摩尔移动互联的区块链是什么,摩尔移动互联的区块链有哪些

A. What are the blockchain technology concept stocks?

The core problem solved by blockchain is not "digital currency", but in an environment of asymmetric information and uncertainty. Next, how to establish a "trust" ecological system that satisfies the occurrence and development of economic activities. This problem is called the "Byzantine Generals Problem", also known as "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" or the "Two Armies Problem". This is a difficult problem faced when information machines interact in a distributed system, that is, any point in the entire network When nodes cannot trust the other party they are communicating with, how can they create a consensus basis for secure information exchange without worrying about data being tampered with.

Blockchain uses algorithmic proof mechanism to ensure the security of the entire network. With it, all nodes in the entire system can automatically be safe in a trustless environment. exchange data. For details on solving the Byzantine Generals, please see the related paper.

The second meaning of blockchain: realizing cross-border value transfer. When the Internet was born, the earliest core problem to be solved was information production and transmission. We can quickly generate and copy information through the Internet to every corner of the world with a network, but it has still not been able to solve the problem of value transfer and credit transfer. The so-called value transfer here refers to a method that everyone in the network can recognize and confirm, accurately transferring a certain part of the value from a certain address to another address, and it must be ensured that when the value is transferred, the original address is reduced The transferred portion, while the new address increases the value transferred. The value mentioned here can be a monetary asset, or some kind of physical asset or virtual asset (including securities, financial derivatives, etc.). The results of this operation must be recognized by all participating parties, and the results cannot be manipulated by any one party.

There are also various financial systems in the current Internet, and there are also many payment systems provided by banks or third parties, but they still rely on centralization solution to solve it. The so-called centralized solution is to put all value transfer calculations on a central server (cluster) through the endorsement of a certain company. Although all calculations are automatically completed by the program, this centralized person or person must be trusted. mechanism. In fact, through centralized credit endorsement, credit can only be limited to certain institutions, regions or countries. It can be seen from this that the fundamental problem that must be solved is credit. Therefore, the core issue of value transfer is transnational credit consensus. In such a complicated global system, it is difficult to establish a global credit consensus system out of thin air. Due to the different political, economic and cultural conditions of each country, it is almost impossible for the enterprises and governments of two countries to fully trust each other. This means that whether it is endorsed by the credit of individuals or corporate governments, even if the value exchange between countries can be completed, there will be huge time and economic costs. butIn the long history of mankind, no matter how different the religion, politics and culture of each country are, the only thing that can reach consensus is mathematics (basic science). Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that mathematics (algorithms) is the greatest common denominator of global civilization and the basis for the greatest consensus among human beings around the world. If we use mathematical algorithms (programs) as endorsement, all rules are based on an open and transparent mathematical algorithm (program), which can allow all people with different political and cultural backgrounds to gain consensus.

Future development? The Internet will make global interactions closer and closer, accompanied by a huge trust gap. Currently, the existing mainstream database technology architecture is private and centralized. On this architecture, the problems of value transfer and mutual trust can never be solved. Therefore, blockchain technology may become the next generation database architecture. Through decentralized technology, it will be possible to complete the huge progress of mathematical (algorithm) endorsement and global mutual trust on the basis of big data.

Blockchain technology is a specific distributed access data technology. It uses multiple nodes participating in calculations in the network to jointly participate in the calculation and processing of data. records, and mutually verify the validity of their information (anti-counterfeiting). From this point of view, blockchain technology is also a specific database technology. The Internet has just entered the era of big data, but from the current point of view, big data is still in a very basic stage. But when it enters the blockchain database stage, it will enter the big data era of real strong trust endorsement. All data here has acquired indestructible quality, and no one has the ability or need to question it. Perhaps we are now at a major turning point—the early stages of a transition nearly as profound as the industrial revolution. Not only are new technologies exponential, digital and combined, progress and changes, but more surprises may be ahead of us. In the next 24 months, the planet will have more computing power and recorded data than it has in all of history combined. In the past 24 months, this value increase may have exceeded 1,000 times. This digital data information is growing faster than Moore's Law.

Blockchain technology will not only be used in the field of financial payments, but will be expanded to all current application areas, such as decentralized Weibo, WeChat, search, renting a house, and even taxi-hailing software may all appear. Because blockchain will allow humans to collaborate on a large scale in a trustless manner without geographical restrictions.

Bubi blockchain uses cryptographically provable algorithms to build multi-center network trust, which is open, transparent, non-tamperable and irrevocable; multi-party participation in information Transparent sharing establishes a full chain path for authentic product traceability, reaching consumers directly.

Our generation will most likely be lucky enough to experience twoThe most astonishing event is that all people and all machines on the earth have launched unprecedented large-scale collaboration with unprecedented mutual trust through blockchain technology, and the second is that real artificial intelligence will be created based on this. These two periods will profoundly change the world's economic development model. Entrepreneurs, entrepreneurs, scientists, and geeks of all kinds will use this world of abundance to create things that will shock and delight us.

B. Quantum Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain

Quantum Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain
The next 5 to 10 years will be a new round of global The scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation are in a critical period from gaining momentum to bursting out. With the rapid development of a new round of global technological revolution, disruptive technological innovations are surging, the most eye-catching of which include quantum computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain. Are there any connections between these disruptive technologies and traditional Chinese culture? How does it relate to basic science (e.g. mathematics, physics)? How to objectively understand these cutting-edge technologies? This special issue publishes a report by Zhang Shousheng, an American theoretical physicist and foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who won the International Science and Technology Cooperation Award of the People's Republic of China in January 2018.
Currently, quantum computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain are the three most important basic technologies in the entire information technology industry. In the future, if information technology is to truly develop by leaps and bounds, we must pay attention to basic science, which requires both physics and mathematics, because physics and mathematics are closely related to the information technology revolution.

