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A. Blockchain underlying technology PK

Common blockchain underlying technologies: Ethereum (Ethereum), EOS, Fabirc, Fisco Bcos, CITA

Platform Introduction

1. Ethereum

Ethereum is a decentralized application platform that supports smart contracts developed under the leadership of Vitalik Buterin and Gavin Wood. Ethereum provides a Turing-complete scripting language, which greatly expands the application of blockchain technology. The project was launched with the release of a white paper at the end of 2013, and the genesis block was generated in July 2015. Expansion and upgrade will be carried out in the near future.

2. EOS

EOS is a blockchain application platform developed under the leadership of BM (Daniel Larimer) and was officially launched in June 2018. Its slogan is "decentralize everything" and aims to provide higher performance to the blockchain.

3. Fabric

Fabric is a product-level solution released by the open source Hyper ledger blockchain alliance that can be used to build applications, and has hundreds of A proof of concept project will be built. The official version was released in July 2017.

4. CITA

CITA is an enterprise-level blockchain product prototype independently developed by Crypt ape Technology, one of the founding members of the EEA (Enterprise Ethereum Alliance). CITA is designed with high reliability, high performance, high scalability and future adaptability as its design goals, and the open source version was released in July 2017.

5. BCOS

BCOS is a blockchain technology platform for enterprise-level application services jointly created by WeBank, Wanxiang Blockchain, and Matrix Elements. It is a distributed Business provides complete blockchain technology infrastructure and services. In July 2017, the first phase of BCOS was officially open sourced.

* Fabric has done the best in privacy protection, with a CA mechanism

International problems: cross-chain technology

In order to solve the problems of the traditional Internet world The problem of information islands. Blockchain uses the structure of a decentralized network to try to achieve information sharing to solve the problem of data islands. However, with the emergence of many blockchain applications, the blockchain chains are not interoperable, causing the blockchain to also face this "isolated chain" dilemma. It is not in line with the original intention of the blockchain.

How to based on business functions, privacy protection, data isolation, performance capacity expansion needs, etc., implement multi-chain coexistence on the same blockchain platform. How to implement information and business interaction between blockchain platforms with inconsistent identity access mechanisms, information standards, and business forms. It is expected to become an important direction of development.

Reprinted from [Chain World]: https://www.7234.cn/news/2316

B. It’s 2021, what will be the development trend of my country’s blockchain technology in the future?

Domestic blockchain technology has been conceptualized a few years ago and has now been widely used in actual business scenarios, such as the rice we eat and the QR code on the packaging
Tracing is the application of blockchain technology. Companies like Shanghai Wanglian Technology entered the market earlier and are currently developing very well.

C. What is the development trend of blockchain, and how about Heshu chain technology?

The development trends of blockchain are:
01. Long-term blockchain industry For the better, core values ​​are generally recognized;
02. Technology development is more pragmatic, with engineering and ecological construction becoming the focus;
03. Blockchain and privacy computing develop collaboratively;
04. District Blockchain interconnection has become the focus, and the future of value interconnection is promising;
05. The call for blockchain infrastructure is gradually rising, and the construction model still needs to be explored in depth;
06. Blockchain cannot conquer the world, and needs to cooperate with Multi-technology cooperation completes digital transformation;
07. The application of certificate storage takes the lead and gradually moves towards multi-party collaboration and value transfer;
08. The importance of the blockchain alliance business model is further highlighted;
09. Government support will still be an important driving force for industrial development in the future;
10. As the scale of blockchain practitioners increases, the relative shortage of talents will continue to exist.

(3) Nanjing Blockchain Alliance Extended Reading:
Blockchain is a chain composed of blocks one after another. Each block stores a certain amount of information, and they are connected into a chain in the order in which they were generated. This chain is saved in all servers. As long as one server in the entire system can work, the entire blockchain is safe. These servers are called nodes in the blockchain system, and they provide storage space and computing power support for the entire blockchain system. If you want to modify the information in the blockchain, you must obtain the consent of more than half of the nodes and modify the information in all nodes. These nodes are usually in the hands of different subjects, so it is extremely difficult to tamper with the information in the blockchain. thing. Compared with traditional networks, blockchain has two core characteristics: first, data is difficult to tamper with, and second, it is decentralized. Based on these two characteristics, the information recorded in the blockchain is more authentic and reliable, and can help solve the problem of people's mutual distrust.
Blockchain is still mainly used in certificate storage applications. For example, blockchain is used in supply chains.Applications in the fields of finance, product traceability, trade finance and other fields have achieved certain results, but its application model is still mainly based on the deposit of documents, contracts, and bills. As the industry application of blockchain continues to deepen, in order to further promote the role of blockchain in promoting the development of the real economy, in the future, we will focus on the development of multi-party collaboration and value transfer applications.
Blockchain is not just a technology, but also a concept and a cooperation model. Blockchain will connect upstream and downstream parties in the industry, and it is necessary to rely on the common interests of the alliance to bring together all participants. At present, there are two main organizational models of blockchain alliances, namely, core organization leadership and participating organizations co-governance. Both blockchain alliance business models also have their own pros and cons. For the long-term and stable development of the alliance, how to build and which kind to build The model also requires continued in-depth exploration by the industry.

