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1. How to mine Bhd, please get started

Answer: Mining has become popular in recent years. Bitcoin and other virtual currencies are blockchains. Prototype. Blockchain uses the decentralized method of mining to solve certain financial problems. Mining has no actual value. Of course, most people realize the price of virtual currency after recognizing it. This can also be understood as value, but what is mined by mining is meaningless

2. How to mine Bitcoin errors-1nomorebackup

When Bitcoin nodes are connected to each other, Obtain transactions from the other party that you do not have. However, due to the huge amount of transactions accumulated in Bitcoin over a long period of time, it is very difficult for two nodes to compare which transactions you are missing/which transactions I am missing one by one.

To solve this problem, Satoshi Nakamoto invented the important technology of blockchain. Nodes use blocks to synchronize transactions, ensuring the unity of all node data, and ensuring the uniqueness of the blockchain by competing for block packaging rights (that is, mining).

① Blocks and blockchain
A package of transactions within a period of time is called a block. The entire Bitcoin network generates a block every 10 minutes on average. Each block Blocks are linked to the previous block, which are connected in turn to form a blockchain.

② Synchronize transaction data in blocks
Blocks are numbered starting from 1, so after node A connects to node B, Transaction data can be easily synchronized by simply checking the block number heights of both parties. For example, node A's own block height is 100 and it is found that node B's block height is 110. Then it only needs to request synchronization of 10 blocks from 101 to 110 to B.

③ Rewards for packaging blocks
In order to ensure that there are nodes packaging Bitcoin transactions, Bitcoin rules stipulate that the nodes that package transactions will receive Bitcoins as rewards.
A. Part of the packaging reward comes from the transaction fee paid by the transaction creator (100~1000 Satoshi fee per KB transaction size).
B. The other part comes from the initial distribution of 21 million Bitcoins. The initial reward is 50 Bitcoins per block. After that, the reward will be halved every 210,000 blocks (about 4 years). Until the block reward was less than 1 Satoshi around 2140, the total block reward at this time was 21 million Bitcoins, which is the source of the total number of 21 million Bitcoins (20999999.97690000 to be precise).
After 2140, packaging rewards will only come from transaction fees paid by transaction creators.

④ Competition for block packaging rights
Node packaging transactions only consume very low-cost network and computing resources, and the existence of packaging rewards (currently the packaging reward of each block is 25 bitsThe currency is about 40,000 yuan), which makes a large number of nodes want to package transactions. To ensure the uniqueness of the blockchain, Bitcoin rules stipulate that nodes use a method similar to "tossing coins" to compete for the right to package transactions. The node keeps throwing coins, and whoever throws the result that complies with the rules first will get the transaction packaging rights of this block and the packaging reward of this block.

3. How to mine Ethereum

Most of the mainstream Ethereum mining machines on the market currently come from Bitmain and Canaan. However, with the decline in the price of Ethereum, mining The profits brought by mining are already very meager, and investors can choose to invest in Ethereum transactions on digital currency exchanges. Currently, the mainstream digital currency exchanges on the market include Binance, Huobi, Bitnet, etc.

