区块链演化路径有哪些,区块链演化路径是什么

区块链演化路径是指区块链技术在不同的阶段及其发展过程，包括公链、联盟链、私链、跨链等，是区块链技术演化的重要路径。下面我们来介绍三个关键词：公链、联盟链、跨链。

公链：公链是一种开放的、去中心化的分布式账本，它不属于任何一个具体的组织或者个人，而是由网络中的节点共同维护，是一种完全公开的区块链技术。公链的发展是区块链技术发展的开端，它是基于去中心化的原理，节点可以自由加入和退出，每个节点都可以拥有网络的完整拷贝，可以自由地参与网络的交易，确保网络的安全性。

联盟链：联盟链是一种私有的区块链技术，也叫做受信任的区块链，它是一个由特定的机构或组织构成的网络，由这些机构或组织共同维护，只有特定的机构或组织才能加入该网络，只有这些机构或组织的成员才能参与网络中的交易，这样可以保证网络的安全性。联盟链的出现，可以结合公链的安全性和私有链的灵活性，更好地满足企业的需求，可以帮助企业实现数据的共享和可信存储。

跨链：跨链技术是一种能够让不同链上的资产相互转移的技术，它可以让不同的区块链网络之间建立联系，让不同的链上的资产可以在不同的链上自由流通，实现资产的跨链转移。跨链的出现，可以让不同的区块链网络之间的资产可以自由流通，实现资产的跨链转移。跨链技术的发展，可以帮助区块链技术实现真正的去中心化，让不同的区块链网络可以互相连接，形成一个真正的去中心化的网络。

以上就是区块链演化路径的三个关键词：公链、联盟链、跨链，它们是区块链技术发展的重要路径，可以帮助我们更好地理解区块链技术的发展历程，从而更好地利用区块链技术。

请查看相关英文文档

㈠ A popular explanation of what blockchain is

Question 1: What is blockchain? Can you explain the principles of 10-point blockchain in plain language: Decentralized distributed accounting system
The core of blockchain technology is that all currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement, Payment transactions can be performed directly without the involvement of a third party.
?
Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block, and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, specifically including the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to realize the past The order of transactions; random numbers are the core of transaction completion. All miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.
1.1 What is Blockchain
Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
?
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so farThere have been no transaction errors so far, and it can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has proven to be a safe and reliable system.
?
1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation?
Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to satisfy market participants. There is a demand for information, so intermediaries and centers are born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network, and brings the basic values ​​of freedom and equality required by a global unified market into programmed, protocol-based, and reliably Execution. The Internet eliminates low-value, high-cost intermediate chains and achieves low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner.
?
However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement, and activities that require credit guarantee must be activities involving centralized third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing agencies, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values ​​and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
?
Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let...>>

Question 2: What is blockchain? What does it mean in layman’s terms? What is China’s attitude towards blockchain? What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential applications are very broad and will subvert every aspect of our lives in the future.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. One of the most basic characteristics of Bitcoin is decentralization. In recent months, financial giants have gradually begun to pay attention to this technology of Bitcoin and have used this technology in non-monetary fields, such as stock trading, election voting, etc. (1) Art industry
Artists can use blockchainTechnology to claim ownership and issue numberable, 100% editions of works in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
(2), Real estate industry
Use blockchain technology to solve various problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, agency intermediaries, etc.
(3), Insurance Industry
The financial industry has always been the most sensitive to advanced technology. Traditional banking and securities industry giants have been involved in the booming blockchain venture capital investment since 2014, with the total global investment reaching US$1 billion within two years.
(4) P2P wallet
Personal assets can be traded through this P2P wallet in the future without going through any central institution, such as Bitcoin.
Most blockchains are in their infancy, mainly overseas. There are very few good domestic blockchain projects, so it is not recommended for any non-professionals to invest in blockchain projects. If you are very interested in blockchain technology and have a technical or financial background, it is recommended that you consider starting a business in this area. In terms of the blockchain protocol system, the lowest layer is the underlying technology of the blockchain, including the technical protocols of the blockchain, as well as some platform routing and basic algorithms; in the middle layer, some application interfaces and some credentials must be solved Issuance and verification, including some industry platform services, big data analysis, etc. This is a very rough classification, and there should be more detailed classifications; the top ones are some applications of blockchain, including finance Some applications and some applications in other aspects, the Internet of Things and so on.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the research and development and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment. It has a number of core technologies and has achieved substantial results in many aspects. Radical innovation has resulted in a number of core technological achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains. wait. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.
A simple understanding of blockchain is a technology underlying Bitcoin, which is also a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that can realize peer-to-peer value delivery. We should distinguish between Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain and blockchain. Blockchain technologyConcepts such as technology. In countries with relatively developed finance in the past, finance and blockchain technology have a long history, and the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks is also very important. With the advent of the financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchain technology. They have their own teams and conceptual technologies. Slowly, banks in various regions are also participating in digital currency discussions. The application and support of this technology are not only that. The influence of blockchain on enterprises is also huge. For larger domestic enterprises, Bubi Blockchain is also used in various equity, supply chain, points and other fields. Major domestic financial institutions and enterprises have taken a fancy to the new industry. value, they have developed their own blockchain platforms, and blockchain has instantly become a new innovative industry in China. In terms of overseas internationalization, the United States has already obtained 15 blockchain patents at the end of last year compared to China. Blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will also become more and more profound. It has attracted more and more attention and will form a huge new trend... >>

