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A. Blockchain and Bitcoin (1)

Blockchain is a technology that has been proposed by academic circles for a long time but has only been used by Bitcoin in recent years. A concept that brings fire. Bitcoin is an implementation based on blockchain technology. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, or a digital currency. Let’s start with Bitcoin and talk about how Bitcoin uses blockchain technology.

Suppose that during the 2006 World Cup finals, two football fans who did not know each other met. Italy was playing France. The French fans said that France will definitely beat Italy with Zidane. The Italian fans were unconvinced and said that we Italy is invincible. If you don't believe it, let's bet 100 euros. In the real world, what should we do?

I have said before that we who work on computers spend more than 90% of our time dealing with abnormal situations. If humans were very trustworthy, the world might not be what it is now. The 600 miles that Qin promised King Huai of Chu were no longer 6 miles. Maybe it would be Chu who unified China. If you hand over the money to a third party, what if the third party also runs away? He stole the money. Therefore, in the real strange world, relying solely on a kind heart is unreliable. There must be means to firmly guarantee this commitment, legal contract, etc. Nowadays, a very common approach is for the third party to find an authoritative institution, such as the government, a bank, etc., or to find a reputable person or organization. In the final analysis, it is still to find an institution or person with credibility. But under normal circumstances, this third party will definitely "pluck out hair" and charge a certain percentage of handling fees.

So is there any way to solve this problem? This is one of the original intentions of Bitcoin's original design, to solve the trust problem between two strangers.

Encryption algorithm + multi-person accounting

Let’s talk about the encryption algorithm first. Here we need the asymmetric encryption I mentioned before, that is, the public key and private key. Everyone can have one or more pairs of public and private keys, but a public key can only have a corresponding private key, and vice versa. The principle is that two very large prime numbers (p and q) are multiplied to get a number (n). If you want to crack the private key based on the public key, you must theoretically crack it violently and figure out which two large prime numbers the number is multiplied by. Got it. Currently, there is no published private key in the world that can crack more than 1024 bits, so it is very safe to use a private key of 1024 or 2048 or even longer.

Then with the public key and private key, I as an individual can encrypt with the private key, and then publish the public key. Anyone can use my public key to decrypt to determine that this is what I published. . In the same way, when someone transfers money to me, I can also use his or her public key to decrypt it and determine that this is someone's identity. This is also called a digital signature. The principles are the same, they are all encryption algorithms, obtained by using mathematical Euler's formula, prime number multiplication and other principles. This is a very great algorithm called RSA, which consists of 3 numbersExperts suggest that we ordinary people only need to understand the concept and use of public keys and private keys.

In the previous traditional model, banks or government agencies had their own separate ledgers. For example, if Zhang San transferred 100 yuan to Li Si, how would it be recorded in the ledger? 100 is deducted from Zhang San’s account and 100 is added to Li Si’s account, right?

The same is true for multi-person ledgers, except that the previous centralized institution has become a distributed, decentralized multiple institutions and even individuals. For example, Li Bai transferred 100 taels of silver to Du Fu. In the past, the Ministry of Finance kept accounts. In the blockchain, Tang Taizong, Yang Yuhuan, Zhang Xiaojing, He Zhizhang and many other people kept accounts together. It was recorded that Li Taibai transferred 100 taels of silver to Du Zimei. , as evidence, with Li Bai's seal attached at the back. In this way, with multiple ledgers, it would be extremely difficult to tamper with them. Li Bai could safely transfer them to Du Fu without worrying that he would tamper with the amount or deny it.

This can solve the problem of fans betting mentioned at the beginning, but there is another question, why should others help us keep accounts?

The answer is to be paid, which is in line with human nature. Otherwise, who would be willing to help keep an account that has nothing to do with them?

But there is only one person who can ultimately keep accounts, otherwise everything will be in chaos.

