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A. What issues did the first China Blockchain Security Summit Forum focus on?

On June 21, the first China Blockchain Security Summit Forum was successfully held at the National Convention Center in Beijing The conference was hosted by the China Technology Market Association and hosted by Beijing Zhichuangyu Information Technology Co., Ltd. The conference attracted leaders of many national authoritative institutions, blockchain industry tycoons, security industry tycoons, as well as many top industry media and overseas authorities. participate.

(Roundtable discussion on blockchain security)

The conference invited more than ten experts in the field of blockchain ecology at home and abroad to deliver keynote speeches. , sharing how to use technology to create a better and safer blockchain ecosystem, as well as innovative applications of blockchain technology. The high-quality topic sharing was also praised and discussed by the guests. In the roundtable forum of the conference, relevant experts also held a focused discussion on how to promote the safe and healthy development of the blockchain industry, and many hot ideas were thrown out.

The first China Blockchain Security Summit Forum has received widespread attention from relevant industries and media. The registration channel for the conference was fully booked just one day after it was opened. The venue was fully occupied on the day of the conference. Hundreds of professional media attended the conference that day and reviewed the conference. The meeting was reported.

B. What does blockchain bring to the Metaverse

Now, the concept of "Metaverse" has become a rare bright spot in the blockchain encryption industry.

Blockchain metaverse concept projects such as Axie Infinty, My Neighbor Alice, Sandbox, and Decentraland have been greatly sought after by the market. Whether it is on-chain land bidding, crypto asset prices, or the number of active users, All have created amazing growth in this weak market.

Although many of the above-mentioned Internet applications do not strictly conform to the concept of the Metaverse, the Metaverse is not only popular in the encryption circle, but is also popular in the traditional Internet circle.

In April this year, the Metaverse Google search index soared to the highest point. Domestic and foreign game companies and capital swarmed in, jointly contributing to the explosion of the "Metaverse" market. Therefore, many people also This year is called the "First Year of the Metaverse".

At the upcoming 2021 World Blockchain Conference, there will also be a dialogue between big names about the Metaverse and NFT. At that time, Yao Dajun, deputy dean of the School of Intermedia Art at the China Academy of Art, and Guosheng Several experts, including Song Jiaji, President of the Securities Blockchain Research Institute, Tao Rongqi, founder of Metaverse Capital, will discuss the future development opportunities of Metaverse.

C. What is blockchain technology? What are the core components of blockchain technology?

From a technical perspective and an architectural perspective, let me tell you about it in popular language, My understanding of blockchain.

What exactly is blockchain? Block chain, in a word, areaBlockchain is a storage system, and the storage system is more detailed. Blockchain is a distributed storage system without an administrator, and each node owns all data.

What do common storage systems look like?

First, let’s take a look at how to ensure high availability?

Ordinary storage systems usually use "redundancy" to solve high availability problems. As shown in the figure above, if the data can be copied into several copies and redundantly spread to multiple places, high availability can be ensured. If the data in one place is down, there will still be data in another place. For example, the master-slave cluster of MySQL has this principle, and the RAID of the disk also has this principle.

Two points that need to be emphasized here are: data redundancy often causes consistency problems

1. For example, in the master-slave cluster of MySQL, there will actually be a delay in reading and writing. Sometimes, it actually means that there is inconsistency between reading and writing for a short period of time. This is a side effect of data redundancy.

2. The second point is that data redundancy often reduces writing efficiency, because data synchronization also consumes resources. If you look at single-point writing, if two slave libraries are added, the writing efficiency will actually be affected. Ordinary storage systems use redundancy to ensure high data availability.

Then the second question is, can an ordinary storage system perform multiple writes?

The answer is yes, for example, take this picture as an example:

In fact, MySQL can do a master-slave synchronization of dual masters, a master-slave synchronization of dual masters, and two nodes. , and can be written at the same time. If you want to build a multi-machine room and multi-active data center, in fact, multi-machine room and multi-active data center also requires data synchronization. What should be emphasized here is that multi-point writing often leads to consistency issues of write-write conflicts. Taking MySQl as an example, assuming that the attribute of a table is an auto-increment ID, then the data in the database is now 1234, then one of the nodes When writing, a piece of data is inserted, it may become 5. Then these 5 pieces of data are synchronized to another master node. Before the synchronization is completed, if another writing node also inserts a piece of data, it will also generate A piece of data with an auto-incrementing ID of 5 is obtained. Then, after it is generated, it is synchronized to another node, and then when the synchronized data arrives, it will conflict with the two local 5s, and the synchronization will fail, which will cause write consistency conflicts. This problem will occur if there are multiple writes.