Question 3: What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. Data blockchain is an important concept in the Bitcoin financial system. It records transaction record data on the entire Bitcoin network, and these data are shared by all Bitcoin nodes. Through the data block, we can query each transaction record. A look at the history of Bitcoin transactions. 2. Example: There are three persons A, B, and C. All funds of A and B are kept by C. And every financial transaction must be recorded by C. Now assume that A and B each have 1 million in custody of C. Then: A spends 80,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 80,000 yuan from A's name, and add 80,000 yuan to B's name. If B transfers 50,000 yuan to A, C will add 50,000 yuan to A's name and subtract 50,000 yuan to B's name in the account book. A spends 50,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 50,000 yuan from A's name, and add 50,000 yuan to B's name. 3. The role of the data blockchain is similar to that of C’s account record book. It records the user’s ownership of Bitcoin and the records of all users’ Bitcoin transactions. It’s just that this “account record book” is recorded by the mining software of every Bitcoin miner on the network. If a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain. Bitcoin’s “account record book” is called the data blockchain. All data blockchains on the network form Bitcoin’s distributed network database system. 4. The essence of data blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed structure of data storage, transmission and certification methods. It uses data blocks to replace the current Internet's dependence on central servers, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded. On a cloud system, the self-certification of data during data transmission is theoretically realized. In a far-reaching sense, this transcends the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that relies on a center and reduces the cost of establishing global "credit."This point-to-point verification will produce a "basic protocol", a new form of distributed artificial intelligence, and will establish a new interface and shared interface for human brain intelligence and machine intelligence.

Question 4: What is blockchain: This explanation of blockchain is more understandable. Blockchain refers to a technology that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. plan.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. WeChat’s account books are kept by Tencent, and Taobao’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write his recorded content into the ledger, and record this Within a period of time, the contents of the ledger are sent to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. In this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology has become the darling of the financial community in China and has become a hot topic. Domestic Puyin Group has launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency.

Question 5: Explain in an easy-to-understand manner what blockchain is. Blockchain can be understood as a database system in a sense. The development of blockchain can be divided into 1.0 and 2.0
1.0 is represented by Bitcoin, and its main application is virtual currency or digital currency application. The blockchain at this time can only be used for simple digital currency transactions.
2.0 is represented by the now popular ethereum (Ethereum) and the upcoming hyperledger. The blockchain at this stage can not only meet the corresponding digital currency transactions, but also use smart contracts to customize currency or asset transactions. If we use the database analogy, the emergence of smart contracts can be understood as allowing users to define functions or stored procedures in the database and call and execute them.
Different from traditional databases, the blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, incentive mechanism, p2p (network), hash and other specific elements, making it open, decentralized and non-tamperable. characteristic.

