执行的计算机程序，可以实现自动执行、自动确认、自动记录的功能。智能合约可以用来实现自动执行各种约定，从而节省人力成本，提高效率，减少纠纷，保证双方的权益。智能合约的出现，也极大地推动了数字经济的发展，使得数字资产可以更加安全、可靠的进行交易。

数字货币：数字货币是数字经济的基础，它是一种基于区块链技术的虚拟货币，是一种以数字形式存在的货币。数字货币的出现，使得货币可以在网络中实现无缝转移，从而极大地改善了货币的流通性和使用性，使得货币可以更加安全、快捷的进行交易。此外，数字货币的出现，也使得投资者可以更加自由的进行投资，从而推动数字经济的发展。

以上就是去中心化、智能合约和数字货币三个关键词，它们是区块链技术与数字经济发展的核心内容，也是未来数字经济发展的重要方向。

① What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models

What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models? According to reports, since the end of March, the tour guide team led by Yang Feihu has been receiving inquiries from out-of-town individual tourists. “There are many families traveling to Wuhan from out of town. Several families come together by car or by high-speed rail,” Yang Feihu said. , Yellow Crane Tower, Hubei Provincial Museum, and East Lake Scenic Area are still places to check in. "It's hard to get a ticket for the Hubei Provincial Museum now, and all the seats for the May Day period have been reserved." He and a number of parents looking for relatives went to Shuidun Town, Zijin County, Heyuan City, Heyuan City. Because Zhang Weiping once confessed that this was the place where Aunt Mei lived, and it was also the place where 8 of the 9 abducted children in the "Aunt Mei Case" were sold.

② Blockchain technology, the future trend of the token economy, what is the relationship between the two?

Token in English means token. The meaning of token is that the first thing that comes to mind is block. Names such as chain and decentralization. With the rapid development of blockchain technology. Blockchain digital currency has slowly entered people's field of vision.

Blockchain has now moved from the 2.0 era to 3.0. In April 2020, the Autonomous Reform Commission officially included blockchain in new infrastructure and placed blockchain in the development of the digital economy. In an important position, all provinces and cities across the country are actively deploying blockchain, and many places have included blockchain in government work reports.

What is blockchain? From a technological perspective, blockchain involves many scientific and technical issues such as mathematics, cryptography, Internet and computer programming. From an application perspective, simply put, blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database, which has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, full traceability, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency. These characteristics ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain and lay the foundation for creating trust in the blockchain. The rich application scenarios of blockchain are basically based on the ability of blockchain to solve the problem of information asymmetry and achieve collaborative trust and consistent action among multiple subjects [7].

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block [8].

In the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper [4], the word blockchain does not actually appear, but chain of blocks is used. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper [9], chain of blocks translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.

The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019 [1] .

As an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies, the security risk issue of blockchain is regarded as a major shortcoming that currently restricts the healthy development of the industry. Frequent security incidents have sounded the alarm for the industry. To embrace blockchain, we need to accelerate exploration and establish a security system that adapts to the blockchain technology mechanism.

③ What is the relationship between the number of enterprises on the chain and the digital economy

Blockchain will build the infrastructure of the trust mechanism. In the future, the number of enterprises on the chain will become an important indicator to measure the level of the digital economy. SMIC’s blockchain service platform is doing well

④ In the era of digital economy, how to understand Sun Yuchen’s blockchain to build financial infrastructure

First of all, blockchain is for the digital economy New fields can solve the bottlenecks of the traditional economy, such as limitations between various elements, weak processing capabilities, slow response, and only focusing on individuals. With the digitalization of the economy, new digital financial infrastructure is needed, and blockchain The emergence of financial services has just made up for many shortcomings of traditional finance. right!

⑤ Professor Hu Kai of Beihang University is very popular recently. What is his research direction?