The discovery of “angel particles” has changed the dilemma of quantum computer research and development
Before talking about quantum computing, let’s first talk about the scientific discovery story related to “angel particles”. Many interesting modern sciences It is found that they are all related to changes in philosophical concepts, including those deep-rooted ancient philosophical concepts of the Chinese nation. For example, it seems that the world has always been a world of positive and negative opposites. If there are positive numbers, there must be negative numbers. If there are yin, there must be yang. There is goodness. There must be evil. This opposing world view is also present in the physical world of elementary particles.
There was a very great theoretical physicist in history, Dirac, who combined Einstein's special theory of relativity and quantum mechanics Unified, in the process of unification, he did a very simple mathematical operation and opened a root sign. When opening the root sign, there will always be two solutions, positive and negative. Most people may only care about the "positive solution" and not care about the "positive solution". "Negative solution". Dirac explained the "negative solution" as that all particles must have antiparticles, and predicted that all particles must have antiparticles.
In 1928, no antiparticles were discovered in the physics world. Everyone raised great doubts about him, saying that his equation was definitely wrong. He insisted that his equation was correct. Five years later, he was very lucky. Sure enough, physicists found the inverse reaction of electrons in the rays of cosmic radiation. Particles are positrons, named Dirac seas.
Since then, elementary particle physics has found protons, antiprotons, neutrons, and antineutrons, and they have been applied. For example, positrons are used in medicineIt has been widely used in the field. There is a medical test called PET, which can image using positrons and negative electrons. To detect Alzheimer's disease, the best way is to do PET.
Today, Chinese people are very concerned about scientific development. What is the biggest driving force for scientific development? I think it's curiosity about life. Theoretical physicists in history, such as Newton, discovered gravity when an apple fell under an apple tree and inspired him. When Einstein was riding in an elevator, he felt that the up and down movements of the elevator were very similar to the effects of gravity, thus creating the great theory of general relativity.
In addition, the development of science should not be superstitious about authority. After Dirac became a very famous theoretical physicist, scientists firmly believed that if there are particles in the world, there must be antiparticles. But another great theoretical physicist, Majorana, out of curiosity, asked whether there are some particles in the world that do not have antiparticles? He invented the Majorana equation, which wonderfully describes a particle that has no antiparticle, or that is itself its own antiparticle.
Later, the entire physics community was looking for the two coveted particles. One particle was called the "God Particle", which was found in an accelerator in Europe in 2012. The physicist Higgs who predicted it won the Nobel Prize. , and the other one is "Majorana fermion".
I work in theoretical physics, and the job of a theoretical physicist is generally to make predictions for experimental physicists to test. In 2010, my experimental group predicted that Majorana fermions could be found in a combined device. But we still need to find a signal that proves the existence of such a particle.
One day I thought that the Majorana particle had only one side and no opposite, so in a sense it was half the size of a normal particle. Our theory group made a bold prediction: Since Majorana particles are different from ordinary particles, in a sense, they are only half of ordinary particles. Therefore, its conductivity will be different. Usually the conductivity of particles is an integer multiple of 0, 1, 2, and 3, which will inevitably lead to a conductivity step that is a half-integer multiple. We predict it will have a step of 0.5 or 1/2. Later, our theoretical group worked closely with the experimental group and made experimental observations. Indeed, at 0.5, you can see that it is the original pattern of the experiment. A step appeared at 0.5, proving that Majorana The existence of fermions. We named it "Angel Particle" and everyone liked the name very much.
What is the relationship between “angel particles” and the development of information technology?
Currently computers have been divided into two categories, classical computers and quantum computers. Some problems are easy to solve by classical computers, such as multiplying two large numbers. Classic computers can calculate very quickly. But see if a number can be divided into the product of two other numbers. For example, 15 can be written as 3 times 5. If the number is relatively small, you can also calculate it yourself. But given a large number, a classical computer needs to calculate whether this number is the product of two numbers.It takes a long time, because the algorithm it uses is an exhaustive method, dividing all the numbers that may be divided one by one, and finally it can be confirmed whether this is the product of two numbers. Classical computers are very slow to calculate.
Classical computers can only use exhaustive methods to finally calculate an answer. But the quantum world is a very magical world, a parallel world. For example, in a famous experiment, if I release a particle, such as a photon, it has two holes, either on the left or on the right. But there is an authentic parallelism in the quantum world. A basic particle passes through two holes at the same time at a certain moment. If it is either left or right, the image is not the displayed image.
The quantum world itself is parallel. If you use the quantum world to do calculations, you can calculate in seconds and calculate all possibilities at once, because the quantum world has its original parallelism, which is the most basic concept of quantum computing. But it is very difficult to actually build this quantum computer. For example, the most basic unit of a classical computer is the bit, which means that information is either 0 or 1. All information can be expressed with 0 or 1. This is classical Computer concept. But in the quantum world, a particle passes through the left hole and the right hole at the same time, and is in a certain state of superposition. A qubit cannot tell whether it is 0 or 1. It is in a state of superposition of 0 and 1. Let’s listen to an analogy: Schrödinger’s cat is in a superposition of dead and alive. This is a very wonderful phenomenon. But because of this basic phenomenon, it means that a quantum bit itself is unstable. If you look around, you will know that it is either on the left, or on the right, or 0, or 1, whatever. A piece of noise will cause great interference to the qubit.
Recently, quantum computers have become something of special concern to famous companies around the world and the United States. Google, Microsoft, IBM, and Intel are all making investments, but they cannot fundamentally solve this problem because a qubit is very unstable. One day we will be told that we have made 50 qubits, but the key question is how many useful bits are there. If there is only one useful bit, 10, 20 or even 40 or 50 qubits are often needed under the framework of this kind of quantum computing. Having the wrong bits to serve it makes quantum computing difficult to actually implement.
But the discovery of angel particles has fundamentally changed the dilemma of quantum computer research and development. This is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change. The qubit itself has the ability to correct errors, which is how I usually split a qubit into two angel particles. Normal particles have two sides, but angel particles have only one side, so angel particles are usually only half of a particle. So usually one qubit can use two angel particles to store it. Once two particles are used to store it, they are in a distant place and they are entangled with each other. In the classical world, noises are not entangled with each other. In this way, noise cannot be used to destroy the quanta stored by angel particles, so this is a revolutionary change.
So, I gave a speech at the American Physical Society not long ago, saying that angel particles are an exciting discovery. They can be used to make quantum computers with as many bits as they need. There is no need for additional error correction bits. It has its own error correction function. This will It has played a rapid role in the development of quantum computers.

The day robots can make scientific discoveries, that day intelligent machines will surpass humans
As a basic concept, artificial intelligence has been proposed in the 1960s. Today's artificial intelligence can develop by leaps and bounds, mainly due to the summary of many new technologies. According to the iteration of Moore's Law, it can double every 18 months. If you use quantum computing, it will not just double Moore's Law every 18 months, but completely change from quantitative to qualitative change. Human computing power has continued to grow over the years. The birth of the Internet and the Internet of Things has generated a large amount of data. Intelligent algorithms are changing by leaps and bounds. Big data can help machines learn. However, the basis of artificial intelligence is all kinds of data. No matter how good the algorithm is, no matter how powerful the computer is, it cannot become artificial intelligence without data.
Artificial intelligence, although I can see that it is advancing by leaps and bounds, I feel that it is still in its very early stages. Why do you say this? To make a simple analogy, for example, we once saw birds flying, and people also wanted to fly very much. However, in the early days, learning to fly was just simple bionics. Tie wings on human arms. This is simple bionics, but the real state of flying is Since humans have understood the first principle of flight - aerodynamics, and with the physical principles and mathematical equations, they can design the best aircraft. Today's aircraft fly high, fast and well, but they are not like birds. , this is a very core point.
Most of the current artificial intelligence is simply imitating human neurons, but what we should think more about is that there is an opportunity for a major breakthrough in basic science. We must truly understand the basic principles of wisdom and intelligence. , Only in this way can artificial intelligence truly make fundamental changes.
What kind of basis can we use to truly measure artificial intelligence’s ability to meet human standards? Some people may have heard of the Turing test. The Turing test means that a person talks to a machine, but it is not known whether the other person is a person or a machine. During the entire conversation, if you spend a day and can’t feel it at all, it means that the robot seems to have reached the level of a human. Although Turing was a great computer scientist, I do not agree with this method of judgment. Many human emotions are not rational emotions. It may not be easy for a rational machine to learn from the brain of an irrational human.
So I would like to propose a new judgment method. When will intelligent robots truly have intelligence that surpasses humans? I think the greatest thing about human beings is that we can make scientific discoveries. One day robots can really make scientific discoveries, that day machines will surpass humans.
Recently, I wrote an article on artificial intelligence, which will be published in the Journal of the American Academy of Sciences. It will be mentioned in the article that the greatest scientific discoveries of mankind include relativity, quantum mechanics, etc., in chemistry.The greatest discovery there was the discovery of the periodic table of elements. Can an intelligent machine automatically discover the periodic table of elements without any guidance? Can it help humans discover new drugs? Can machine learning be used to discover new materials? These are the criteria for judging the level of artificial intelligence.