4. Tutorials for getting started with blockchain

However, there are very few simple and easy-to-understand introductory articles. What exactly blockchain is and what makes it special is rarely explained.
Next, I will try to write a best-understood blockchain tutorial. After all, it is not difficult. The core concept is very simple and can be explained clearly in a few sentences. I hope that after reading this article, you will not only understand the blockchain, but also understand what mining is, why mining is getting more and more difficult, and other issues.
It should be noted that I am not an expert in this area. Although I have been paying attention to it for a long time, my detailed understanding of blockchain started at the beginning of this year. You are welcome to correct any errors or inaccuracies in the article.
1. The essence of blockchain
What is blockchain? In a word, it is a special distributed database.
First of all, the main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
Secondly, anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network, and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
2. The biggest features of blockchain
Distributed databases are not a new invention, and there have been such products on the market for a long time. However, blockchain has a revolutionary feature.
Blockchain has no administrator, it is completely centerless. Other databases have administrators, but blockchain does not. If one wanted to add auditing to the blockchain, it would not be possible because it is designed to prevent the emergence of a central authority.
It is precisely because it is unmanageable that blockchain can be uncontrollable. Otherwise, once big companies and large groups control the management, they will control the entire platform, and other users will have to take orders from them.
However, without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. How can we ensure that the data is trustworthy? What if it is modified by a bad person? Please read on, this is the wonderful thing about blockchain place.
3. Block
Blockchain is composed of blocks.. Blocks are much like database records. Every time data is written, a block is created.
Each block contains two parts.
Head: records the characteristic values ​​of the current block
Body: actual data
The block header contains multiple characteristic values ​​of the current block.
Generation time
Hash of the actual data (i.e. block body)
Hash of the previous block
...
Here, you need to understand what a hash is , which is necessary to understand blockchain.
The so-called hashing means that the computer can calculate a characteristic value of the same length for any content. The hash length of the blockchain is 256 bits, which means that no matter what the original content is, a 256-bit binary number will be calculated in the end. And it can be guaranteed that as long as the original content is different, the corresponding hash must be different.
For example, the hash of the string 123 is (hexadecimal), which is 256 bits when converted to binary, and only 123 can get this hash. (Theoretically, it is possible for other strings to get this hash, but the probability is extremely low and can be approximated as impossible.)
Therefore, there are two important inferences.
Corollary 1: The hash of each block is different, and the block can be identified by the hash.
Corollary 2: If the content of the block changes, its hash will definitely change.
4. The non-modifiable nature of Hash
Blocks and hashes have a one-to-one correspondence, and the hash of each block is calculated based on the block header (Head). That is to say, the characteristic values ​​​​of the block header are connected together in order to form a very long string, and then the hash is calculated on this string.
Hash = SHA256 (block header)
The above is the calculation formula of block hash. SHA256 is the hash algorithm of the blockchain. Note that this formula only contains the block header and not the block body. In other words, the hash is uniquely determined by the block header.
As mentioned before, the block header contains a lot of content, including the hash of the current block body. , and the hash of the previous block. This means that if the content of the current block body changes, or the hash of the previous block changes, it will definitely cause the hash of the current block to change.
This point has great significance for blockchain. If someone modifies a block, the hash of the block changes. In order for subsequent blocks to still be connected to it (because the next block contains the hash of the previous block), the person must modify all subsequent blocks in sequence, otherwise the modified block will be removed from the blockchain . Due to the reasons mentioned later, hash calculation is very time-consuming, and it is almost impossible to modify multiple blocks in a short period of time, unless someone controls more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network.
It is through this linkage mechanism that the blockchain ensures its own reliability. Once the data is written, it cannot be tampered with. This is just like history, what happened happened, and it can’t be changed from now on.
Each DistrictBlocks are connected to the previous block, which is where the name blockchain comes from.
5. Mining
Since synchronization between nodes must be ensured, the adding speed of new blocks cannot be too fast. Just imagine, you have just synchronized a block and are preparing to generate the next block based on it, but at this time, another node generates a new block, and you have to give up half of the calculations and synchronize again. Because each block can only be followed by one block, you can only generate the next block after the latest block. So, you have no choice but to sync as soon as you hear the signal.
So, the inventor of the blockchain, Satoshi Nakamoto (this is a pseudonym, and his true identity is still unknown) deliberately made it difficult to add new blocks. His design is that on average, the entire network can generate a new block every 10 minutes, which is only six per hour.
This output speed is not achieved through commands, but by deliberately setting up massive calculations. In other words, only through an extremely large amount of calculations can the effective hash of the current block be obtained and the new block added to the blockchain. Because the amount of calculation is too large, it cannot be done quickly.
This process is called mining, because the difficulty of calculating a valid hash is like finding a grain of sand that meets the conditions among the sand in the world. The machine that calculates hashes is called a mining machine, and the person who operates the mining machine is called a miner.
6. Difficulty coefficient
After reading this, you may have a question. People say that mining is difficult, but isn’t mining just about using a computer to calculate a hash? This is the strength of computers. How could it be? It becomes very difficult, why can’t it be calculated?
It turns out that not just any hash can be used, only hashes that meet the conditions will be accepted by the blockchain. This condition is particularly harsh, causing most hashes to fail to meet the requirements and must be recalculated.
It turns out that the block header contains a difficulty coefficient (difficulty), which determines the difficulty of calculating the hash. For example, the difficulty coefficient of the 100,000th block is 14484.16236122.
The blockchain protocol stipulates that the target value (target) can be obtained by dividing the difficulty coefficient by a constant. Obviously, the greater the difficulty coefficient, the smaller the target value.
The validity of the hash is closely related to the target value. Only hashes smaller than the target value are valid, otherwise the hash is invalid and must be recalculated. Since the target value is very small, the chance that the hash is smaller than this value is extremely slim, and it may be calculated 1 billion times before it is considered a hit. This is the fundamental reason why mining is so slow.
As mentioned earlier, the hash of the current block is uniquely determined by the block header. If the hash of the same block needs to be calculated repeatedly, it means that the block header must keep changing, otherwise it is impossible to calculate different hashes. All feature values ​​in the block header are fixed. In order to make the block header change, Satoshi Nakamoto deliberately added a random item called Nonce.
Nonce is a random value. The role of the miner is actually to guess the value of Nonce., so that the hash of the block header can be smaller than the target value, so that it can be written to the blockchain. Nonce is very difficult to guess. At present, we can only use trial and error one by one through exhaustive methods. According to the protocol, Nonce is a 32-bit binary value, which can reach a maximum of 2.147 billion. The Nonce value of the 100,000th block is 274148111. It can be understood that the miner started from 0 and calculated 274 million times before obtaining a valid Nonce value so that the calculated hash can meet the conditions.
If you are lucky, you may find Nonce in a while. If you are unlucky, you may have calculated it 2.147 billion times without finding the Nonce, that is, it is impossible to calculate a hash that meets the conditions for the current block body. At this time, the protocol allows miners to change the block body and start a new calculation.
7. Dynamic adjustment of difficulty coefficient
As mentioned in the previous section, mining is random, and there is no guarantee that a block will be produced in exactly ten minutes. Sometimes it can be calculated in one minute, and sometimes it may take several hours. No result. Overall, with the improvement of hardware equipment and the increase in the number of mining machines, the computing speed will definitely become faster and faster.
In order to keep the output rate constant at ten minutes, Satoshi Nakamoto also designed a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the difficulty coefficient. He stipulated that the difficulty factor should be adjusted every two weeks (2016 blocks). If the average block generation speed in these two weeks is 9 minutes, it means that it is 10% faster than the legal speed, so the next difficulty factor will be increased by 10%; if the average block generation speed is 11 minutes, it means It is 10% slower than the legal speed, so the difficulty factor of the next step must be lowered by 10%.
The difficulty coefficient is adjusted higher and higher (the target value is getting smaller and smaller), which makes mining more and more difficult.
8. Forks of the blockchain
Even if the blockchain is reliable, there is still an unresolved problem: if two people write data to the blockchain at the same time, that is to say, two people write data to the blockchain at the same time. Blocks join because they are connected to the previous block, forming a fork. Which block should be adopted at this time?
The current rule is that new nodes always adopt the longest blockchain. If there is a fork in the blockchain, it will look at which branch is behind the fork to reach 6 new blocks first (called six confirmations). Based on a block calculation of 10 minutes, it can be confirmed in one hour.
Since the generation speed of new blocks is determined by computing power, this rule means that the branch with the most computing power is the authentic blockchain.
9. Summary
Blockchain, as an unmanaged distributed database, has been running for 8 years since 2009 without major problems. This proves it works.
However, in order to ensure the reliability of data, blockchain also has its own price. The first is efficiency. You have to wait at least ten minutes to write data to the blockchain. All nodes synchronize the data, which requires more time. The second is energy consumption. The generation of blocks requires miners to perform countless meaningless calculations. This is Very energy consumingsource.
Therefore, the applicable scenarios of blockchain are actually very limited.
There is no management authority that all members trust
The written data does not require real-time use
The benefits of mining can make up for its own costs
If the above conditions cannot be met, then the traditional database is Better solution.
Currently, the largest application scenario (and possibly the only application scenario) of blockchain is the cryptocurrency represented by Bitcoin.

