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① In the era of digital economy, innovative application scenarios of blockchain continue to expand

In the era of digital economy, blockchain, as a new driving force for economic growth, is leading a new round of global technology Revolution and industrial change. At present, blockchain is developing rapidly and penetrating into all areas of our country's economy, which not only strengthens the resource allocation capabilities of the digital economy, but is also of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development and improving the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities.

Blockchain is the new engine driving digital development

As the role of blockchain in the digital economy grows, its innovative applications continue to expand. According to the "China Mobile Internet Development Report (2021)", "There were nearly 2,000 blockchain projects across the country last year, and the blockchain market size exceeded 3.2 billion yuan."

China Academy of Information and Communications Technology Industrial Internet and Liu Yang, deputy chief engineer of the Internet of Things Research Institute, once said that blockchain is a trust infrastructure necessary for the development of economic activities. It provides inclusive public services for finance, agriculture, industry, energy and other industries and the public. It is also a Collaboration tools, transforming production relations, and integrating with the real economy will improve collaboration efficiency and reduce costs.

In fact, blockchain is called "the next generation of Internet-level technology" because of its disruptive innovation, and is considered the most revolutionary among strategic emerging technologies. In October 2019, blockchain was elevated to a national strategic level. In April 2020, blockchain was included in the new infrastructure and was listed as one of the seven "key digital economy industries" in the "14th Five-Year Plan". In the future, blockchain will usher in new opportunities for innovation and development.

However, Zhang Chao said that currently, data governance on the blockchain is still a huge challenge at a global level. First, data governance requires a clear regulatory subject, but in blockchains or distributed ledgers (or public chains) other than alliance chains, a relatively clear object may not be found as a regulatory subject; secondly, due to the The data on the chain cannot be easily tampered with, which means that during the data governance process, the rights of the data owner to modify and delete the data may not be fully protected.

Blockchain innovative application scenarios continue to expand

Driven by favorable policies and market demand, blockchain innovative application scenarios continue to expand. In recent years, in addition to the two major outbreak scenarios of finance and government affairs, there is even more promise in empowering the field of rule of law. On the one hand, the multi-faceted and multi-field application of "blockchain + rule of law" can effectively improve the efficiency of rule of law construction; on the other hand, blockchain technology can also help public prosecutors and law enforcement agencies crack new criminal cases.

Industry insiders believe that based on the analysis and tracking of massive on-chain data, blockchain technology provides governments, enterprises and users with on-chain data monitoring, transaction maps and on-chain addresses.analyze. For suspected criminal activities such as virtual currency, the blockchain browser provides on-chain data tracking to combat virtual currency crimes, maintain national financial security, and provide "blockchain power" for the construction of Digital China.

② What are the application prospects of blockchain?

The application prospects of blockchain are mainly in the financial field, the Internet of Things and logistics, public services, digital copyright, and insurance.

1. Blockchain has huge potential application prospects in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection.

2. Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. This field is considered to be a promising application direction of blockchain. Establishing credit resources in the blockchain can double improve the security of transactions and improve the convenience of IoT transactions. Save time and cost for smart logistics model applications.

3. Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields. The decentralized and fully distributed DNS service provided by the blockchain can realize domain name query and resolution through point-to-point data transmission services between various nodes in the network.

4. Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing full life cycle management of digital copyright, and can also be used as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection.

5. In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, there is no need for the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the insurance policy can automatically settle claims.

(2) 2020 Blockchain Map Extended Reading:

Core Technology of Blockchain

1. Consensus Mechanism, Through the voting of special nodes, the verification and confirmation of the transaction can be completed in a very short time; for a transaction, if several nodes with unrelated interests can reach a consensus, it can be considered that the entire network can also reach a consensus on it. The goal of the blockchain consensus mechanism is to enable all honest nodes to maintain a consistent view of the blockchain.