How to ensure consistency when writing multiple points?

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D. What do legal professionals think about the blockchain that everyone is paying attention to?

As a mechanism for allocating social resources, law is determined by the objective requirements of social and economic development and directly affects the entire process of economic operation. It can simplify the complexity of social relationships, save transaction costs, and help members of society conduct transactions safely, standardized, and orderly.
Blockchain technology is based on a legal framework and presetsAutomatically executed smart contracts make transaction information more secure and transparent, and data more traceable, greatly reducing the cost of legal enforcement, showing that law and technology complement each other, and law and economy are integrated, making legal constraints and enforcement gradually Toward intelligence.
What is blockchain?
Blockchain is an innovative application model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies in the Internet era.
Blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger database. It itself is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic correlation. Each data block contains information on the effective confirmation of multiple Bitcoin network transactions, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next zone. piece.
Foreign legal regulations on blockchain
Since blockchain technology itself is still in the exploratory stage and has not been applied on a large scale, only some countries have introduced special legislation for blockchain technology. .
United States
Vermont and Arizona passed bills to clearly define and support blockchain technology for public use. The bill stipulates the usage specifications of blockchain and smart contracts, and also declares all regulations related to the district. Blockchain-related data are “considered to be in electronic format and become electronic records,” which the state recognizes.
UK
"Distributed Ledger Technology: Beyond Blockchain" mentioned that the British federal government will invest in blockchain technology to analyze the potential of blockchain in traditional financial industries.
Singapore
The government supports financial technology companies such as blockchain technology and has launched a regulatory sandbox to provide a more tolerant development environment for blockchain start-ups.
my country’s legal regulations on blockchain
In addition to the above-mentioned policies for the blockchain itself, the international community has introduced a series of regulatory regulations for virtual currencies such as Bitcoin.
In our country, in addition to policies for the trading and financing of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, the government has also issued many policy regulations for blockchain.
On December 27, 2016, blockchain technology was included in the State Council’s “Notice on Issuing the National Informatization Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan”. At the same time, the State Council also issued a document "my country's Blockchain Industry is Expected to Lead the World" to support the healthy development of blockchain.
The "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Actively Promoting Supply Chain Innovation and Application" mentioned that research and use of emerging technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence will be conducted to establish a credit evaluation mechanism based on the supply chain. Promote the organic docking of various supply chain platforms and strengthen the disclosure and sharing of information such as credit ratings, credit records, risk warnings, illegal and untrustworthy behaviors.
The legal risks of blockchain technology in the eyes of lawyers
As a distributed system, blockchain is an innovative application in the field of technology. Judging from the current exploration results, its technical concept can provide various benefits to various industries. Industry development brings huge changes.
However, since the law has not yetClear industry standards and applicable specifications have been issued for blockchain. Therefore, there will still be issues such as national supervision and legal regulation in the future.
Taking Bitcoin as a typical digital currency as an example, the first thing it faces is regulatory issues. Digital currencies such as Bitcoin developed based on blockchain technology are logically decentralized and opposed to centralized supervision.
Secondly, the application of blockchain technology also has to face huge risks. Still taking Bitcoin as an example, loss, theft, attacks, speculation, money laundering and various disturbances, doubts and incidents have always accompanied the development of Bitcoin.
The widespread application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contracts. The so-called smart contracts define commitments in the form of digital coding. The two parties to the transaction do not need to trust each other, and all transactions are enforced by code.
However, the form of smart contracts and the effectiveness of their contents have not been officially recognized by law and justice. It is not yet clear whether the contract text embodied in the form of digital encoding can constitute the requirements for a valid contract. Whether it can meet the authenticity, legality and validity of the evidence to be admitted in the judicial process.
Due to its decentralized nature, blockchain technology’s own rules will inevitably conflict and contradict with social rules and national legal rules. It is precisely conflicts and contradictions, risks and problems that can inspire more Motivation and imagination, including social, national and individual motivation and imagination.
Virtual currencies developed based on the application of blockchain technology have posed huge challenges to the legal currencies and financial systems of various countries during their transactions, and have caused investment risks and even social problems.