5. How to mine JiaShangChain CEC, where to download the wallet

I believe many people have heard about Bitcoin, and there are stories of people getting rich overnight through mining. It has been widely circulated, which makes more and more people want to participate. However, the cost of professional mining machines is high, which has turned many people away. However, the recently released JiaShangChain CEC in China has given everyone hope. Because of the optimization of the core algorithm, ordinary home computers can also participate in mining. However, many people have never mined. Today I will share with you how to use ordinary computers to mine and obtain CEC.

1. What is JiaShangChain CEC?

CEC is decentralized, has fast transfer times and rapid synchronization. At the same time, it combines with the Commonwealth to make it valuable. It has a blockchain browser, is open and transparent, and is worthy of your trust and long-term holding. The total amount of CEC is 1.1 billion, with 30 million initially issued and 10 million locked, which is equivalent to only 20 million in initial circulation. The remaining 70 million is earned from mining and will be fully mined in 15 years. In order to ensure the quantity, CEC will destroy 1-5 million CCEC every year after the circulation reaches 50 million. The quantity destroyed is the lock-up + repurchase quantity. You may have missed the opportunity to mine Bitcoin with an ordinary computer, but you still have the chance today because CEC is here!

6. How does blockchain mining make money

The principle of making money from mining: PoW and mining.

In the beginning, Bitcoin could be mined using graphics cards, but in 2013, it was no longer possible to mine Bitcoin BTC using general-purpose computing programs for graphics cards. Bitcoins are now all mined using ASIC mining machines. ".

Similarly, the launch of Litecoin ASIC mining machines in 2014 also ended the history of Litecoin mining using graphics cards. The current digital currencies that graphics cards can "mine" are Ethereum ETH, Ethereum Classic ETC, and Zcash Zerocoin ZEC.