2. Asymmetric encryption requires two keys for encryption and decryption. These two keys are the public key and the private key. The public key corresponds to the private key. When the public key is used in the encryption process of data, it can only be decrypted by using the corresponding private key. On the contrary, when the private key is used in encrypting the data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt the data. Only the corresponding public key can be decrypted.

③ What is the development trend of global POC blockchain in 2020

The world has entered the blockchain 3.0 era

In 2008, a person signed by "Satoshi Nakamoto" An anonymous person published a paper "Compared toBitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Network Electronic Cash System", the initial expectation was to launch a peer-to-peer electronic cash that could circulate freely. The issuance of Bitcoin represented the beginning of blockchain technology; later, the launch of Ethereum in 2013 directly promoted the development of blockchain technology in the area. The blockchain has entered the 2.0 era; at the end of 2017, the popularity of stablecoins and the launch of MakerDAO pushed the blockchain into the 3.0 era. By June 2019, Facebook released the Libra white paper, which attracted attention and discussion from all walks of life around the world. Regulatory authorities in various countries have successively Speak out, showing the huge potential of blockchain technology in reshaping global financial infrastructure.

——The above data comes from "China Blockchain" by Qianzhan Industry Research Institute Chain Industry Market Prospects and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report.

④ What are the conclusions of the Supreme Court on the judicial application of blockchain electronic evidence

In 2020, with the promotion of online litigation mechanisms and the promotion of the application of blockchain electronic evidence by Internet courts , the number of legal cases involving blockchain electronic evidence has increased significantly. First-line Internet companies and leading enterprises in various industries generally use blockchain electronic evidence services in daily legal work due to their sensitivity to new technologies. The Supreme People's Court has set up a total of 14 major topics. Among them, the "Research on Electronic Litigation Rules in the Internet Era" research group focuses on "the basic principles of electronic litigation; the conditions, scope and methods of online case filing, online hearing, and electronic service; electronic "The effectiveness of chemical materials and the standards for the effectiveness of judgments" and other major issues, research and form a complete and systematic draft of electronic litigation rules, and provide suggestions for the Supreme People's Court to formulate judicial policies and issue judicial interpretations.
Since 2018, with the establishment of Internet courts and electronic evidence platform institutions closely following the development of blockchain technology, and with the development and improvement of alliance chain technology, some innovative electronic evidence platform companies have taken the lead in applying blockchain technology. In the field of electronic evidence, such as blockchain electronic evidence platforms such as Yibaoquan.
Yibaoquan was included in the "Typical Cases of Blockchain Electronic Evidence Platform" by the Supreme People's Court's research team, indicating that Yibaoquan's blockchain technology and evidence collection are widely recognized by the judiciary. Prior to this, Yi Baoquan had been included in the "Blockchain Intellectual Property Typical Cases" by the Inner Mongolia High Court and the Wuxi Intermediate People's Court, selected as a "Blockchain Platform Typical Case" by the Lecture Hall of Legal Experts, and selected by the China Business Intelligence Network "2020 China Blockchain Enterprise Investment Map", its qualifications and strength are highly recognized.
Blockchain electronic evidence is by no means a simple legal logic and theoretical framework of "using blockchain technology is blockchain electronic evidence". Only by using blockchain technology to ensure the authenticity, legality, and relevance of electronic evidence before, during, and after it is uploaded to the chain can ordinary electronic data be converted into judicially credible blockchain electronic evidence.
At the technical level, blockchain, CA, timestamps, encryption algorithms and other technologies are used to conduct real-name authentication of platform users and store user-signed data on the blockchain.Evidence, thereby forming a full evidence chain that records key details of the entire process, and generating an untamperable HASH encrypted file, thereby ensuring the authenticity and reliability of the data before it is uploaded to the chain and the integrity of the data when it is uploaded.
After being uploaded to the chain, Yibaoquan will synchronize and store relevant data on the servers of notary offices, arbitration committees, Internet courts, copyright protection centers, forensic laboratories and other institutions through the open platform of the preservation chain; it can also be stored in notary offices, The official websites of the Arbitration Commission, the Judicial Appraisal Institute, and the Capital Intellectual Property Association conduct visual blockchain inspections. Ensure that the entire process is traceable, all data is verifiable, and all links are credible.