Question 6: What is blockchain? Can anyone explain it in simple terms? Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is like a ledger that records all transactions. It has decentralization. What is decentralization? For example, when you buy something on Taobao, you place an order and pay in Alipay, etc.After you receive the goods, Alipay will transfer the money to the seller. Alipay is the third party in that center. Without it, it means decentralization, just like buying things offline. If you pay with one hand and get the goods with the other hand, there is no third party.
The blockchain itself is a series of cryptographically related data blocks generated.
Look carefully to see if it looks like a ledger. The pieces one by one are blocks, and connected together they are the blockchain.
Many companies are developing this technology, including ours, and its prospects are incredible. For details, you can go to our official website and hope to adopt it, thank you

Question 7: What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain? How to explain the concept of blockchain? People in each industry have different understandings, and relevant explanations are gradually emerging due to more and more real-life applications. With the popularization of this blockchain technology, the related results are getting bigger and bigger. If we want to understand this technology, we must have an in-depth understanding of reality.
In the past six months, the concept of blockchain has gradually become popular in China, and a blockchain whirlwind has taken off in the financial circle. Blockchain has attracted the attention and favor of more and more people in the industry due to its unique technical advantages. Blockchain technology, which is decentralized (or multi-centered), highly transparent, cannot be tampered with, and has no single point of failure, is entering the field of vision of financial institutions and enterprises. It has at least been used in digital currency, payment exchange, registration and settlement, Digital assets, traceability and anti-counterfeiting, supply chain, Internet of Things and many other fields have moved from theoretical discussions to practical applications.
"Blockchain" was first introduced with "Bitcoin" released in early 2009. Blockchain has become the basic protocol and technical application for the launch, recording, and circulation of Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin has been controversial since its inception and cannot even be regarded as a "currency" by governments and monetary authorities, the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin has been recognized by governments, including governments and monetary authorities. extensive attention.
Why has blockchain become a rapidly heating up hot technology and topic?
The most important of these may be that the launch of Bitcoin based on blockchain technology has opened up a new relationship with traditional society ( The exploration and attempt of brand-new technologies and rule systems such as Internet user identity verification, wealth confirmation, transaction records, notarization and verification, which have little connection with offline) and are fully applied in the online world (online), provide people with the opportunity to adapt to the Internet society. Development provides alternative paths and unlimited imagination.
Judging from its application in Bitcoin, blockchain is a set of new network blocks (BLOCK, also called communities) formed by combining encryption technology with the Internet. Bitcoin configuration, netizen identity verification, and Bitcoin (value) confirmation formed by mining, Bitcoin transaction records, and extended encryption of Bitcoin cross-block flow (value transfer) (added block and transaction time identification, etc. Factors) registration and verification, etc., block connection (Blockchain (i.e. blockchain), fully encrypted, mutually authenticated Internet protocol rules and accounting (Ledger) system. Precisely because Bitcoin is not a substitute for offline legal currency, but is issued and managed by non-legal currency authorities, mainly imitating the model of gold, and is completely new and decentralized protected and supported by basic Internet protocols and strict encryption technology. Internet currency (virtual currency) has thus formed a new set of currency rules and systems that are different from and not subject to real social laws, and can be bought, sold or exchanged with legal currency. It has been more than 8 years since Bitcoin was launched. There has been no record of funds or user information being stolen. Its security has been verified, and its efficiency and cost of fund settlement also have obvious advantages. This has made people's confidence in the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin continue to increase, and people have become more and more aware that although blockchain is a technology and protocol pioneered and applied by Bitcoin, the blockchain Chain is not the same as Bitcoin, and its application is by no means limited to Bitcoin. The application of blockchain can be decentralized or centralized; it can be a public chain model or a private chain model. Therefore, after Bitcoin, blockchain technology is also constantly developing and innovating, and constantly exploring new application fields, especially in the financial field.
The reason why blockchain is valued highly by more and more people is because the development and widespread application of the Internet have caused more and more economic exchanges and transaction activities to be conducted online, and the online world (or online world) society) is rapidly expanding, enriching and active, and online transactions must solve the efficiency and security protection issues of the parties' identity verification, value verification, transaction records, inspection and verification, etc., and require strict intermediaries and agreements (rules or constitutions). In this regard, traditional thinking and customary practices are to follow the development trajectory of the transfer of offline transactions to online and push the common rules and practices of the real (offline) society to the online (network) society. However, in practice, it is increasingly It is difficult to adapt to the needs of online transactions.
For example, for the identity verification of the parties, the natural choice is to use the information on the identity documents protected by the laws of various countries as the basis, and then add account or transaction passwords, as well as facial recognition, iris, fingerprints and other biometrics to conduct online transactions. Verification, but this method first makes the citizen identity information in the cross-border interconnected online world subject to the administrative jurisdiction of real society... >>