D. What are the technical characteristics of the alliance chain in blockchain technology

Jinwowo analyzes the technical characteristics of the alliance chain in the blockchain as follows:
The alliance chain is It refers to a blockchain that is jointly managed by several institutions. Each institution runs one or more nodes. The data in it only allows different institutions in the system to read, write and send transactions, and jointly record transaction data.
Features of alliance chain technology
1.
Low cost operation and maintenance
2.
High transaction speed and good scalability
3.
Alliance maintenance,
more credible than private chains

E. What kind of blockchain does the alliance chain belong to?

The alliance chain is still essentially a private chain The consortium chain is still essentially a private chain, but it is larger than the private chain developed by a single small organization, but it is not as large as the public chain. It can be understood that it is between the private chain and the public chain. A kind of blockchain. A consortium blockchain is a blockchain whose consensus process is controlled by pre-selected nodes; for example, imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each running a node and requiring each block to be valid. It has been confirmed by 10 institutions (2/3 confirmed). The blockchain may allow everyone to read it, or it may only be limited to participants, or it may take a hybrid route, such as the root hash of the block and its API (application programming interface) that are made public, and the API allows outsiders to use it. Make a limited number of queries and obtain information about the blockchain status. These blockchains can be considered “partially decentralized.” Characteristics of the alliance chain 1. Partial decentralization is different from the public chain. The alliance chain is only owned by the members within the alliance to a certain extent, and it is easy to reach a consensus because after all, the number of nodes in the alliance chain is very limited. of. 2. Strong controllability: Once the blockchain is formed, the public chain cannot be tampered with. This is mainly due to the fact that there are generally a large number of nodes in the public chain. For example, there are too many nodes in Bitcoin, and it is almost impossible to tamper with the block data. , and the alliance chain, as long as the majority of all institutions reach a consensus, the block data can be changed. 3. Data will not be made public by default, unlike public chains and alliancesThe data on the chain can only be accessed by institutions and their users in the alliance. 4. The transaction speed is very fast. Like the private chain, the alliance chain is essentially a private chain. Therefore, due to its small number of nodes, it is easy to reach consensus and the transaction speed is naturally much faster. There are currently many alliance chain applications. The more well-known ones are: 1. R3 Blockchain Alliance. The R3 Blockchain Alliance was established in September 2015. At present, more than 40 international banking organizations have joined, and its members Almost all over the world. R3CEV is a well-known alliance chain 2. Hyperledger Hyperledger was launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015. 3. Russian Blockchain Shenqiao Chain Alliance (Russian version R3).

F. What is the alliance chain

With the development of blockchain technology, more and more individuals and enterprises are beginning to pay attention to blockchain, and the most closely related to blockchain is The closest one is probably the financial industry.

However, although the Bitcoin blockchain is very popular, after all, the Bitcoin blockchain is a public blockchain. The public blockchain has the characteristics of being non-editable and non-tamperable, which makes Public chains are no longer suitable for corporate use. After all, if a financial company develops a blockchain that cannot be controlled subjectively, it will be of little significance to it.

Therefore, the private chain came into being. However, although the private chain can solve the above problems, if each enterprise only builds it independently, it will still be an isolated island.

It would be best if we could join forces to develop private blockchains.

This is the topic we are going to talk about today: alliance chain.

The consortium chain is still essentially a private chain

The consortium chain is still essentially a private chain, except that it is larger than the private chain developed by a single small organization, but it is It is not as large as the public chain, so it can be understood that it is a kind of blockchain between the private chain and the public chain.

A consortium blockchain is a blockchain whose consensus process is controlled by pre-selected nodes; for example, imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each running a node and for Making each block effective requires confirmation from 10 of the institutions (2/3 confirmations). The blockchain may allow everyone to read it, or it may only be limited to participants, or it may take a hybrid route, such as the root hash of the block and its API (application programming interface) that are made public, and the API allows outsiders to use it. Make a limited number of queries and obtain information about the blockchain status. These blockchains can be considered “partially decentralized.”