Digital economy and blockchain technology: He is one of the earliest researchers engaged in blockchain technology in China. 1. Proposed and developed theoretical methods such as smart contract engineering (SCE), legal code technology, and verification as a service (VaaS). It has in-depth research and patented achievements in blockchain scalability, multi-chain interconnection and blockchain formal verification technology. He presided over the development of Beihang’s blockchain (TrustChain) series of products, including various forms of blockchain systems, browsers, monitors, deployment tools and blockchain big data management systems (OpenData) with independent intellectual property rights.
Distributed parallel computing and network: I have long been engaged in research on cluster computing systems, high-performance computing, aerospace electronic buses, and space-ground integrated network information technology in complex computing environments. I have proposed and studied the wolf pack-based reliability Reorganized multi-cluster computing theory and applied it to practice, and developed multiple application software systems.
Formal design and verification methods: Work closely with the French Institute of Computer Research (IRIT) in Toulouse and the French Institute of Automation (INRIA) to create a Sino-French formal method joint research laboratory to study model-driven formal design and verification Verification methods, proposed a number of innovative extension technologies based on AADL and synchronization language Signal, and developed multiple model conversion, verification and automatic code generation tools.
In recent years, SCI has been published at important academic journal conferences at home and abroad./EI retrieval and other more than 60 papers, edited "New Technology in Network Computing" (416 pages, published by Science Press in 2001), and co-authored the authoritative national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" textbook "Introduction to Distributed Computing Systems" (more than 490 pages) page, published by Tsinghua University Press in 2014, won the first prize of the school's 2016 textbook, and has been adopted as textbooks by more than ten key universities). He has successively hosted and participated in a number of National Natural Science Foundation of China, national key R&D projects, 863 major projects, Junkou 863 project, national nuclear high-tech projects, aerospace funds, and a number of important engineering projects in the aerospace field. He has obtained more than 30 national invention patents and soft works. In 2015, he won the Five-Year Achievement Award from the Aviation Fund. In 2018, he led the "Space-Ground Integrated Information System Design Verification and Simulation" and won the second-class Innovation Achievement Award from the Industry, University and Research Association.

⑥ How to systematically learn blockchain technology

When you first learn blockchain-related knowledge by yourself, you can use the "bottom-up" method, that is, by reading books, Read white papers and other methods, check the information yourself, and then summarize and connect this knowledge yourself to integrate it into a relatively complete knowledge system.

1. Study White Paper

Before going to college, I read many books about "The Analects", all about how to read the Analects and how to understand the interpretation of the Analects. Until one day I discovered that I, who loved "The Analects of Confucius" so much, had never had the patience to read the original version of "The Analects of Confucius" seriously.

So, I went to the bookstore and bought back a copy of "The Analects of Confucius" and read it carefully from beginning to end. I found that there were actually too many details and insights in it that could not be conveyed through any interpretation. . But I actually spent a lot of time and read a lot of interpretations before. I was really trying to ignore the essentials and focus on the essentials.

It’s the same in every field. When you don't understand it, you will have an inexplicable fear of it, thinking that it is high and unattainable. In order to quickly enter these fields, you will look for many so-called "interpretations" and inquire about many "news" around them.

2. Technical perspective

Basic stage:

1. "Blockchain Development Guide" - Author Shentu Qingchun:

Author The research on the underlying layers of redundant Bitcoin can be said to be very in-depth, and the explanations are also very easy to understand.

2. "Blockchain Technology Guide" - Author Zou Jun:

As the first domestic book to explain blockchain from a technical perspective, it is worth reading. It was published in 2016 The reviews have always been good.

3. "Blockchain Principles, Design and Applications" - Author Yang Baohua and Chen Chang:

Senior Chen Chang, as the CTO of Zhigui, remembers that the previous MoChain was based on Hyperledger Fabric , so this book provides a thorough explanation of Hyperledger-related open source products.

3. "Blockchain World"

This book is divided into upper and lower partsarticles. The previous article comprehensively reviewed the birth, growth and gradual development of blockchain from 2008 through detailed information, and introduced in detail the originality of blockchain technology, the scientific nature of the mechanism, and the artistry of logic. Through finance, More than ten industry scenarios including anti-counterfeiting and medical care introduce the application characteristics of blockchain. The next article combines the spirit of the G20 Summit and the latest policies such as the “13th Five-Year Plan” to explore the combination of blockchain and digital economy, as well as the author’s views and suggestions on industry development trends.

⑦ What is digital currency, digital finance and why blockchain digital currency is so important

From a financial perspective, blockchain and digital currency are actually a new generation of digital currency. financial system. The digital financial system is built on the financial infrastructure of blockchain digital currency.

From the perspective of an enterprise, how do we understand the digital economy?

We know that the driver of the industrial economy is fossil fuels, and the driver of the digital economy is data. So how does data drive a business? I summarize it as computer modeling of data, using algorithms to organize the data, and at the same time computer programming of the company's business processes, turning the data into algorithm models, and then stringing together the algorithm models to turn the business processes into computer programs. Or become a smart contract, which is digital technology. This digital economy is not the digital economy from an economist’s perspective.

How to integrate these things requires a series of digital technologies. A series of digital technologies such as the Internet, Internet of Things, cloud computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain constitute the digital economy, or digital business.

Digital technology has three characteristics. The first is that it spans time and space, because data naturally has the ability to penetrate. For example, cross-border and cross-organization data flow cannot be blocked by national borders, so it crosses time and space. At the same time, data is penetrable. It can penetrate the market vertically, eliminating all intermediaries and hierarchies in the middle, and then Let transactions become peer-to-peer, and buyers and sellers no longer need intermediaries. It can penetrate the market vertically and shorten the industrial chain horizontally. Peer-to-peer, there is no middleman to guarantee the transaction settlement.