⑤ What are the blockchain architecture designs?

As an implementation of architecture design, blockchain is quite different from basic languages ​​or platforms. Blockchain is the technology behind cryptocurrency. It is one of the popular technologies currently on par with VR and virtual reality. It is not a new technology in itself. It is similar to Ajax. It can be said to be a technical architecture, so let’s talk about it from the perspective of architectural design. Blockchain technology implementation. No matter what programming language you are good at, you can refer to this design to implement a blockchain product. At the same time, we will sort out the related knowledge maps and systems to help everyone study and research systematically.

In terms of architectural design, blockchain can be simply divided into three levels, the protocol layer, the extension layer and the application layer. Among them, the protocol layer can be divided into the storage layer and the network layer, which are independent of each other but inseparable.

Blockchain Architecture Diagram

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is developed by the School Planning, Construction and Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China "Smart Learning Workshop 2020-Master's Degree Innovation Workstation" is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

⑥ How is the blockchain developing now?

In 2020, the blockchain was included in the category of "new infrastructure" by the country, and at least 7 provinces introduced blockchain support policies . In the same year, blockchain technology was gradually moving from concept to implementation, with many application scenarios blooming. "Blockchain+" various industry applications have become a symbol of the continuous maturity of blockchain.

The development status of "Blockchain+" in 2020

In 2020, the COVID-19 epidemic swept the world, and the uncertainty of world economic development increased significantly. Governments and enterprises of various countries are exploring the use of emerging technologies to reduce economic and social operating costs, improve the operating efficiency of the real economy, and further find new growth points for economic development.

Currently, blockchain is cross-innovating with new technology infrastructure such as cloud computing and artificial intelligence. More and more vertical fields of the real economy are showing the development pattern of "blockchain +" and "escape from reality". The good momentum of "Towards Reality".

In order to avoid turning reality into fiction, in addition to continuing to severely crack down on speculation, we must also guide blockchain technology and practical application scenariosDeep integration. Therefore, "blockchain+" various industrial application scenarios have become one of the inevitable trends in the development of blockchain.

According to the "Blockchain White Paper (2020)" recently released by the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, as of October 2020, more than 262 listed companies have been involved in the blockchain field, each from insurance , real estate, commercial department stores, security equipment, packaging materials, telecommunications operations and other 39 fields. In the blockchain information service registration list released by the State Internet Information Office, there are 45 blockchain projects of listed companies.

Among them, finance is the most explored scenario among blockchain technology application scenarios, with specific projects implemented in subdivisions such as supply chain finance, trade finance, payment and settlement, and fund management. The white paper shows that as of November 2020, among the domestically registered blockchain information services, the number of projects in the financial (including supply chain finance) field ranks first, accounting for as high as 36%.

As the implementation of blockchain applications accelerates, "blockchain+" business has become the focus of development for Internet backbone enterprises to enter the blockchain industry. In addition to financial business, they actively deploy the Internet, traceability, Applications in supply chain & logistics, digital assets, government affairs and public services, intellectual property, law, medical and other fields.

At the same time, the industry is gradually understanding that blockchain is the basic component of trusted transactions, but this does not mean that blockchain can conquer the world. Blockchain needs to be combined with other technologies such as artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, big data, 5G, etc. to use synergy to form integrated solutions to jointly promote digital transformation.

According to relevant data, the current application of blockchain is mainly in the field of certificate storage. Blockchain has entered into how to make it better from an engineering perspective, more credible, more stable, and more scalable. Well, a stage that can accommodate more nodes. He Baohong, director of the Institute of Cloud Computing and Big Data of the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, believes that this process will continue for some time or longer. In the next step, blockchain technology competition will shift from engineering optimization and improvement to technology ecology and business ecology.