To realize the coexistence and development of blockchain and artificial intelligence, they will be the most valuable
In today’s world, individuals will generate a lot of data, personal genetic data, medical data, Educational data, behavioral data, etc. are particularly needed for the development of artificial intelligence. A lot of data is held in central institutions and has not achieved true decentralization. The emergence of blockchain can create a decentralized data market.
I describe the entire concept of blockchain in one sentence, called "In Math we trust". This concept is based on mathematics. The most basic thing in the entire blockchain and the entire information technology field is basic mathematics, which can protect personal privacy in the data market and make reasonable statistical calculations. For example, there is a very magical calculation method called zero-knowledge proof, which can prove to you that my data is very valuable, but it does not tell you where the truly private data is.
With blockchain, the data market can make society more equitable. The biggest injustice in modern society is that people tend to discriminate against some minorities. But what is most needed in the machine learning process is the data owned by the minority. If the accuracy of machine learning reaches 90% today, and increases from 90% to 99%, what it needs is not the data that has been learned, but different data from before. It is often a small amount of data that is most valuable for machine learning. Once our data is built on the basis of blockchain, coupled with these wonderful mathematical algorithms, we will be able to have a healthy data market. In this world, the concept of blockchain and artificial intelligence coexisting with each other will be the most valuable.
As for the entire blockchain, the public’s understanding of it is not the most fundamental first-principles understanding. In terms of the most basic physics principles, reaching a consensus is like everyone agreeing on the same "ledger". It is equivalent to that in physics, magnets are originally messy, but in the ferromagnetic state they all point in the same direction. of.
Achieving consensus also occurs in the natural world. This phenomenon is called entropy reduction. Reaching a consensus, if everyone is moving in the same direction, the entropy of this state is far smaller than the entropy of chaos. Reaching this consensus is very difficult because entropy is always increasing.
Achieving a consensus system on the blockchain uses an algorithm, which requires energy consumption. This thing sounds unreasonable, why does the account consume energy, but from the second theorem of physics, this is a very reasonable thing, because reaching a consensus itself is a decrease in entropy, but the entropy of the entire world must increase. Therefore, while reaching a consensus, other entropy must be eliminated. This kind of non-centralized mechanism is different from theHowever, in the world, magnets are very similar from a chaotic state to an ordered ferromagnetic state, and it is an inevitable trend to consume energy and pay a price.
So the ideal information world is that in the future everyone will have all their own data and it will be stored in a completely decentralized manner, so that hackers will not be able to hack everyone's data. Then using some encrypted algorithms on the blockchain can truly protect personal privacy and make good calculations, and things like the theft of many personal data in Facebook will not happen.
The problems we have to solve today in quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology are all problems for mankind. Chinese scientists will face great opportunities. In addition to doing a good job in applied technology, they should also have real Original basic scientific breakthroughs, such as the physical and mathematical principles introduced above, although these things sound relatively abstract, such as the principle of entropy increase, positrons and negative electrons. The wonder of the world lies in the fact that basic science can provide broad new development prospects for the entire information technology industry.

C. What is the connection between digitalization and quantum technology

On the afternoon of October 16, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held the 24th collective study session on the research and application prospects of quantum technology. This is Following big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee has once again focused on learning in the field of cutting-edge science and technology. Quantum technology itself is one of the core contents of digital technology and the core force driving the digital economic era.

What is quantum? Quantum is an important concept in modern physics. It refers to the smallest and indivisible basic unit of a physical quantity. It is fundamentally different from classical physics represented by Newtonian mechanics. .

Quantum technology has become a hot word for a while, and a large number of searches and interpretations of the keywords "quantum science" and "quantum communication" have appeared on the Internet. Do not confuse these three words. "Quantum science" refers to the effect of quantum in science and is a subject system of quantum information; "quantum communication" refers to the application of quantum in the field of communication, that is, encrypting communication to ensure security. Although communication is quantum A very important application of technology, but quantum communication cannot be equated with quantum technology itself.

Compared with some improved technologies in the scientific community, quantum technology has a disruptive effect. It subverts the electronic computing that currently occupies the mainstream position. That is, traditional and mainstream computers still use electronics as the basic The carrier is a computer based on the von Neumann structure. At the same time, the electronic components of mainstream computers - chips, are also based on electronics and develop in accordance with the economic laws of Moore's Law, allowing the technology of computer chips to be made from 14 nanometers to 7 nanometers. Nano development to 5 nanometers.

But the problem is that Moore's Law is currently approaching the physical limit, so there is an urgent need for some disruptive technologies in the scientific and technological field to use quantum as the basic unit of calculation and innovate the computing architecture with electrons as the basic unit.

This time the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee mentioned in the study that “grasp the big picture”The "trend" in "trend" means that the entire foundation of information technology around the world is changing and is entering a breaking point of new computing architecture and basic capabilities. It is necessary to rebuild a new system in advance. The construction of the system involves Basic theories, basic materials, basic processes and device equipment, and form the widespread application of quantum technology, ultimately changing the entire digital technology. Once the country masters this technology, it will achieve a major breakthrough in computing power and form a positive impact on social development. A revolutionary impact. At this point, the starting point at home and abroad is basically the same, and the world has entered a "no man's land" together. For this reason, quantum technology is also a strategic must-have for all countries.
< br />It can be seen that under the current situation, the development of quantum technology is of great strategic significance.

Quantum technology is still developed globally with enterprises as the main force and in the form of industry, academia and research. Typical companies in the world are IBM and Google. Google built the first quantum computer in 2019, which only took 200 seconds to complete a calculation, while a traditional computer would take about 10,000 years.

China is advancing at the same pace as European and American countries in the research of quantum technology, at least it is not backward. It should be noted that this technology has achieved certain breakthroughs around the world, but it is not at a mature stage of development, so China still has great opportunities To take the lead in leading this competition. In China, quantum technology is still dominated by enterprises. The world's first quantum science experimental satellite "Mozi" from China and China's first quantum secure communication backbone network are all enterprises. Guodun Quantum Enterprise, the leader of some of the projects, was incubated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Tencent has set up a quantum computing laboratory specifically to focus on the application of information processing, such as the application of quantum algorithms to machine learning. Help; we are also actively exploring more classical calculation or simulation methods for some small systems and small molecules, and applying them in pharmaceuticals, materials, chemistry and other industries.

In the final analysis, the essence of quantum technology There are two meanings. One is to improve the security of information communication; the other is to increase computing power. At present, quantum computing can be widely used in many industry fields.

Quantum technology is the key to digital technology systems Important force. Looking at the learning priorities put forward by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, whether it is quantum technology, big data, artificial intelligence, or blockchain, they are all the core content of digital technology and the core force driving the digital economic era.

Digital technology uses data from the physical world to construct a digital world that maps to the physical world, and uses computing power and algorithms to produce useful information and knowledge to guide and optimize the economy and society in the physical world. The science and technology of operation.