Question 8: Easy to understand Explain clearly what is blockchain. The English name of blockchain is Blockchain. Block literally means block, block, and chain means chain, chain. Therefore, together they are translated into blockchain.
1. Use cryptography technology to encrypt and decrypt so that records cannot be tampered with. Common blockchain encryption methods include hash algorithm, RSA algorithm, elliptic curve algorithm, etc.;
2. Huge amount of calculation is requiredIt is supported by a reasonable reward mechanism. Because every transaction must be recorded, Bitcoin’s blockchain has more than 60 gigabytes so far. Every new transaction requires confirmation of the information related to the trading account to ensure that the transaction is valid. The huge amount of calculation requires a computer with powerful computing power to complete.
In order to encourage the participation of powerful computing power, Bitcoin provides two rewards: one is to issue a certain number of Bitcoins to these computers every day; instead, all transfer fees are awarded to these computers. (The technical term for these computers is "mining machines", and the people who hold the mining machines are called "miners".)
Biying China is working hard on asset digitization and launched the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China.

Question 9: What is the so-called "blockchain"? Blockchain itself is a tool called decentralization and trustlessness. For example, when you graduate from university, the current practice is to have a certificate recognized and issued by an authoritative agency as your certificate. This setting is more troublesome, because this is a piece of paper, and paper can be forged, so there will be various gaps. The issuing authority is also a person, and there will be various gaps in the middle. As long as it is related to people, whoever There are various possibilities related to media. The blockchain provides a great opportunity. As soon as you graduate, you will have a record on the blockchain. No one can change this record. This thing exists objectively. You, as a physical existence , and then as a data existence, the blockchain was born. In this case, anyone who wants to check where you graduated can easily solve the problem. This is similar to the big data often involved in social networking (WeChat) and payment platforms (Alipay, Yibao).

Question 10: What does blockchain mean? Regarding blockchain, I think you have already seen the concept on the Internet. Let me explain it based on my understanding!
First, let’s talk about its characteristics: 1. Openness and transparency 2. Decentralization 3. Anonymity 4. Information cannot be tampered with, eliminated 5. No trust cost
Blockchain is like a public ledger , everyone has the right to record and read it, and everyone will jointly supervise to ensure its accuracy, and the recorded content will be saved permanently and can only be added but not deleted! However, as the number of blocks continues to increase, costs will increase and efficiency will decrease. (I’m not sure whether technology can be used to make up for this. I hope someone who understands technology can point it out.)
Blockchain is divided into public chain, private chain, and alliance chain. Public chain: accessible to everyone, everyone has read and write permissions, completely open, transparent and decentralized. Private chain: Open to individuals or institutions, in which the owner of the private chain can set various permissions to make it partially centralized. Alliance chain: Open to specific organizations or groups, it is also "partially decentralized". According to the account book at the beginning, members can view and transact, but cannot record and confirm the account.Single, or requires permission from the alliance. (The latter two do not have cost and efficiency issues)
Regarding blockchain, countries have begun to recruit talents in this area. For this, you can search online for "Central Bank Recruiting Digital Currency R&D Personnel". In addition, you can increase your understanding of blockchain by understanding its existing applications. What we usually refer to generally refers to public chains. Currently, those used abroad include Bitcoin, Ethereum and other domestic blockchains. Chain
1. Open and transparent: Every piece of data is verified by everyone and can be viewed by everyone at any time.
2. Decentralization: For example, when we shop on Taobao, we conduct transactions through the intermediary Taobao, and blockchain allows both supply and demand parties to directly contact each other for direct transactions through blockchain technology.
3. Anonymity: No personal privacy information is required to complete transactions on the blockchain, only your unique alphanumeric signature is required.
4. Information cannot be tampered with or deleted: Once the data has been verified and recorded, no one has the authority to modify it, let alone delete it!
5. No trust cost: The trust crisis in reality will not appear in the blockchain. Transactions in the blockchain do not require you to trust the other party. Only when both of you have enough "digital assets" to trade can it be carried out, and Under the supervision of the entire network, transactions will not be broken. If you have no idea about the cost of trust, just think about how many intermediaries there are in your city, or just think about Jack Ma, and you will know how big the cost of trust is.
I am still learning more about blockchain. I am Li Ailin. If you have any questions, you can discuss and learn together!