In addition, it is understood that the blockchain industry is improving in the long term, and industry cognition has returned to rationality. With the central government's planning and guidance for the development of blockchain technology, my country's blockchain has clarified the development ideas based on the alliance chain, focusing on serving the real economy and optimizing public services, and the direction of industrial development has become clearer. At this stage, the confidence of the majority of practitioners in blockchain continues to improve, and the long-term strategic value of blockchain is generally recognized.

What is the prospect of "Blockchain+" in 2021?

As my country’s blockchain industry chain gradually improves, most blockchain companies not only focus on one aspect, but also show a trend of coordinated development in multiple fields. According to statistics, among the 801 blockchain information service registration lists released by the Cyberspace Administration of China, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, and Shandong are the provinces and cities with the most registered companies.

The core role of blockchain corresponding to its technical characteristics is mainly reflected in certificate storage, automaticIn terms of digital collaboration and value transfer, as its value potential continues to be tapped, application scenarios have gradually expanded from the breakthrough point of finance to the real economy, government affairs and people's livelihood and other fields.

The core value of blockchain for the real economy is to promote efficient collaboration between upstream and downstream industries and improve the efficiency of industry-finance integration. In the early stages of development, the blockchain application model mainly focused on the storage of documents, contracts, etc. At this stage, blockchain industry applications are gradually moving towards automated collaboration and value interconnection such as government data sharing, supply chain collaboration, and cross-border trade.

2020 is the warm-up for 2021. In 2021, the use of blockchain, distributed ledgers, and smart contract tools will continue to grow as it did in 2020. With the continuous deepening of blockchain technology, the foundation of the blockchain industry will become better and better, the industrial ecology will also develop rapidly, and the industrial chain will become increasingly widespread.

From the perspective of industrial structure, the blockchain industry is mainly divided into four parts: underlying technology, platform services, industrial applications, and peripheral services.

The first three parts show a relatively obvious upstream and downstream relationship. The underlying technology part provides the necessary technical products and components of the blockchain respectively. The platform service part builds an area that can run corresponding industry applications based on the underlying technology. The industrial application part of the blockchain platform mainly uses blockchain technology to develop industry applications based on the actual scenarios of various industries and realize the innovation of business collaboration models within the industry.

The peripheral services part provides supporting services to the industry, including industry organizations, market research, standard formulation, system evaluation and certification, industry media, etc., to provide impetus for the development of industrial ecology.

Among them, as far as the industrial application of blockchain is concerned: Blockchain is the innovative development result of information technology, and it is also the main booster for the reconstruction of business processes and the innovation of industrial interaction models in various industries.

Blockchain has gradually expanded from the initial digital finance to supply chain finance, product traceability and other fields. Now it has been explored and applied in government affairs, people's livelihood, industrial management and other industries, and its application scenarios are becoming increasingly rich, presenting It has shown a development trend of deep integration with other industries.

At present, domestic enterprises are focusing on the development of applications related to serving the real economy and improving government affairs and people's livelihood. Among them, supply chain finance and product traceability have accounted for half of all applications. Others, such as government affairs and people's livelihood, have become the future of manufacturers. Key layout areas are about to experience explosive growth.

After blockchain investment cooled down in 2020, the blockchain industry may begin to gradually become more rational in 2021. However, a relatively complete industrial chain and active market entities provide a good foundation for the integrated development of the blockchain industry. The blockchain industry will also show a positive development trend in terms of policy support, ecological construction, platform services, application implementation, and integrated innovation.

⑦ In the future of carbon neutrality, how can blockchain "go up"

#01

< p> We are serious about achieving carbon neutrality

In recent years, the issue of global warming has received increasing attention, and the issue of climate change has gradually become visible to everyone.

In order to deal with the global climate crisis, our country is also vigorously promoting the concept of "carbon neutrality". On the one hand, it is a solemn commitment to address global climate issues; on the other hand, energy substitution is also an important engine for economic growth in the post-epidemic era.