The core of digital finance is point-to-point payment settlement and non-guaranteed transaction settlement. Nowadays, using bank cards to buy things in shopping malls is not a point-to-point transaction. It takes time for the merchant to receive the money, and the bank guarantees that the transaction can be settled completely. But if these intermediaries disappear, how can transactions be cleared and settled in real time? At present, blockchain and digital currency are the best technical solutions to solve these problems, and no other better solution has been found yet.

From a business perspective, blockchain technology has its own characteristics, that is, it is sufficiently digital, it is cross-border, cross-time and space, and cross-organization. The flow of data has no boundaries, so the blockchain is distributed at the same time, it is self-organized and decentralized.

So the origin of blockchain and the application of any new disruptive technology have always had two routes, or two methods. One way is to regard it as a tool and use it to improve the traditional business model and obtain an improvement in marginal benefits. The other is to treat it as a system to reconstruct the underlying logic of business.

There is a good example of these two application methods in the past few years. When Internet companies are promoting "Internet +", we also see many traditional business organizations saying that it is not "Internet +" but "+Internet". So where are those people who shout "+Internet" now? Some people think that the Internet is just a technology used to improve traditional things, and some Internet technologies can be added to traditional things. For example, if you use the Internet as email, you build an email system and think it is the Internet. But some people treat the Internet as a system and reconstruct the business from the bottom up. In the end, you will find that you are unemployed.

The second is decentralization. Why go to the center? Regional center technology in business has brought about business decentralization, which is an inevitable trend in history. Where is this trend? I think there are two points. One is economic globalization and entering version 2.0. Now through the Internet, it is no longer the company that is globalizing, nor the company turning itself into a multinational company, but the Internet is empowering any individual, so that it can sell its products through the Internet in a small county in China. worldwide. When economic globalization develops to personal globalization, solving point-to-point transactions and point-to-point services becomes a prominent issue. Then the real-time clearing and settlement and point-to-point transaction settlement brought by blockchain technology can just help the globalization of personal business activities.

The third is the digitalization of the economy. When data is collected to a certain extent, its circulation is basically across time and space. The demand for financial payments from commercial activities is carried with them anytime and anywhere, and it is impossible to provide scenario-based and virtualized payment settlement anytime, anywhere and on demand. Services will eventually be eliminated by technology and the market.

Why is digital currency so important?

First, the issuance of digital currency broadens the scope of original monetary policy options. If all physical currencies can be converted into digital currencies, this will make it possible for the central bank to break through the zero lower bound of interest rates and reduce nominal interest rates to negative.

In addition, digital currency also provides a new quantitative easing tool. The central bank issues an equal amount of digital currency to every citizen in the form of free payment, which can directly bypass the inefficiency during the crisis. Financial markets, improve citizens’ ability to consume and repay debt, making it easier to achieve the central bank’s monetary policy goal of calming volatility.

Second, digital currency can make monetary policy more transparent. Economic theory generally believes that the implementation of monetary policy should be systematicand transparency, which can enhance the effectiveness of the monetary transmission mechanism, reduce internal noise, and enhance the stability of the system.

Although, central banks in various countries have made significant progress in this regard by controlling inflation targets. The implementation of central bank digital currencies provides an opportunity to increase the transparency of central bank monetary policy frameworks. By adopting a central bank digital currency, like the inflation targeting system, the central bank can establish a fixed price level target specified by a specific price index, thus providing a durable, credible and transparent nominal anchor for the economic system.

Third, the issuance of digital currency can solve the problem of reduced physical cash and bring some seigniorage to the central bank. With the rise of mobile payment methods and mobile payment applications, the importance of cash in society is gradually decreasing.

With the demise of paper money, the only form of money circulating in the economy will be residents' bank deposits, and central banks may lose the power to issue banknotes to the public. Additionally, under the current system, seigniorage can only be obtained through the issuance of physical cash. Therefore, when ordinary people are less willing to hold cash, providing a convenient central bank digital currency that can be connected to electronic payment systems can allow the central bank to regain part of the seigniorage.

Fourth, digital currency can increase the stability of the financial system. From a technical perspective, digital currencies allow residents, businesses and non-bank financial institutions to settle directly with central bank digital currencies. This can share part of the settlement functions of commercial banks and reduce the concentration of liquidity and credit risks in the payment system.

Of course, in specific policy practice, due to the need for policy stability, central bank digital currency can also be issued and operated relying on the commercial banking system.

In addition, digital currencies issued by central banks can provide a truly risk-free alternative to bank deposits. The shift of residents from holding bank deposits to holding digital cash reduces part of the need for government guarantees on deposits and weakens a source of moral hazard in the financial system.

⑧ Blockchain and Digital Economy

The top ten mainstream predictions for the development trend of the digital economy after the epidemic. See the figure for details.