㈡ Zhao Dawei, founder of TokenX.Group: Research and judge the 7 levels of the Token economic system

In the Token economy, the most important ones are social entrepreneurs and token economic designers.

Last Saturday, Blockchain Catcher held the first Catcher Salon. This salon invited four Token economy industry experts to discuss "how to design a Token Economic System" Share your own practice or research experience

This article is the second part of the salon series of sharing content. I hope it can inspire you who are concerned about the Token economy

Send.

This article is shared by Zhao Dawei. Zhao Dawei is the initiator of the blockchain project TokenX.Group, an investor in early

blockchain projects, a researcher of blockchain and Token economics, a former partner of Hejun Consulting, and the author of the best-selling book "Internet

Author of "Network Thinking, Dugu Nine Swords".

Nowadays, many people are engaged in blockchain and currency issuance, but I don’t know if you have ever thought about whether blockchain is reallyThe

represents the future? If it is short-lived, will we become a joke? If it is not a flash in the pan, what is the supporting logic behind

? I'll try to answer this question.

What is the fundamental driving force of evolution in human history? The textbook says that the driving force behind the continuous advancement of human history

is the irreconcilable contradiction between production relations and productivity. The latter is translated as the wealth creation mechanism. Therefore

Therefore,

So what is the essence of wealth? The essence of wealth is a right, a right to dispose of assets and labor

Rights, but it has different forms of expression in different times. Assets are the form of expression of wealth, currency
/>
is a symbol of wealth. In the agricultural era, wealth was embodied in food and crops. In the industrial era, wealth was embodied in equipment and factories. So what about the blockchain era?

For Token, different people will give different rights and interests. If you want this Token to be more valuable, you must

Project the benefits obtained by this organization as much as possible Go in.

So I think,

�

First of all, it must have the attribute of right of use,

When it is exclusive When the right of use is exchanged for general use rights in the value network, its essential attribute is currency

; when this kind of use right projects equity in according to the logic of constant total amount, it has Attributes of equity

. This kind of "penetrating effect" Token is an asset that transcends equity and debt.

I think only tokens designed in this way will have more incentive value.

What is the logic of this? Consumers and investors take over each other's orders. This was difficult to do in the past

, but it can be done in the Token era. This is a more flexible right, which is also the charm of Token

Location.

Next, let me talk about the first Token in the blockchain world: Bitcoin. Through the Bitcoin we are most familiar with, let’s look at a Token economic system. logic.

Let us first review the history of paper currency.

Paper money in the modern sense began in 1696 when the BritishGland Joint Stock Bank. During the "Nine

Years' War" between Britain and France, the British royal family was unable to make ends meet and kept borrowing money from the wealthy, but was unable to repay it in time, so

the British royal family issued its own Make government bonds, use these government bonds to mortgage loans, promise the interest on the bonds,

and also promise that these bonds can be used to pay taxes.

But the rich in Britain feel that this is actually letting the rich bear the risks and responsibilities for the government's wars and deficits.

They believe that these risks should be shared by all citizens. , so the Bank of England was collectively established, jointly funded by

1,208 shareholders, and the bank would lend the 1.2 million pounds raised by the shareholders to the government, on the condition that

allow The bonds issued by this bank circulate as formal currency, replacing or partially replacing the

circulation of the original gold and silver currency.

No longer using real gold and silver to mint coins, but using white paper to print currency. What does this mean? In the era of hard currency

, minters could at best use tricks to reduce the fineness of gold and silver coins and obtain "seigniorage" from them. For example

Nowadays, the government can madly seize "seigniorage" by printing money. As long as the government writes an IOU, the bank can start printing money. shopping.

At this time, what supports the value of currency is no longer wealth, but the government's credit. As long as everyone believes that the government's

bond currency (IOU) is valuable, it is valuable. Although the government may have written too many IOUs, and therefore continue to

concentrate real wealth in the hands of the government, the bond currency in the hands of the people is just a symbol of wealth

That’s all.