E. What fields can blockchain be applied to?

Financial applications: Blockchain has inherent advantages in the financial field. On the Internet, this is the gene of blockchain. decided.
(1) Insurance business: With the development of blockchain technology, in the future, personal health status, accident records and other information may be uploaded to the blockchain, allowing insurance companies to be more timely and accurate when customers apply for insurance. Accurately obtain risk information to reduce underwriting costs and improve efficiency. The shared and transparent characteristics of the blockchain reduce information asymmetry and the risk of adverse selection; while its historical traceability characteristics are conducive to reducing moral hazard, thereby reducing the difficulty and cost of insurance management.
(2) Asset securitization: The business pain point in this field lies in the fact that the authenticity of the underlying assets cannot be guaranteed; there are many participating entities, multiple operating links, low transaction transparency, and information asymmetry, making it difficult to control risks. The pain point of data lies in the low efficiency of transfers between participants, the clearing and reconciliation of funds between parties’ trading systems often requires a lot of manpower and material resources, and there are multiple online and offline channels for asset repayment, making it impossible to monitor the true status of assets, and there are still assets After the package is formed, the trust of all parties in the transaction chain in the authenticity and accuracy of the underlying asset data is an issue.
(3) Digital bills: The pain points in this field lie in three risk issues. Operational risk due to system centralization, once there is a problem with the central server, the entire market will be paralyzed; market risk, according to statistics, in 2016, there were seven risk events involving hundreds of millions of dollars, involving multiple banks; moral hazard, there is "one vote" in the market "Sell too much", false commercial bills and other incidents. Blockchain's disintermediation, system stability, consensus mechanism, and non-tampering characteristics reduce operational risks, market risks, and moral hazards in traditional centralized systems (4) Cross-border payments: The pain point in this field is the long payment cycle , high fees and low transaction transparency. The third-party payment company is the center to complete the accounting, settlement and liquidation in the payment process, and the payment cycle is long. For example, the payment cycle for cross-border payments is more than three days, and the cost is high. The blockchain is deintermediated, transactions are open, transparent and cannot be tampered with. No third-party payment institutions are involved, which shortens the payment cycle, reduces fees and increases transaction transparency.
(5) Credit management: The pain points in this field are the lack of data sharing, the asymmetry of information between credit agencies and users; the formal market-oriented data collection channels are limited, and the battle for data sources consumes a lot of costs; the problem of data privacy protection is prominent , the traditional technical architecture is difficult to meet new requirements, etc. In the field of credit reporting, blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, trustlessness, timestamps, asymmetric encryption and smart contracts. At the technical level, it ensures that limited and controllable credit can be achieved on the basis of effectively protecting data privacy. Data sharing and verification.
(6) Supply chain finance: The pain points in this field are the long financing cycle and high costs. Centered on the core enterprise system of the supply chain, it is difficult for third-party credit enhancement institutions to authenticate the authenticity of various relevant vouchers in the supply chain, resulting in long manual review times and high financing costs. The blockchain's deintermediation, consensus mechanism, and non-tampering characteristics eliminate the need for third-party credit enhancement agencies to verify the authenticity of various relevant certificates in the supply chain, reducing financing costs and shortening the financing cycle.
(7) Asset securitization: The business pain point in this field lies in the fact that the authenticity of the underlying assets cannot be guaranteed; there are many participating entities, multiple operating links, low transaction transparency, and information asymmetry, making it difficult to control risks. The pain point of data lies in the low efficiency of transfers between participants, the clearing and reconciliation of funds between parties’ trading systems often requires a lot of manpower and material resources, and there are multiple online and offline channels for asset repayment, making it impossible to monitor the true status of assets, and there are still assets After the package is formed, the trust of all parties in the transaction chain in the authenticity and accuracy of the underlying asset data is an issue. Blockchain's deintermediation, consensus mechanism, and non-tampering characteristics increase data flow efficiency, reduce costs, monitor the true status of assets in real time, and ensure the trust of all parties in the transaction chain in the underlying assets.
Applications:
(1) Blockchain + Medical: In the medical field, blockchain can use its anonymity, decentralization and other characteristics to protect patient privacy. Electronic health records (EHR), DNA wallets, drug anti-counterfeiting, etc. are all possible application areas of blockchain technology. IBM predicted in last year's report that 56% of the world'sof medical institutions will invest in blockchain technology by 2020.
(2) Blockchain + Internet of Things: The Internet of Things is a very broad concept. If communications, energy management, supply chain management, sharing economy, etc. are included, the Internet of Things application of blockchain technology will become a very important application field.
(3) Blockchain + IP Copyright & Culture and Entertainment: The Internet is developing better and better, and digital music, digital books, digital videos, digital games, etc. have gradually become mainstream. The rise of the knowledge economy has made intellectual property rights a core element of market competition. However, intellectual property infringement is serious in the current Internet ecosystem, and the copyright protection of digital assets has become a pain point in the industry. Blockchain has the characteristics of disintermediation, consensus mechanism, and non-tampering. Blockchain technology can effectively integrate all aspects of the cultural and entertainment value chain, accelerate circulation, and shorten the value creation cycle; at the same time, the value of digital content can be realized Transfer, and ensure that the transfer process is credible, auditable and transparent, effectively preventing piracy and other behaviors.
(4) Blockchain + Public Services & Education: In the fields of public services, education, charity and public welfare, issues such as file management, identity (qualification) certification, and public trust all exist objectively. The traditional method is to rely on A credible third party provides credit endorsement, but problems such as fraud and deficiencies still exist. Blockchain technology can ensure the integrity, permanence and unchangeability of all data, and thus can effectively solve the difficulties and pain points in these industries in terms of certificate storage, tracking, association, and backtracking.