Xiaoou’s note: What are carbon peak and carbon neutrality?

"Carbon peak" refers to a certain moment when carbon dioxide emissions reach a historical high and then gradually fall back;

" "Carbon neutrality" refers to offsetting the carbon dioxide or greenhouse gas emissions produced by itself through afforestation, energy conservation and emission reduction, achieving positive and negative offsets, and achieving relatively "zero emissions."

It is understood that China will achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality goals by 2030 and 2060 respectively.

The global carbon neutrality goals are as follows:

Currently, we choose to adopt a "carbon pricing mechanism" to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. The so-called carbon pricing, that is, "who pollutes, pays" means that if you want to emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, you must first obtain the right to carbon emissions, and then pay for this right. There are two specific methods: levying a carbon tax and establishing a carbon emissions trading system (referred to as carbon trading).

Carbon tax policy is not difficult to understand. At present, the public discussion is more about carbon trading.

The so-called carbon trading refers to treating carbon dioxide emission rights as a commodity, which can be bought and sold between enterprises through a certain mechanism. This market formation is usually artificially created by the government through emission control of energy-consuming enterprises.

However, from a global perspective, a unified global carbon trading market has not yet been formed, and my country is still in the pilot stage of carbon emissions trading.

Currently, a total of 8 regions are currently carrying out carbon emission trading pilot projects, namely: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing, Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen and Fujian.

According to ICAP statistics, the total amount of quotas in the world's 21 operating carbon markets in 2020 is approximately 4.782 billion tons. Among them, the eight pilot markets totaled 1.425 billion tons, accounting for 29.8%, second only to the EU.

According to Guosen Securities’ prediction, as the market improves and coverage increases, transactions will become more and more active, and the national carbon trading market transactions may reach more than 100 billion in 2030.

#02

What kind of chemical reaction will blockchain + carbon neutrality produce?

Today, the carbon neutrality movement is in full swing. In addition to energy-saving and emission-reduction measures in real life, some emerging new technologies are also providing more solutions to achieve this goal. Taking blockchain as an example, it trades efficiency for energy saving, thereby reducing carbon emissions, and may speed up the achievement of carbon neutrality.

A special researcher at Ouke Cloud Chain Research Institute said:

“In terms of helping achieve carbon neutrality goals and industrial transformation and upgrading, the advantages of blockchain-related technologies and models are mainly reflected in the following: Three aspects: First, on the enterprise side, the natural advantages of blockchain data transparency and traceability and supply chain management can effectively improve the overall output efficiency and resource utilization of each link in the industrial chain, and activate low-carbon and zero-carbon related suppliers. and the market value and competitiveness of related processes; secondly, on the management side, carbon accounting standards based on blockchain technology and smart contract execution can be established to achieve unified management of the entire industry, automatic sorting, and carbon emission early warning with clear rights and responsibilities. Rewards and penalties, etc.; thirdly, on the energy side, blockchain technology is deeply involved in energy distribution, trading, recycling and other aspects, such as focusing on energy distribution in low-carbon industries, promoting the transformation of the energy market from centralized to decentralized, reducing waste, etc. Objectively, it also stimulates the vitality of the renewable energy market."

In addition, he also pointed out that in the process of assisting "carbon neutrality", blockchain technology does not exist independently. It can only be integrated with big data. , privacy computing, knowledge graph, Internet of Things and other technologies, only by opening up data islands and analyzing and summarizing data on the chain can the role of blockchain be better utilized, thereby creating a more visible and credible carbon regulatory environment.

Today, the carbon trading market is gradually getting on the right track, and the application of blockchain in this field is also maturing. At present, IBM, State Grid, Huawei, etc. have also joined the practice. As a new generation of disruptive core technology that has emerged after steam engines, electricity, and the Internet, the blessing of blockchain is bound to make my country's carbon trading market more standardized and dynamic.