Digital technology is an iterative upgrade of the new generation of information technology. With the continuous advancement of the digitalization process, the connotation of "new generation of information technology" has been greatly broadened, including cloud computing, big dataNew technologies such as data, mobile Internet, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain are emerging one after another. Technical fields such as quantum computing and brain-computer interface have broken through the traditional information technology field and may change the entire information computing system.

Judging from the digital technology innovation practices of major countries and leading companies around the world, digital technology has gradually become a new hot spot for innovation and competition in various countries. On the one hand, major digital technology giants focus on digital technology and digital technology, such as Google’s AI, quantum computing, and knowledge automation engine technology; Microsoft and Amazon’s cloud computing and AI; Dassault, PTC, Siemens, ESI and other digital technologies Twin breakthroughs; Apple’s closed digital technology ecosystem based on processor innovation.

On the other hand, the innovation of digital technology giants is inseparable from data science and technological digitization. For example, Google Waymo driverless driving requires continuous integration of digital technology with automobile-related disciplines, technologies, and industries. Integration enables value realization from data to domain knowledge.

From the perspective of economic development, digital technology has transformed workers from humans into "humans + machines", and workers can grow exponentially; it has transformed the means of production into "industrial and agricultural supplies + Data", data changes from tangible to intangible, and there is no limit on quantity; turning labor materials into "industrial and agricultural equipment + digital technology equipment driven by computing power", showing exponential growth, unprecedented liberation of productivity, and human society rapidly entering the digital era era. It can be said that digital technology points to the digital economy in the short term and to knowledge civilization in the long term.

From the perspective of promoting innovation, digital technology drives the network collaborative innovation model. In the industrial era, the innovation process is a one-way linear process of "chain innovation" from basic research to applied research to industrial development. Digital technology needs to be oriented towards the interactive integration of the physical world and the digital world. On the one hand, it needs scenario-based R&D and innovation that solves practical applications, faces user needs, and develops new markets. It forms a reverse traction for scientific research based on user needs. On the other hand, various types of Seek breakthroughs in various basic and applied innovations in basic disciplines and basic technology fields. Each innovation subject is one of the nodes in the huge network system and will participate in the entire process of development and application of new science, new technologies and new products, greatly shortening the innovation industrialization cycle.

So, under the influence of changes in production factors and innovation models, digital technology will eventually reshape the global economic competition landscape. In the early days of the development of the digital economy, digitalization caused the service industry to enter more complex traditional fields such as industry, energy, and transportation. However, with the development of digital technology, more changes are now being made through data processing, simulation modeling, machine learning, etc. The entire process from data to information to knowledge is promoted into the stage of knowledge automation, allowing data to enter the value creation system. This power determines that digital technology will reshape the global economy and industrial landscape, and will inevitably be the strategic commanding heights for competition between major countries and enterprises.

(The content of the article is provided by Science and Technology of the Chinese Academy of SciencesProvided by Wang Xiaoming, a researcher at the Strategic Consulting Institute, and compiled by our reporter Shen Yiran)

D. How Bitcoin is calculated

To understand the technical principles of Bitcoin, you first need to understand two An important cryptographic technology: HASH code: Convert a long string into a fixed-length string, and the conversion is irreversible, that is, it is impossible to guess the original string from the HASH code. The main one used in the Bitcoin protocol is SHA256.
Public key system: Corresponds to a public key and a private key. The application keeps the private key and makes the public key public. When A transfers information to B, he can use A's private key to encrypt the information, and B can use A's public key to decrypt it. This ensures that a third party cannot pretend to be A and send information; at the same time, when A transfers information to B, he uses B's public key to decrypt it. The key is encrypted and sent to B, who then uses his own private key to decrypt it. This ensures that a third party cannot eavesdrop on the communication between the two. The most common public key system is RSA, but the lliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm is used in the bitcoin protocol. What is the difference between cash and bank account? Bitcoin is electronic currency, and its unit is BTC. Also used in this article to refer to the entire bitcoin system. Just like opening an account in a bank, the corresponding concept in Bitcoin is an address. Everyone can have one or several bitcoin addresses, which are used to pay and receive money. Each address is a string starting with 1. For example, I have two bitcoin accounts, and. A Bitcoin account is uniquely determined by a pair of public and private keys. To save the account, you only need to save the private key file. The difference from bank accounts is that banks will save all transaction records and maintain the book balance of each account, while Bitcoin transaction records are jointly maintained by the entire P2P network through a pre-agreed agreement. How much money is in my account address? Although you can see the current account balance using Bitcoin software, unlike a bank, there is no place to maintain the book balance of each address. It can only calculate the account balance in real time through all historical transaction records. How do I pay my bill? When I pay from address A to the other party's address B, the payment amount is e. At this time, both parties will announce the transaction information to each network node, telling address A to pay address B, and the payment amount is e. In order to prevent a third party from forging the transaction information, the transaction information will be encrypted using the private key of address A. At this time, the network node that receives the transaction information can use the public key of address A to verify that the transaction information was indeed sent by A. Of course, the trading software will do these things for us, we only need to enter the relevant parameters in the software. What will the network node do after receiving the transaction information? This is the most important part of the entire Bitcoin system and needs to be elaborated on. For the sake of simplicity, only the currently implemented Bitcoin protocol is used here.It is proposed that in the current version, each network node will save all transaction information through synchronization. All transaction information that has occurred in history is divided into two categories. One category is "verified" transaction information, that is, transaction information that has been verified, which is stored in a series of "blocks". The information of each "block" is the ID of the previous "bock" (the ID of each block is the HASH code of the block's HASH code) and the new transaction information (see an actual block). The other category refers to those transaction information that has not yet been verified. The transaction information just paid above falls into this category. When a network node receives new unverified transaction information (maybe more than one), since the node saves all historical transaction information, it can calculate the book balance of each address at that time, and thus can calculate the Whether the transaction information is valid, that is, whether there is sufficient balance in the payment account. After eliminating invalid transaction information, it first takes out the ID of the last "block", then combines these unverified transaction information with the ID, and adds a verification code to form a new "block". Building a new block above requires a lot of calculation work, because it needs to calculate the verification code so that the above combination becomes a block, that is, the first few digits of the HASH code of the block are 1. Currently, the first 13 bits need to be 1 (roughly so, not sure about the specific method), which means that if the block is generated by enumeration, the average number of enumerations is 16^13 times. Using CPU resources to generate blocks is called "gold mining" because producing the block will receive a certain reward, and the reward information has been included in the block. When a network node generates a new block, it is broadcast to other network nodes. However, this network block may not necessarily be accepted by the network, because other network nodes may have produced the block earlier. Only the earliest block produced or the block with the most subsequent blocks is valid, and the remaining blocks will no longer be used as the next block. initial block. How does the other party confirm that the payment was successful? When the payment information is distributed to the network node, the network node begins to calculate whether the transaction is valid (that is, whether the account balance is sufficient for payment), and attempts to generate blocks containing the transaction information. When a total of 6 blocks (1 direct block and 5 subsequent blocks) contain the transaction information, the transaction information is considered "verified", so the transaction is officially confirmed and the other party can confirm that the payment was successful. A possible problem is that I pay the balance in address A to address B and at the same time to address C. If I only verify that the single transaction is valid. thisAt this time, my cheating method is to generate 6 blocks containing only B and send them to B before the truth is revealed, and generate 6 blocks containing only C and send them to C. Since the CPU time required for me to generate the block is very long, compared with the entire network, my probability of succeeding in cheating is very slim. What is the motivation for network nodes to produce blocks? As can be seen from the above description, in order to make the transaction information effective, the network node needs to generate 1 and 5 subsequent blocks containing the transaction information, and such block generation is very CPU-intensive. So how to get other network nodes to help produce blocks as soon as possible? The answer is simple. The agreement stipulates that the address that produces the block will be rewarded with BTC, as well as the handling fees promised by both parties to the transaction. The current reward for producing a block is 50 BTC, which will be halved every four years in the future. For example, the reward between 2013 and 2016 was 25 BTC. Are transactions anonymous? Yes and no. All BITCOIN transactions are visible, and we can check all transaction records of each account, such as mine. But what is different from the bank currency system is that each person's account itself is anonymous, and each person can open many accounts. Overall, the so-called anonymity is not as good as claimed. But another advantage of using Bitcoin for black market transactions is that it cannot be frozen. Even if the police trace a Bitcoin address, there is still nothing they can do unless they can trace the computer used by the exchange based on the network address. How to ensure that Bitcoin does not depreciate? Generally speaking, when trading activity is equivalent, the value of a currency is inversely proportional to the amount of currency issued. Unlike the traditional money market, where the central bank can determine the amount of currency issuance, there is no central issuing agency in Bitcoin. Only by producing blocks can you obtain a certain amount of BTC currency. Therefore, the new increment of Bitcoin currency is determined by: 1. The speed of producing blocks: The Bitcoin protocol stipulates that the difficulty of producing blocks is fixed at an average of 2016 blocks every two weeks, and one block is produced in about 10 minutes. Moore's Law, which states that CPU speeds double every 18 months, will not speed up the production of blocks. 2. The number of rewards for producing blocks: Currently, the reward for each block produced is 50 BTC, which will be halved every four years. Starting in 2013, the reward will be 25 BTC, and starting in 2017, the reward will be 12.5 BTC. Combining the above two factors, the Bitcoin currency issuance speed is not controlled by any single node in the network node. Its protocol makes the stock of the currency known in advance, and the maximum stock is only 21 million BTC