Graphics card "mining" is not a profitable business. In fact, the earlier you start, the higher the income will be, and the income will decrease as more miners and graphics cards are added.

To put it bluntly, buying a high-priced graphics card to enter "mining" will definitely kill you. Purchasing a professional mining machine is a more cost-effective choice. Nowadays, the essential tool for personal mining is a mining pool.The function of a mining pool is to gather the computing power of a large number of mining machines to increase your chances of mining coins. At the same time, the coins you can mine in the future are evenly distributed to your account in advance.

Take Bitcoin as an example. If the entire Bitcoin network now generates a block every 10 minutes, this block contains 25 Bitcoins. Assuming that there are 10,000 people in the world participating in mining, then within these 10 minutes, only one lucky person will take away the 25 Bitcoins.

Others have nothing to gain. The principle of the mining pool is that everyone forms a team to mine and allocate according to the agreed distribution method, so that the miners' mining returns tend to be stable and the miners' risks are reduced.

In order to enhance the cost performance, you can also purchase some practical mining machines like Wanke Cloud, which can be used as ordinary hardware products and can also be used for mining, killing two birds with one stone.

(6) Extended reading of blockchain wallet mining commands

There are several core operations of blockchain transactions and digital currencies:

The transaction network connected by decentralized databases is called the blockchain. All our clients (including mining machines) keep accounts together, confirm transfer transactions, and issue a certain amount of digital currency according to time.

Because the winner takes all, small and medium-sized retail miners have to unite to form a "mining pool" and record the cumulative workload in Shares. The higher the joint computing power, the greater the probability that the mining pool consortium will find the digital currency first. Large, increase the probability of finding newly issued digital currencies, and divide the mined digital currencies. This is called the PoW workload proof mechanism.

7. What does blockchain mining mean?

In 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto invented Bitcoin and set a limit of only 21 million Bitcoins, which were added to the Bitcoin network. , by participating in the production of blocks and providing proof of work (PoW), you can obtain rewards from the Bitcoin network. This process is mining.

The concept of "mining" is taken from the existing concepts in our real economic life, such as gold mining, silver mining, etc. Because minerals are valuable, people are driven to pay labor force. dig.

Another important point of Bitcoin mining is that the miners participating in mining recognize the value of Bitcoin, and there are people in the market who are willing to spend money on the Bitcoins they mine. So, Bitcoin mining makes sense.

(7) Blockchain wallet mining command extended reading

Bitcoin’s Currency Characteristics

1. Decentralization

Bitcoin is the first distributed virtual currency. The entire network is composed of users and there is no central bank. Decentralization is the guarantee of Bitcoin’s security and freedom.

2. Circulation around the world

Bitcoin can be managed on any computer connected to the Internet. Anyone can mine, buy, sell or receive Bitcoin regardless of location.

3. Exclusive ownership

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Manipulating Bitcoin requires a private key, which can be isolated and stored on any storage medium. No one can obtain it except the user himself.

4. Low transaction fees

Bitcoins can be remitted for free, but a transaction fee of about 1 bit cent will ultimately be charged for each transaction to ensure faster transaction execution.

5. No hidden costs

As a means of payment from A to B, Bitcoin does not have cumbersome limits and procedures. You can make the payment by knowing the other party's Bitcoin address.

6. Cross-platform mining

Users can explore the computing capabilities of different hardware on many platforms.

8. What is blockchain and how to make money with blockchain

Blockchain is a new type of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Application mode. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

How to make money in the blockchain:

1. Earn commissions through promotion.

The blockchain approach is to first register an exchange account, generate your own invitation link, and then promote it. If someone registers the exchange through your link and generates transactions, you will get a commission.

2. Coin speculation.

Speculating in currencies is like speculating in stocks. Coin speculation is a way to make money on the Blockchain with the lowest threshold.

3. Mining.

"Mining" in Bitcoin is the accounting process. This process requires grabbing, and if you grab the opportunity to bookkeeping rights, you will be rewarded, and the reward is Bitcoin. This behavior is "mining".

4. Develop wallet.

The wallet is the infrastructure of the blockchain, just like the "Alipay Zheng Xinque" or "WeChat Pay" of the blockchain.

Extended information:

1. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the bottom layer of Bitcoin. technology. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block. piece.

2. Blockchain was born from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Since 2009, various Bitcoin-like digital currencies have appeared, all based on public blockchains.

3. On January 20, 2016, the Digital Currency Seminar of the People’s Bank of China announced that it had achieved phased results in digital currency research. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the issuance of traditional currency and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency. The expression of the People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Seminar has greatly enhanced the confidence of the digital currency industry. This is the first time that the five central bank ministries and commissions have expressed a clear attitude towards digital currencies since they issued a notice on preventing Bitcoin risks on December 5, 2013.

Blockchain——Network