Jeff briefly talks about his views:

1. The general trend of national and global economic development is the digital economy. This direction is undoubtedly certain!

2. Blockchain is not enough to be compared with the digital economy, Internet economy, and industrial economy, and the concept is wrong. Blockchain is a technology that can be discussed together with information technologies such as the Internet, cloud computing, 5G communications, and the Internet of Things, and should also be used in combination!

3. The product of the coupling of blockchain technology with tokens, token economy, and community governance may not necessarily be the current currency circle in the eyes of currency people. All the above mentioned must empower the real economy in order to exert its positive energy and generate new value..

4. There is a natural fit between the digital economy and blockchain technology. Therefore, it is recommended that blockchain practitioners de-monetize tokens and apply them to multiple applications, so as to truly take advantage of the distributed advantages of blockchain.

Blockchain technology is finally easy to use!

⑨ What are the future development prospects of blockchain technology?

Blockchain is a technology. “In the simplest and most popular terms, blockchain technology is the Account, or distributed ledger."
In the Internet era, there is a database behind every system. This database can be regarded as a large ledger. In the past, the person maintaining the system was responsible for managing the database and recording user behavior. , that is, accounting, and the blockchain is "decentralized", which allows every member of the system to participate. Not only does everyone keep accounts, but through links, everyone can have a complete ledger.
"Blockchain is essentially a collective recording method. What is special is that it uses a unique set of technologies to achieve the authenticity and credibility of the recording results, which is difficult to destroy and cannot be tampered with." Zhang Xiaorong said, " First, everyone has the right to record and authenticate each other to distinguish authenticity. This is called a consensus mechanism; second, no one can tamper with records because there is a cryptographic signature; third, everyone has a copy, so even if there is a ledger If it is damaged, the whole will not be affected. This is called distributed storage. The information recorded in this way is presented in blocks according to the time chain, so it is called blockchain."
Each currency represented by Bitcoin This encrypted digital currency is originally an application of blockchain technology, which can be said to be version 1.0 of blockchain. But around 2014, the industry began to realize the important value of blockchain technology. Blockchain was gradually separated from digital currency and applied to various economic and social fields other than digital currency.
Broad application prospects
Blockchain technology is considered a disruptive innovation after steam engines, electricity, and the Internet. If steam engines and electricity have liberated productivity, and the Internet has changed the way information is transmitted, then blockchain, as a machine that builds trust, will likely change the way value is transmitted.
For example, in the financial field, the cost of reconciliation, clearing, and settlement between financial institutions, especially cross-border financial institutions, has always been very high, and there are complex manual processes. However, blockchain technology has data that cannot be tampered with and is traceable. Its application can help reduce the cost of reconciliation and dispute resolution between financial institutions, significantly improve the processing speed and efficiency of payment services, and make small-amount cross-border payments possible. In December 2017, China Merchants Bank completed the transfer of RMB positions from Hong Kong Wing Lung Bank to Wing Lung Bank Shenzhen Branch. This is the world’s first inter-bank cross-border RMB clearing business based on blockchain technology.
In addition, according to the "China Blockchain Technology and Application Development White Paper 2016" issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, the application of blockchain has extended to many fields such as medical health, education, charity, and social management. . Take the cultural industry as an example. The cost of copying is low and the cost of protecting rights is high.High costs and difficulty in providing evidence have made intellectual property protection a pain point in the industry. With the blockchain, the records of the production, dissemination, and transactions of cultural products are authentic, transparent, credible, and verifiable, and the problem can be easily solved.
Cheung Hsiao-rong said that blockchain technology solves two major problems in the digital economy era: first, the flow direction is visible, and second, there is zero trust cost. In the past, the circulation of physical banknotes was invisible, but the flow of all digital assets has a "chain" that can be checked. Yang Yanchao, a researcher at the Intellectual Property Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also believes that the biggest advantage of blockchain is that it truly completes the construction of credit in an anonymous society and brings new opportunities to many fields, thus making various innovative applications possible.
There is a long way to go for future development
In terms of technology promotion, there are not too many barriers to blockchain. This has been proven in the global practice of Bitcoin. The main resistance still comes from conceptual and implementation obstacles.
"On the one hand, society may be very concerned about the 'naked' state in the blockchain. The blockchain builds a 'Skynet' for the business society, and all the company's economic activities are recorded, so there is no There is no secret at all, and such business strategies may not be implemented under the blockchain."
"On the other hand, the current legal system lags behind the development of information technology. How can the emerging blockchain technology be placed under the law? It needs to be studied under supervision." Duan Yongchao said.
The core of blockchain is decentralization, which will have an impact on the central management model that has been formed in society for a long time. In addition to laws, how to establish a regulatory environment that can promote the application of blockchain technology so that the technology can benefit society and not be used for evil is also an urgent problem to be solved.