E. Zone An easy-to-understand explanation of the blockchain

An easy-to-understand explanation of the blockchain
The explanation is as follows
1. The blockchain is a blockchain. The cubic power is not very clear. Do you want to Ask about quantum computing.
2. The three logics are different, and there is a slight feeling of common promotion. 5GIt solves the problem of wireless transmission speed, which is many times faster than 4G.
3. The predecessor of blockchain is PPP protocol, which is a point-to-point transmission protocol. It is used to solve the congestion problem of central nodes. Quantum computing that improves download speed breaks through Moore's Law and can solve the limit of computing speed in a limited space. question.

F. How to interpret blockchain in the simplest way

Everyone hears the word blockchain every day recently, so what is blockchain? Explanations such as "distributed, difficult to tamper, and consistent storage" are too technical and dry. Let me give you some popular science here: Blockchain is mainly designed to solve the trust problem between individuals who do not trust each other.

To give a popular example: It is said that Lao Li and Lao Wang live in the same village. Lao Li is a little short of money recently and wants to borrow some money from Lao Wang. As for Lao Wang, he was worried about what would happen if he defaulted on the loan after borrowing money from Lao Li, so he called in the "highly respected" village chief. But thinking about it, the village chief couldn't be trusted either. The village chief had even stolen other people's sweet potatoes in the past! what to do?

The blockchain method is: After Lao Wang borrowed 1,000 yuan from Lao Li, he then used a loudspeaker to shout in the village, "I, Lao Wang, borrowed 1,000 yuan from Lao Li today. Everyone Record it quickly." So everyone in the village recorded it in their own account books and kept it carefully. This is good, Lao Li can't rely on him anymore. Even if there are dishonest people in the village, there are still many good people. Lao Li can't find everyone in the village to secretly erase his loan records. In this way, the blockchain solved the trust problem of borrowing money between Lao Wang and Lao Li, who did not trust each other.

Before the emergence of blockchain, how did we solve the problem of trust between individuals who did not trust each other? It's simple, just find a "witness" who is "highly respected" and trusted by both parties, such as the village chief in the story, such as Alipay between the buyer and seller, such as the notary office, etc. However, it is possible that such "witnesses" may not always be honest, so the blockchain simply allows everyone to act as a witness.

Lao Wang is relieved, but Lao Li has a headache! Lao Li has to wait until everyone in the village has recorded the money before he can get the money lent to him. There is no uncle or aunt in the family who is slower. Therefore, there is still a certain distance between blockchain and application, and efficiency issues need to be significantly improved.

Recall how you usually trade with others: you can choose a beautiful dress in a physical store, confirm that the other party’s clothes are of good quality, and the other party confirms that your money is real money. , then we will pay and receive the goods face to face.

What if we are thousands of miles apart and neither know nor trust each other but still want to trade? Then there needs to be a third party that we all trust, which is the so-called consensus mechanism. For example: you can complete the transaction through a third-party witness guarantee on Taobao. The money will be given to Alipay first - Alipay will collect the payment and let the seller deliver the goods - the seller will deliver the goods - you confirm the receipt - Alipay will then give the money to the seller..

However, what if this centralized organization does evil and Dad Ma tears up the account books and refuses to admit that you gave the money, or joins forces with the seller to defraud you of money?

Or maybe the government lends you 1 million, and finally pays you back by issuing extra currency. The 1 million shrinks to 10,000, and you bear the loss of inflation. What should you do? ?

Is there a third party that is not controlled by any government or organization, can complete arbitration in an open and transparent manner, has records that will not be tampered with, and has no risk of running away?

Don’t worry, our protagonist blockchain technology solves this problem - the transactions between you can be witnessed by everyone in this blockchain system, and everyone’s small ledger will be recorded Your deal. If B denies receiving money from A, or if A says that he borrowed 300 yuan, passers-by A, B, B, and D will question him. How exactly is it done?

1) The system issues a small ledger to everyone, so that everyone has the right to keep accounts. We call it distributed accounting.

2) In order to encourage everyone to help others keep accounts, the system code is set to reward tokens such as Bitcoin to the keepers. In order to prevent a group of people from being blocked in keeping accounts, the tokens are also set to There are only a limited number of A, B, C and D who need to be calculated through the mechanism specified by the system. Only the fastest and best calculation can obtain the right to keep accounts. After recording, it is broadcast to everyone through the system. Everyone copies the same ledger. This is obtained through calculation. The reward process is called mining, and passers-by A, B, C and D who keep accounts are the miners.

3) One day, A, who originally recorded the transaction, Game Over, but the ledger still exists in other people's ledgers. Neither A nor B can deny it. We have written in code how to arbitrate and distribute, without the need for banks, governments, enterprises and other centralized organizations to serve as third-party witnesses (decentralization), and the direct point-to-point (P2P) transaction method is called decentralization.

4) The system packages multiple transactions into blocks and links them in chronological order to become the final ledger that everyone has. This is the blockchain technology

In fact, the block chain The simple understanding of blockchain as a ledger is only the simplest interpretation. If each of its characteristics is separated, it can be applied in many fields.