Characteristics of the alliance chain

1. Partial decentralization

Unlike the public chain, the alliance chain is onlyIt is owned by members within the alliance, and it is easy to reach a consensus, because after all, the number of nodes in the alliance chain is very limited.

2. Strong controllability

Once the blockchain is formed, the public chain cannot be tampered with. This is mainly due to the fact that there are generally a large number of nodes in the public chain, such as Bitcoin. There are too many nodes, and it is almost impossible to tamper with the block data. However, in the alliance chain, as long as most of all institutions reach a consensus, the block data can be changed;

3. The data will not Public by default

Unlike the public chain, the data of the alliance chain is only accessible to the institutions and users in the alliance.

4. The transaction speed is very fast

Like the private chain, the alliance chain is essentially a private chain. Therefore, due to its small number of nodes, it is easy to reach consensus and the transaction speed is naturally also high. It's much faster.

Applications of alliance chains

Currently there are many alliance chains, the more well-known ones are:

1.R3 Blockchain Alliance

The R3 Blockchain Alliance was established in September 2015. Currently, more than 40 international banking organizations have joined, with members almost all over the world. It is mainly committed to providing banks with channels to explore blockchain technology and building conceptual blockchain products. After the alliance was established, a series of workshops were held. R3 said its "initial window" for banks to join has closed and that in 2016 the consortium will look to work with non-bank financial institutions and groups. R3 uses Ethereum and Microsoft Azure technology to connect 11 banks to the distributed ledger. R3 is very certain about what it is doing. It said that blockchain technology has been welcomed by banks around the world. Some banks are not only cooperating with R3 to explore blockchain technology, but also conducting investigations on blockchain technology themselves. Research. In April 2016, R3CEV officially established a partnership with Microsoft to research and experiment with blockchain applications.

R3CEV is a well-known alliance chain

2. Hyperledger (Hyperledger)

Hyperledger (Hyperledger) is a promotion launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015 An open source project for blockchain digital technology and transaction verification. Its members include more than a dozen different interest groups such as ABN AMRO and Accenture. The goal is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet the needs of people from all walks of life. Various user cases in different industries and simplify business processes. Due to the characteristics of peer-to-peer networks, distributed ledger technology is completely shared, transparent and decentralized, so it is very suitable for applications in the financial industry, as well as other industries such as manufacturing, banking, insurance, and the Internet of Things.Internet and countless other industries. By creating open standards for distributed ledgers, virtual and digital value exchanges, such as asset contracts, energy transactions, and marriage certificates, can be tracked and traded safely, efficiently, and at low cost. According to relevant information, a total of four Chinese companies, including Beijing AiYi Digital Financial Technology Company, Belink, BitSE and Onchain, have joined.

3. Russian Blockchain Alliance (Russian version of R3)

This private chain alliance was officially established on July 1, 2016. Its members include payment company QIWI, B&N Bank, Khanty-Mansiysk Otkritie Bank, Tinkoff Bank, MDM Bank and Accenture. This blockchain alliance, known as the "Russian version of R3", was officially announced at the 25th Russian International Financial Conference. The organizer of the conference was the Central Bank of Russia. The main goals of this blockchain alliance are to develop blockchain proof-of-concepts; conduct collaborative research and policy advocacy; and create common standards for blockchain technology. At the same time, they publicly announced that they would actively establish cooperation with domestic regulatory authorities and governments.

G. What are the blockchain technology listed companies in blockchain concept stocks?

Blockchain is a new application model of distributed data storage, and it is an important concept of Bitcoin. There are currently 35 stocks related to the blockchain concept in the A-share market, of which 6 blockchain concept listed companies are traded on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and 29 blockchain concept listed companies are traded on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange.

According to the correlation of blockchain, the leading stocks of blockchain concept stocks are most likely to be born from Xinchen Technology, Luyitong, and Sifang Jingchuang.

Xinchen Technology: On September 29, 2016, the company stated interactively that the company is currently engaged in research and development of blockchain technology.

Lu Yitong: The company plans to raise a total of 67.9691 million shares of 67.9691 million shares at 24.57 yuan per share, and the total amount of supporting funds will not exceed 1.670 billion yuan, which will be used to pay the cash consideration for this transaction and build the industrialization of blockchain ASIC chips. Projects, artificial intelligence ASIC chip R&D center, chip product marketing and service network, etc.

Sifang Jingchuang: On May 31, 2016, the founding meeting and first members meeting of the Financial Blockchain Cooperation Alliance (Shenzhen) was officially held at Shenzhen Wuzhou Hotel. The company was one of the founding members of the meeting.