On the premise that it is beneficial, how to ensure who will keep the accounts? There is a mathematical knowledge involved here. Everyone who wants to keep accounts, in fact, the so-called miners, must solve a mathematical problem when keeping money. There is no trick to this mathematical problem. The only way is to put the numbers into the formula. In hard calculation, the algorithm is a Hash algorithm, which is similar to calculating a series of numbers. Miners can only guess, but there is no other way. Moreover, the current probability of guessing in Bitcoin is one in a trillion. It would take an ordinary computer to guess this number continuously for about a year.

But there are thousands of computers in the world, and if they are calculated together, the speed will be much faster, because from a probability point of view, one computer will definitely calculate it, and this is indeed the case. Let’s look at a real-life example of Bitcoin.

In addition, you can also see who the Miner is and how many transactions (Number of Transactions) are included in this block.

What if this miner is an individual with ulterior motives, and after calculating the calculation, he tampered with the transfer record and amount privately?

A. Tampering with transaction records/amount

Earlier we introduced the public and private key encryption technology. The miners themselves theoretically do not have the private keys of the sender or payee.Therefore, the transaction record that he tampered with will make errors when decrypted with the correct public key, and will eventually be deemed illegal (the author is not sure at what point in time the identification was made, but he is sure that this record can be falsified) ).

B. Delete transaction records

Assume a scenario where Zhang San wants to buy a two-bedroom, one-living house in Beijing’s 4th Ring Road, but Zhang San doesn’t want to pay for it. Occupying the house for free, I thought of a sneaky way to tamper with the transaction records. Theoretically, after Zhang San paid, this record was generated but not confirmed. The record needs to wait until a miner solves the puzzle. Assuming that the miner is one of his own, he asked the miner to erase the record. There is no problem. . But there are several ways to do it:

As we all know, Bitcoin mining takes a long time because of the troublesome math problems. The current cycle is about 10 minutes. This is based on the world Under the premise that hundreds of thousands of mining machines are working at full capacity at the same time. That is to say, tens of thousands of transactions will be uniformly confirmed and put into an immutable block every ten minutes, and these hundreds of thousands of mining machines will update their local records at the same time.

2.1 If the transaction is just generated and the landlord sees it, and then transfers the property rights to Zhang San the next second, then if Zhang San wants to tamper with the payment record, he must meet several conditions:

The difficulty of success depends on how many confirmed blocks follow the tampered record. If there is only one, it is too simple, because the blockchain algorithm defaults to miners using the first received longer block when publishing a new block. So after this modification, it will be done once and for all, because all the ledgers will be synchronized, but there is also a problem, that is, this synchronization will be recorded. If the landlord cannot check the account, Zhang San will eventually be arrested. If there are many, for example, after Zhang San transfers the money, the landlord only transfers the property rights 1 hour after confirming the transfer, then Zhang San must tamper with the previous block information of about 6 blocks, which is very troublesome, because every block All will point to the previous block, and each block will have a digest (Hash), which is a summary of all transaction records in the current block. So if you try to modify a block that was written a long time ago, the digests of subsequent blocks will be changed. This is the hash tree (MerkleTree). Other nodes can report information that the blockchain has been tampered with. This involves the most important point. The 51% computing power that is often mentioned means that if Zhang San owns more than 50% of the ledgers and acknowledges this modification, then other nodes will also acknowledge this modification according to the algorithm design. . However, let’s not talk about the fact that almost no one in the world can do the above two things at the same time. Even if you can do it, if someone has questions about this, you can still force the system to be repaired. Similar problems have occurred in Ethereum before, and the outcome is Ethereum Entire blocks were tampered with and stolen property was recovered. Ethereum fork event.

The above is only a superficial introduction to the characteristics of Bitcoin implemented by applying blockchain technology, which can achieve openness, fairness, neutrality and equality. Any two strangers in the world can rely on Bitcoin or other blockchain technologies to trust each other.

B. What are the characteristics of Baidu’s first native blockchain product “Du Universe” APP

On June 14, the first blockchain native application – “Du Universe” was launched online. Universe” APP. This is another important move by the network in the field of blockchain.