Now the traditional financial industry, securities firms, and investment institutions are rushing to enter the Internet of Things, games, storage, copyright, anti-counterfeiting, credit reporting, payment, prediction markets (gambling, etc.), communities and many other fields. The exploration and application of blockchain has already begun.

The Internet allows everything to be connected. Can blockchain make everything connected trustworthy?

Let me interpret the blockchain using the natural stones of heaven and earth:

All science, philosophy, moral principles... heaven and earth are included. Every thing and every culture is related to the Taoism of heaven and earth.

Blockchain naturally cannot escape the fate of heaven and earth: that is, smooth, random, infinite, and impermanent.

It is this strange stone, and the overall data movement on its surface. First, the whole is intangible. Second, the lines and points adhere to a pattern: the path of impermanence. That is to say, every line and every point they pursue is not a closed goal or a limited purpose. I can understand it better when I say this: when a painter paints a chicken, it has a purpose and an ending, while strange rocks, when created by nature, have no ending. Therefore, the phase is not closed, and the line and point data are not terminated. The technology of block connection is this way of destiny. Impermanence is invisible and has no end. (No centralization means formlessness, no closed form, no closed structure, no closed mind... just like "stone" to do things).

Confucius Lingshi Museum in Qufu, Shandong

Hello everyone, I am Pippi. I will use a few life examples to explain to you what blockchain is?

A decentralized, tamper-proof, distributed storage data block linking system that uses encrypted information as the link address is called blockchain

This thing is originally There are many high-tech composite products that cannot be simplified. No matter how simple it is, it takes a long paragraph, and it may not be clear.

The strict definition of blockchain refers to the design based on cryptography technology. Consensus mechanism, a distributed database technology in which multiple nodes in a peer-to-peer network jointly maintain a continuously growing, chained list ledger constructed of timestamps and ordered record data blocks. This technical solution allows any number of nodes participating in the system to calculate and record all information exchange data in the system over a period of time into a data block (block) through cryptographic algorithms, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking ( chain) and check the next data block, all participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true.

Blockchain is a general term for technical solutions similar to NoSQL (non-relational database). It is not a specific technology. Blockchain technology can be implemented through many programming languages ​​and architectures. . There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc.

The concept of blockchain was first introduced in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System"(Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System)" states that the author is an individual (or group) who calls himself Satoshi Nakamoto. Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.

[Popular explanation]

No matter how big the system or how small the website, there is usually a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? Under normal circumstances, whoever is responsible for operating the network or system will maintain it. If it is a WeChat database, it must be maintained by Tencent's team, and Taobao's database must be maintained by Alibaba's team. Everyone must think that this approach is natural, but this is not the case with blockchain technology.

If we imagine the database as a ledger: Alipay, for example, is a typical ledger, and any change in data is an accounting type. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple accounting method. The same is true in the world of blockchain. Everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. The system will select within a period of time, maybe within ten seconds, or maybe ten minutes, to select the person with the fastest and best accounting during this period. This person will do the accounting, and he will combine the changes in the database during this period with Changes in the ledger are recorded in a block. We can imagine this block as a page of paper. After confirming that the record is correct, the system will link (chain) the data fingerprint of the past ledger to this paper, and then This piece of paper is sent to everyone else in the entire system. Then the cycle starts over and the system looks for the next person who can do the accounting quickly and well, and everyone else in the system gets a copy of the entire ledger. This means that everyone in this system has exactly the same ledger. This technology is called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology.

Since everyone (computer) has exactly the same ledger, and everyone (computer) has exactly the same rights, there will be no problem due to a single person (computer) losing contact or going down. The entire system collapses. Since there are exactly the same ledgers, it means that all data is open and transparent, and everyone can see the digital changes in each account. Its very interesting feature is that the data in it cannot be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will consider the account books with the largest number of the same number as the real account books, and the small number of account books with different numbers as others are false account books. In this case, it makes no sense for anyone to tamper with their own ledger, because unless you can tamper with most of the nodes in the entire system. If the entire system has only five or ten nodes, it may be easy to do, but if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes, and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most of the computers in the world, otherwise it would be unlikely to tamper with such a large blockchain.

[Elements]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, we believe that it must have the following four elements to be called a public blockchain technology. If it only has the first three points elements, which we will consider as private blockchain technology (private chain).

1. Point-to-point peer-to-peer network (peer-to-peer power, physical point-to-point connection)

2. Verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non-tamperable database)

3. Distributed consensus mechanism (solve the Byzantine generals problem and double payment)

4. Nash equilibrium game design (cooperation is an evolutionarily stable strategy)
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[Characteristics]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized, trustless, Collectively maintained (Collectively maintained), reliable database (Reliable Database). And the four characteristics will lead to two other characteristics: open source (Open Source) and privacy protection (Anonymity). If a system does not possess these characteristics, it will not be considered an application based on blockchain technology.

Decentralized: The entire network has no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect it. operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.

Trustless: Each node participating in the entire system does not need to trust each other for data exchange. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also public. , therefore within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.

Collectively maintain: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and these nodes with maintenance functions can be participated by anyone.

Reliable Database: The entire system will be divided into databases so that each participating node can obtain a copy of the complete database. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the entire system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid and cannot affect the data content on other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes involved in the system and the calculationThe stronger the capability, the higher the data security in the system.

Open Source: Since the operating rules of the entire system must be open and transparent, for the program, the entire system must be open source.

Privacy protection (Anonymity): Since nodes do not need to trust each other, there is no need to disclose their identities between nodes. The privacy of each participating node in the system is protected. protected.

[One of the meanings of blockchain: Solving the Byzantine Generals Problem]

The core problem solved by blockchain is not “digital currency”, but information asymmetry and inconsistency. Under a certain environment, how to establish a "trust" ecological system that satisfies the occurrence and development of economic activities. This problem is called the "Byzantine Generals Problem", also known as "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" or the "Two Armies Problem". This is a difficult problem faced when information machines interact in a distributed system, that is, any point in the entire network When nodes cannot trust the other party they are communicating with, how can they create a consensus basis for secure information exchange without worrying about data being tampered with. Blockchain uses an algorithmic proof mechanism to ensure the security of the entire network. With it, all nodes in the entire system can automatically and securely exchange data in a trustless environment. For more introduction, please see "Bitcoin and the Byzantine Generals Problem".

[The second meaning of blockchain: realizing cross-border value transfer]

At the beginning of the birth of the Internet, the earliest core problem to be solved was information production and transmission. We can transfer information through the Internet It can be quickly generated and copied to every corner of the world with a network, but it still cannot solve the value transfer and credit transfer. The so-called value transfer here refers to a method that everyone in the network can recognize and confirm, accurately transferring a certain part of the value from a certain address to another address, and it must be ensured that when the value is transferred, the original address is reduced The transferred portion, while the new address increases the value transferred. The value mentioned here can be a monetary asset, or some kind of physical asset or virtual asset (including securities, financial derivatives, etc.). The results of this operation must be recognized by all participating parties, and the results cannot be manipulated by any one party.