F. Fang Gang said: Several misunderstandings about the blockchain

On August 2, 2017, viaBTC dug out the first block larger than 1M in history. Since then, Bitcoin has split into two chains: BTC and BCC. In essence, BCC is a new currency due to the implementation of UAHF, which is also in line with Satoshi Nakamoto's original intention.
BCC is a network fork of Bitcoin
In fact, BCC is a network fork of Bitcoin, which is an incorrect interpretation. The Bitcoin network itself operates stably and there is no fork at all. BCC is internationally defined as a new currency that appears by copying the Bitcoin blockchain and changing certain codes. Not only that, BCC does not meet the definition of a Bitcoin network fork, because BTC and BCC are two completely different chains.
The entire Bitcoin network information failed to be synchronized on one chain, and two (multiple) identical Bitcoin blockchain networks appeared. Both networks have a large number of miners mining, and in two different Transactions that occur on the network cannot be synchronized with each other, resulting in two parallel chains with exactly the same difficulty. This is called a fork.
The problem of developer centralization
Bitcoin once had a three-year expansion dispute due to the problem of developer centralization, which made the Bitcoin community restless. As the twin brother of Bitcoin, BCC also faces this problem. The community is worried that the history of Bitcoin’s expansion dispute will repeat itself on BCC in the future.. The community mistakenly believes that the only team responsible for the BCC development team is Bitcoin ABC. The single development team will inevitably lead to the problem of developer centralization.
But in fact, BCC currently has four development teams, namely Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Classic, Bitcoin Unlimited, and Bitcoin ABC. They are all competitors in the Bitcoin expansion plan, and have now developed compatible versions of BCC.
These four development teams basically include the teams that support large blocks in the Bitcoin expansion debate. Not only that, this can also ensure competition between development teams, and is also expected to attract more development teams to join. into their ranks.
BCC is controlled by an organization
ViaBTC founded by Yang Haipo is the first trading platform in the world to launch BCC, and he is also the first person to mine BCC. The first block was mined by ViaBTC. The community is worried that BCC is controlled by a centralized block and has become a political tool for some people.
But in fact, BCC is the product of Bitcoin’s three-year expansion battle. It is a decentralized digital currency supported by a huge community of big block supporters. It is Bitcoin’s Altcoins. Segregated verification has been removed, the block size limit of 1M has been removed, and the on-chain expansion route has been adhered to.

G. What is blockchain

What is blockchain? What changes will it bring to your future life?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods related to each other. Each data block generated contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

In fact, the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper does not appear in the word blockchain, but uses chain of blocks. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.

The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-transformable. Fake distributed ledger.

So in conclusion, this is undoubtedly a new life-changingTechnology, the production activities of the entire society in the future will be carried out with blockchain as the underlying logic. We can have many things at our fingertips. Coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence and big data, we can easily handle things that may seem cumbersome now. things, such as some securities market transactions, and intelligent matching of financial management activities.

To put it simply, blockchain is a network computing center that integrates people, property, machines, and goods, and packages them into a whole; putting it on an infrastructure to run.