It is reported that Du Universe is currently recruiting content producers. The sooner you join, the greater the benefits. In the future, "Du Universe" will also open up a third-party developer platform, introduce more applications and gameplay, complete value transfer and interaction through their respective tokens, further improve ecological construction, and better serve users.

Since 2018, the network has taken frequent actions in the field of blockchain. In April, the blockchain original image service platform Totem was released. The platform adopts the blockchain copyright registration network independently developed by the network to provide one-stop services for image rights confirmation, monitoring, and rights protection. Then in May, the blockchain network operating system Super Chain was released. This operating system is compatible with the developer ecology of Bitcoin and Ethereum. It can not only plug and unplug the consensus mechanism to solve the current energy consumption problem, but also support 100,000 concurrency on a single chain.

C. Which company is the "World Cup Blockchain" mentioned in the "Dialogue" column of CCTV 2 on the evening of June 3? It is the star James Rodriguez entering the blockchain or something

< p>The company that J Luo cooperates with is called SelfSell, the world's number one personal assetization platform. The founder is Yuan Li. Judging from the name, he is probably a Chinese.
SelfSell has released James Rodríguez’s token. James Rodríguez’s cryptocurrency is called JR10 Token. JR is the abbreviation of his initials and 10 is his jersey number. This cryptocurrency will be launched on June 12 this year. For sale to the public.
The SelfSell token is SSC and can now be traded on Okex and Lbank
More information can be found online, thank you

D. What is Baidu Universe

Today (June 8), the official website of the first blockchain product "Du Universe" was launched on the Internet, and its independent App may be released around the opening ceremony of the World Cup on June 13. This is another blockchain project for the network following the release of the network’s super chain and the launch of a new version of “Totem” this month.

It is reported that Du Universe will create a digital universe constructed of elements, gravity, and planets for users. Users can obtain the "elements" of the universe and create and expand their own planet. As the quality of the user's planet gradually increases, many new functions will gradually be opened.

The official website copy shows that the universe is a magical world composed of various rare elements. Here, you will have your own unique planet, starting from your own planet and traveling through the wormhole, start interstellar travel; during the travel, you can land on any planet you explore, and there will be various interesting encounters on these planets.

The official introduction of the network is that Duverse will not create another digital currency, but will build a digital society.

Public information shows that the pace of network deployment of blockchain ecology is gradually accelerating. At the beginning of the year, the online search company established a network blockchain laboratory; in April, a blockchain original picture service platform - Totem was launched; at the end of May, the network was put on the chain; in early June, the network "super chain" was released.

According to online sources, after the official website is launched, the Du Universe APP will also be released around the opening ceremony of the World Cup. On the first day after the release of Du Universe, you will receive an airdrop of 100 elements, and the number will start to decrease after the second day.

The official website of Duverse is: http://yuzhou..com

E. Is WaykiChain’s “prediction” “gambling”

Wiki Chain predictions have nothing to do with gambling.
The WaykiChain team is currently focusing on the decentralized betting market, targeting the World Cup. WaykiChain will have a good market performance during the World Cup.
The current blockchain application is still in the infrastructure construction stage, with few products and immature products. The market is looking forward to an explosive application scenario to change this situation. Therefore, the emergence of WaykiChain is of extraordinary significance to the entire blockchain industry.
First of all, WaykiChain has greatly expanded the breadth and depth of blockchain applications, which is a major milestone for blockchain applications. At present, the application field of blockchain is quite narrow. For the general public, they only hear its voice but not see its body. They live high in the temple and are far away from the world. What does blockchain have to do with me? No one has personal experience. Therefore, WaykiChain chooses betting activities with excellent mass base as application scenarios, which is quite forward-looking. Through this, WaykiChain has expanded blockchain applications into traditional business fields and penetrated into the daily lives of the general public.