There are also various financial systems in the current Internet, and there are also many payment systems provided by government banks or third parties, but they still rely on centralized solutions. The so-called centralized solution is to put all value transfer calculations on a central server (cluster) through the endorsement of a certain company or government credit. Although all calculations are automatically completed by programs, this centralization must be trusted. person or institution. In fact, if it is solved through centralized credit endorsement, credit can only be limited to certain institutions, regions or countries.within the range. It can be seen from this that the fundamental problem that must be solved is credit. Therefore, the core issue of value transfer is transnational credit consensus.

In such a complicated global system, it is difficult to establish a global credit consensus system out of thin air. Due to the different political, economic and cultural conditions of each country, it is difficult for two countries to It is almost impossible for enterprises and governments to completely trust each other. This means that whether it is endorsed by the credit of individuals or corporate governments, even if the value exchange between countries can be completed, there will be huge time and economic costs. But in the long history of mankind, no matter how different the religion, politics and culture of each country are, the only thing that can reach consensus is mathematics (basic science). Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that mathematics (algorithms) is the greatest common denominator of global civilization and the basis for the greatest consensus among human beings around the world. If we use mathematical algorithms (programs) as endorsement, all rules are based on an open and transparent mathematical algorithm (program), which can allow all people with different political and cultural backgrounds to gain consensus.

[Future Development]

The Internet will make global interactions closer and closer, accompanied by a huge trust gap. Currently, the existing mainstream database technology architecture is private and centralized. On this architecture, the problems of value transfer and mutual trust can never be solved. Therefore, blockchain technology may become the next generation database architecture. Through decentralized technology, it will be possible to complete the huge progress of mathematical (algorithm) endorsement and global mutual trust on the basis of big data.

As a specific distributed access data technology, blockchain technology uses multiple nodes participating in calculations in the network to jointly participate in the calculation and recording of data, and mutually verify the validity of their information. (anti-counterfeiting). From this point of view, blockchain technology is also a specific database technology. The Internet has just entered the era of big data, but from the current point of view, big data is still in a very basic stage. But when it enters the blockchain database stage, it will enter the big data era of real strong trust endorsement. All data here has acquired indestructible quality, and no one has the ability or need to question it.

Perhaps we are now at a major turning point - the early stages of a major transition that is almost as profound as the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Not only are new technologies exponential, digital and combined, progress and changes, but more surprises may be ahead of us. In the next 24 months, the planet will grow more computing power and record more data than it has in all of history combined. In the past 24 months, this value increase may have exceeded 1,000 times. This digital data information is growing faster than Moore's Law. Blockchain technology will not only be used in the field of financial payments, but will expand to all current applications., such as decentralized Weibo, WeChat, search, rental, and even taxi-hailing software may appear. Because blockchain will allow humans to collaborate on a large scale in a trustless manner without geographical restrictions.

Blockchain is a technology based on which many applications have been produced, including all industry businesses related to data and information. Bitcoin is one of the most well-known applications. The popular explanation of blockchain is that if you buy a lipstick online, you first find the product you like and place an order with the seller. You first give the money to the intermediary platform. After the seller ships the goods and the buyer confirms receipt, the intermediary platform then transfers the money. Transfer it to the seller, because of the trust issue, both buyers and sellers rely on the intermediate platform, and the blockchain, as a decentralized distributed ledger database, focuses on removing this intermediate platform while solving the trust issue at the same time. In the blockchain, everyone has their own ledger to record everything that happens. If a seller takes money but does not deliver the goods during the transaction, this record will exist permanently and cannot be modified, and there is no need to interact with each other. To exchange information, the blockchain world will select the person's ledger that records the fastest and best quality at the same time node to copy, send and connect in series, and finally stack it up to form a block.

When everyone talks about virtual currencies, they often cannot do without the concept of blockchain. So what is the magic of blockchain?

Blockchain is an underlying technology, essentially a decentralized distributed ledger database. It sounds very high-end and out of reach, but it is actually very easy to understand.

For example, if you want to buy something on Taobao, the first thing you usually have to do is to open Taobao, find the product you want, place an order and pay the money to Taobao, which is the transaction intermediary. Taobao will pay the seller after receiving the goods and confirming receipt. This was originally just a transaction between me and the seller, but it has an additional "center", namely Taobao.

During the transaction process, this "center" has unlimited power and can even modify the bill at will. Therefore, the “center” often needs a strong backend to endorse it.

So, a man named Satoshi Nakamoto wanted to get rid of this center with infinite power. He wanted to create a decentralized system in which everyone is the center and everyone is the center. Have the authority to keep accounts. So, he created Bitcoin.

In the Bitcoin system, everyone has a small ledger to record every transaction that occurs. A transaction is only valid after being confirmed by a majority of people. If the seller doesn't deliver the goods, everyone's little ledger will record it, leaving him nowhere to escape.

At this time, you may have questions. Since it is just a public ledger, why is it called a blockchain? This involves the issue of consensus. The blockchain system is a system composed of many "centers", the entire blockchain belongs to all individuals participating in accounting. At this time, new problems arise. A system must be in order to survive in the long term. If the bookkeeper can act recklessly regardless of the cost, it may happen that he originally just bought a mobile phone, but received a Tesla instead.

So, Satoshi Nakamoto invented a consensus method called PoW. This method increases the cost of bookkeeping for bookkeepers and prevents them from doing evil easily. PoW uses cryptography to require bookkeepers to compete for computing power to obtain accounting rights. The first bookkeeper to calculate the result can obtain the accounting rights of a block packaged from several transactions. At the same time, you will receive certain tokens as rewards. This is what we commonly call "mining".

Now that the bookkeeper has recorded a block containing several transactions, the system needs to be organized and sorted. It is impossible to have countless blocks distributed in the system in an orderly manner. So it is necessary to link all blocks end to end in chronological order. At this time, the blockchain was born. The core of blockchain is technology.

G. A workload of 10,000 years now only takes 200 seconds, and the lifelong enemy of blockchain technology has appeared

Google has announced that it has developed the world’s most powerful quantum computer , which means that a quantum computer can complete calculations that took 10,000 years to complete in only 200 seconds. Not only that, quantum computing will also have an impact on the security of the blockchain. Traditional block encryption technology will be hit by the dimensionality reduction of quantum computing in the future.

Quantum computing is a computer technology developed based on quantum theory. Quantum computers follow the laws of physics. They can assume multiple states at the same time and use all possible calculation arrangements to perform tasks. Therefore, when processing data Capacity has been greatly improved.

Traditional computer theory is based on the existing binary calculation method. Although the time for each transistor to select 0 or 1 can now be measured to one billionth of a second, the speed of these devices switching states is limited. As we develop towards smaller and faster integrated circuits, humans have reached the physical limits of these materials. It is not impossible to continue to improve computer performance from this aspect, but the costs and benefits of doing so are not cost-effective. .

Quantum computing tries to solve this problem from another angle. In quantum computers, the positive and negative charges of elemental particles can be expressed into 0 or 1, these particles are called qubits, and their properties and behavior form the basis of quantum computing.