H. I have been learning about mobile blockchain recently. Is there anyone who understands blockchain?

Blockchain is composed of a series of block links generated using cryptographic algorithms. , so it is called blockchain.
Each block is filled with transaction records, and the blocks are connected in order to form a chain structure, which is the blockchain ledger.
Blockchain technology divides the data that needs to be stored in the database into different blocks. Taking Bitcoin as an example, when miners generate a new block, they need to calculate the new hash value and random number based on the hash value of the previous block, the new transaction block and the random number. Each block passes a specific The information is linked to the back of the previous block and connected in chronological order to present a complete set of data. That is to say, each block is generated based on the data of the previous block. This mechanism ensures the uniqueness of the blockchain data.
Each blockchain database is essentially a chain of events connected in chronological order. It is authenticated using the cryptographic mechanism specified in the protocol to ensure that it will not be tampered with or forged. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.
Blockchain technology has three obvious characteristics: publicity, security and uniqueness.
Publicity mainly means that the information stored in the blockchain is completely open to all participants. This is mainly determined by the blockchain point-to-point network storage method. In the blockchain network, each node can store a copy of the blockchain, and the uniqueness of the blockchain can ensure that this copy is consistent between different nodes. exactly the same.
Security mainly means that the information stored in the blockchain block is saved after being processed by digital encryption technology. Only the holder of the private key can decrypt the information to obtain the real information. Other members can only see and verify the integrity and uniqueness of the information, but cannot see the real information.
The uniqueness feature is mainly due to the fact that once the information on the blockchain cannot be tampered with, it is unique. Of course, the uniqueness mentioned here also includes uniqueness in space, that is, all nodes have only one version of the same information, and uniqueness in time, that is, historical data cannot be changed. This uniqueness also refers to the characteristic that the blockchain maintains only one main chain during its operation. Once other chains appear, there will be a fork. The emergence of forks will cause the blockchain to appear in two different spatial dimensions. Of course, solving this problem requires setting reasonable consensus rules.to avoid.
There is no distinction between mobile and non-mobile terminals in blockchain. If there is, it would be a gimmick.

I. Cai Esheng: The core of financial technology is still artificial intelligence and blockchain

Financial website news In 2020, the sudden epidemic broke people’s normal life. The global economy has undergone turbulent changes and uncertainty has increased significantly. China's financial industry has encountered huge challenges. In the same year, bank wealth management subsidiaries were born, financial technology empowerment is in full swing, wealth management transformation is surging, and the fund industry is facing unprecedented changes. Big wind outlet. On December 10, the 5th Smart Finance International Forum and the 2020 Financial Industry Leadership Annual Ceremony hosted by the financial industry were held in Beijing. Hundreds of financial industry figures gathered together to discuss the digital transformation and development of the financial industry and the role of financial technology in wealth management. We conducted in-depth and pragmatic discussions and exchanges on topics such as application in the field, the era of public funds, and the future of pension finance.

Mr. Cai Esheng, former Vice Chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, attended the forum and delivered a speech on the theme of "Financial Intelligence and Financial Technology Development Trends". Cai Esheng said that the development of financial technology and financial intelligence are a very hot topic. In the past two years, the development of financial technology has shown leaps and bounds, but it has also encountered some problems. He pointed out that whether it is financial development, smart finance or financial technology, they are actually designed to serve the development of the real economy.

Regarding the development of the financial industry, Cai Esheng expressed his four views:

First, innovation is a core position in future development and is also a new development concept. Article 1. One direction of the financial support innovation system is to promote the industrialization and scale of new technological achievements. The concept of financial development should be clarified. This is the next step for the financial industry and financial system to solve.

Second, it is necessary to build a mechanism and system for finance to effectively support the real economy, improve the level of science and technology, and enhance financial inclusion. Finance should be a leading industry that uses science and technology to improve service capabilities. As for financial technology itself, we must actively use technological means and intelligence to develop around improving efficiency and quality.

Third, the core of financial technology is artificial intelligence and blockchain. The 14th Five-Year Plan proposes to promote the deep integration of various industries such as the Internet, big data, and artificial intelligence, promote "digital industrialization" and "industrial digitization", and promote the integration of the digital economy and the real economy. Then, the intelligence of the financial industry must be synchronized with the development of the digital economy of the entire society and the digital demand of all walks of life, or even higher than it. How to solve the problem of multi-level services under the contradiction of imbalance and insufficiency needs to be taken into consideration.

Fourth, financial development must not only improve service levels, but also solve security problems and prevent risks. For the future development of Internet finance, there are five points to consider:Issues such as network security, civil competition and antitrust, new types of too-big-to-fail, ownership of data rights and international coordination of cross-border data flows.