The current application field of blockchain is still quite narrow
If the time span is extended a little longer and viewed three to five years or even ten years later, this significance will become more obvious. At that time, almost all traditional businesses were grafted on the underlying technology of blockchain, and everyone took it for granted. Therefore, blockchain technology may no longer be new or exciting. However, looking back, WaykiChain, as the pioneer, will surely be remembered by everyone.
Secondly, WaykiChain provides a sample for the combination of blockchain technology and traditional business, which has a significant benchmarking effect. As the first pioneer, WaykiChain will inspire everyone: it turns out that it can still be played like this. It is bound to accelerate the process of integrating blockchain technology with traditional business. More importantly, WaykiChain will punish many people who originally had unreasonable rules but did not have the courage to do so.The self-reforming traditional industries have a reverse forcing effect, thus causing a far-reaching blockchain revolution in the traditional business field.
Finally, WaykiChain will greatly increase the popularity of blockchain. Because WaykiChain takes traditional commerce as its entry point, its users cover all walks of life, and its penetration is extraordinary. The application of blockchain technology in these fields can truly bring blockchain into real life and allow everyone to embrace blockchain.
From the perspective of WaykiChain's entire concept and project process, the short-term goals are clear and easy to implement step by step; the long-term goals are far-sighted and the vision is ambitious and exciting. Coupled with the backing of a strong team, as well as its unique advantages and positive impact on the entire blockchain application industry, the blockchain application business blueprint drawn by the WaykiChain team will be realized in future development. .

F. What are the highlights of WaykiChain

In addition to its openness and transparency, smart contracts, and public chains, WaykiChain also has the following highlights:
Compared to how many Ethereum Cats cause congestion, and WaykiChain's performance has been tested in practice to reach 1000tps+, which has a better starting point than Ethereum.
WikiChain’s betting application has basically grasped the pain points of the current betting market. Perhaps WaykiChain will be an extremely successful demonstration of blockchain implementation projects. The World Cup in June is a challenge and opportunity to test the WaykiChain project one year after its official launch.

G. What “firsts” has WaykiChain created in the industry?

The firsts WaykiChain has created in the industry are as follows:

1. For the first time, it will Blockchain technology is applied to guessing game scenarios. The market size of betting games is staggering. In China alone, there are about 400 million users in the guessing game market, and the annual capital attracted reaches trillions. But there is an undercurrent surging beneath the bright industry data. The industry pain points of platform failure, lack of supervision, high commissions, and single gameplay have seriously restricted the further development of the industry. WaykiChain's decentralized betting application will perfectly solve the above industry pain points.
2. For the first time, blockchain technology is linked to the World Cup. The World Cup has attracted more attention than ever before, and the commercial activities derived from it have great market value. Especially the World Cup betting activities, each time the betting industry grows exponentially. WaykiChain applies blockchain to World Cup betting for the first time, which will explode with even greater vitality.
3. The first blockchain commercial application project that has the prototype of "unicorn" at the beginning of its launch. WaykiChain has a vast market because of the betting industry it enters, and its unique advantages also enable WaykiChain to quickly occupy market share. Therefore, WaykiChain has the prototype of a "unicorn" at the beginning of its launch, which is unmatched by other public chains.
4. The powerful fee sharing model is the first of its kind in the industry. WaykiChain betting applications and game applications adopt a handling fee sharing model. Every time a game ends, a 1% handling fee will be generated. All handling fees generated by all betting and game applications on WaykiChain will be distributed as dividends to all WaykiCoin holders. It is expected that when the number of users of Wikipedia and various game applications reaches tens of thousands, the annual handling fees generated will reach hundreds of millions. This sharing model provides a reliable guarantee for WaykiCoin holders to obtain stable income.

H. What are the major characteristics of blockchain technology services

Blockchain, with its multi-centered characteristics, makes it impossible for bookmakers in traditional betting to control returns. No group of betting projects will be controlled by interest groups.

Secondly, all betting information will be recorded on the blockchain and the information on the blockchain cannot be tampered with. All information is open and transparent, which will avoid black-box operations and other phenomena, making World Cup betting is more transparent.

Under the premise that the corresponding "smart contract" can also be set up, players can automatically receive rewards after the game ends without going through the hands of any platform.