Quantum computing uses the two most important principles of quantum physics, namely the principle of quantum superposition and the principle of quantum entanglement. The principle of superposition imagines the quantum as a particle in a magnetic field. The spin state of the particle can be both the same as the spin rise.The field of the spin-down state is the same as that of the spin-down state, or it can be opposite to the field of the spin-down state. According to quantum laws, when these particles enter a superposition state, it can complete the superposition on the basis of taking 0 or 1, which will cause the value it represents to change. In summary, the principle of superposition divides particles into two parts, one part takes 0 and the other part takes 1. For example, the superposition of a part 0 and five 1's will produce 5. The principle of entanglement means that particles interacting at a certain point can become entangled together in pairs. When we know the spin state of one of the particles, we can infer the other particle of the same pair from the opposite direction. And regardless of the distance between the involved particles, they can interact instantaneously. The principle of entanglement means that particles appearing in the same pair will interact, and this interaction has nothing to do with the distance between the particles.

Quantum superposition and quantum entanglement give quantum computing powerful computing power. The two storage units of an ordinary computer can only store Any of the four binary numbers (00, 01, 10, and 11), and a quantum computer can store these four values ​​simultaneously when it has two storage units. If you add more quantum units, the capacity of the computer will expand exponentially.

The encryption method of blockchain technology relies on password pairs, namely private keys and public keys. The public key can be calculated from the counterpart of the private key, but the private key cannot be deduced in reverse. Quantum computers can achieve this by crossing orders of magnitude, which is to use the public key to crack the private key, and ultimately break the entire encryption system.

However, existing quantum computers cannot yet fully reach this level. Google’s quantum computer currently has 53 qubits, and to have an impact on blockchain technology, at least 1,500 qubits are needed. can be completed. But at least in theory, quantum computing can threaten blockchain technology.

However, scaling up quantum computers is not easy. Although the Shor algorithm can crack the private key through the public key, this is not expected to happen in the past ten years because it is very difficult for the current technology to expand 30 times from the existing quantum computer. However, science Progress will accelerate this day.

Although quantum computing will severely defeat traditional blockchain encryption technology, it will also bring about new cryptographic systems. That is quantum cryptography. Quantum cryptography uses the knowledge of physics to ensure that information will not be leaked without knowing the sender and receiver of the information. Quantum cryptography is different from traditional cryptography systems in that it relies more on physics than mathematics, which is the fundamental reason for its higher security.

In essence, quantum cryptography is based on the use of individual particles and their inherent quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptographic system that cannot be broken by any form of quantum state without interference.Measured. Quantum cryptography will use photons to transmit a key, and once the key is sent, it can be encoded and decoded using the same method as a normal key. The spin type of each photon represents a 1 or a 0 in binary. A string of photons will form a long string of 1s and 0s, and these strings will convey information. According to physical theory, when a quantum code is correctly constructed, no one can hack into the system.

In conventional encryption technology, cracking the private key requires finding the factor of a number, and this number will be composed of two huge It is composed of the product of prime numbers. If you want to calculate this result through an algorithm, you need to start counting from the day the universe was born. However, there are weaknesses in this conventional encryption technology. Some weak keys will create loopholes, and Moore's Law continues to increase computer processing power. Although cracking these encryption methods is difficult, it is not impossible.

Quantum cryptography avoids these problems. The key is encrypted into a string of photons. According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, no one can observe the data stored in these photons without changing the photon. information. In this case, it doesn't matter what technology the invaders have, because the laws of physics are difficult to break.

Although quantum computing has unparalleled speed and can break traditional encryption technology, it is also very fragile. In the process of quantum computing, even the slightest electromagnetic wave interference will cause quantum computing to collapse. Therefore, quantum computers have very strict environmental requirements and need to be completely isolated from external interference during operation. Moreover, if an error occurs during the calculation process, the effectiveness of the entire calculation will collapse. In other words, error correction in quantum computing will cause the entire calculation system to fail.

Quantum computing’s impact on dimensionality reduction of blockchain technology is inevitable, but this is also in line with technological progress. . Therefore, whether it is blockchain encryption technology or quantum computing technology, they are worthy of careful study.

H. What is Moorecoin?

Virtual currency requires careful investment. I'm afraid it's a virtual disk.

I. The empowerment of securities companies by financial technology can be achieved from several aspects to form technological support

1. The English translation of financial technology is Fintech, which is the abbreviation of Financial Technology. Simply understood as Finance + Technology, it refers to using various technological means to innovate the products and services provided by the traditional financial industry, improve efficiency and effectively reduce operating costs.
2. Mainly use cutting-edge scientific and technological means including artificial intelligence, credit reporting, blockchain, cloud computing, big data, mobile Internet and other means
Expand information
(1) Using big data and cloud computingThe new industrial revolution and technological revolution led by computing, artificial intelligence, blockchain and mobile Internet will lead to the boundaries and research paradigms of financial disciplines being constantly broken and reconstructed.
(2) The current round of science and technology explosion has caused a disruptive impact on the traditional development model of the financial industry. The main reasons are as follows: on the one hand, the global data accumulation stock has reached the scale and level that triggered a new round of industry changes. Global data is growing rapidly at about 40% per year. In 2017, the total amount of global data was 21.6ZB (1 ZB is equal to ten trillion bytes). Financial data accounts for a high proportion of it. In addition, the financial market naturally has Massive standardized big data is suitable for cutting-edge technology to take root.
(3) On the other hand, the use of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence in algorithms and computing power, as well as revolutionary breakthroughs in hardware technologies such as GPU, TPU and NPU, have gradually transformed the "Moore" technology that has been stable for 50 years. "Law" comes to an end. Technology has profoundly changed the financial industry and has begun to become the commanding heights of future financial development. Fintech is actively deploying in various fields of the traditional financial industry and has become a new trend.
(4) The technologies involved in financial technology have the characteristics of rapid iteration, cross-border, and mixed industry. It is the superposition and integration of cutting-edge disruptive technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology with traditional financial businesses and scenarios. It mainly includes four core parts: big data finance, artificial intelligence finance, blockchain finance and quantitative finance.
(5) Big data finance focuses on the acquisition, storage, processing, analysis and visualization of financial big data. Generally speaking, the core technologies of financial big data include the basic underlying layer, data storage and management layer, computing processing layer, and data analysis and visualization layer.
(6) The data analysis and visualization layer is mainly responsible for simple data analysis, advanced data analysis (which has some overlap with artificial intelligence) and the visual display of corresponding analysis results. Big data finance is often also committed to using Internet technology and information and communication technology to explore the research and development of new financial business models of financial financing, payment, investment and information intermediary.
(7) Artificial intelligence finance mainly uses artificial intelligence technology to deal with problems in the financial field, including stock price prediction, assessment of consumer behavior and willingness to pay, credit scoring, intelligent investment advisory and chat robots, underwriting and claims settlement in the insurance industry, Risk management and stress testing, financial supervision and identification monitoring, etc. Artificial intelligence technology mainly includes cutting-edge computer science knowledge such as machine learning theory, which is mainly based on algorithms. Machine learning theory is a subset of the conceptual category of artificial intelligence, which mainly covers three major theories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning.
(8) Blockchain technology is a decentralized big data system, a public ledger of all valuable things in the digital world, and a specific application of distributed cloud computing networks. Once blockchain technology becomes the underlying organizational structure of the future Internet, it will directly change the governance mechanism of the Internet and ultimately completely subvert the existing underlying protocols, leading to the intelligence and decentralization of Internet finance., and generate new financial business formats driven by algorithms. Once mature blockchain technology is implemented in the financial industry and forms an ecological business closed loop, financial transactions may have a near-zero-cost financial transaction environment.