This is actually an exploitative system. How does it manifest?

In the first case, for example, if the government wants to issue banknotes, Bank A can get the currency first because it is a bank, and then it can lend money at a higher rate than the central bank. The interest rate lent to the lender. If the central bank's loan interest rate is

1% at this time, then Bank A will definitely lend to the actual lender at an interest rate greater than 1%. Assuming it is 3%, the actual interest rate at this time

The interest rate on the loan is 4%.

A businessman aims to pursue profits, so when he invests this loan in the production of commodities, the sales price of the commodities

will naturally include this 4%., so the people at the end of the chain must pay

for this 4% loan interest rate.

In the second case, suppose there is a small island. You can buy all the goods and services on the island with 1,000 yuan.

At this time, each unit of currency corresponds to The goods and services are certain. If the government of this island issues another

thousand yuan of currency, it will be equivalent to the depreciation of the currency held by everyone. The original 10 yuan can buy 10 yuan

money, but now 1 can only buy 5 yuan, which means that the purchasing power has decreased, so who gets

the benefits?

This is also an exploitation model. This model was infinitely copied and amplified by the British government at that time. Every time it occupied a

colony, the British immediately introduced the pound monetary system. , constantly printing money, and

continuously transferring local wealth to the British government. Why did the British government become the "Empire on which the Sun Never Sets"? Fundamentally

bond currency plays an important role.

After the two world wars, the U.S. dollar replaced the former pound as the world currency, which meant that the U.S. government began

to issue IOUs as a bond currency such as the U.S. dollar.

At the beginning of the Bretton Woods system, in order to establish the hegemony of the U.S. dollar, the U.S. government made a commitment to the world

to lock the currencies of various countries in the U.S. dollar, and the U.S. dollar Lock in gold at an exchange rate of 1 ounce of gold for every 35 US dollars.

But the situation is not that simple. After World War II, the United States foolishly got involved in the Korean War and the Vietnam War one after another.

These two wars cost the United States a huge amount of financial resources, especially during the Vietnam War, the United States spent almost 8,000 yuan
< br /> billion US dollars in military spending. At that time, every 35 US dollars corresponded to 1 ounce of gold. The loss of US dollars also meant the loss of gold

.

At that time, President de Gaulle of France said, I no longer believe in the U.S. dollar and asked for gold to be exchanged for it. So other countries

followed France's example and exchanged gold for it, which forced the United States to have no way out at that time. Finally, on August 15, 1971

, then US President Richard Nixon announced the closure of the gold window, decoupling the U.S. dollar from gold.

From this day on, we have entered a real era of paper money. There are no longer precious metals behind the US dollar. It

Backed entirely by the credit of the U.S. government and profiting from around the world. Simply put, Americans can obtain physical wealth from all over the world by printing

a piece of green paper. There has never been anything like this in human history.

There are many ways to obtain wealth in human history, either by exchanging currency, or by exchanging gold or silver,

or by plundering through war, but the cost of war is Very huge.

The U.S. financial crisis in 2008 once again impacted the global economy. Relying on the global purchasing power and financing capacity of the U.S. dollar

the U.S. stimulated the economy at extremely low costs, and soon Although the global economy has recovered from the financial crisis,

it has not returned to the growth level before 2008.

Bitcoin was born in this context. The genesis block of Bitcoin contains the day's "The Times"

The front page title - "The Times03/Jan/2009, Chancellor on brink of second

lout for banks" (January 2009, the chancellor was on the verge of a second bailout for the banks

).

If you want to design an ecosystem, what is the mission of this ecosystem? What group of people have been helped to solve

what problems? This is the most fundamental and basic issue of ecology. When these basic issues are clear, the design of the ecosystem

will be much easier.

In the traditional monetary system, gold, as a physical currency, has high circulation costs (division Troublesome, inconvenient to carry

), and easily controlled by violent agencies. While Bitcoin imitates the logic setting of gold,

At the same time, Bitcoin as a The peer-to-peer electronic cash system does not require a centralized institution to do credit endorsement

. All transaction registrations are carried out by all miners participating in the network. The design of Bitcoin also includes how to prevent

forgery, what kind of logic and rules are used to incentivize it, etc. Its current consensus mechanism is relatively simple, and there will be

details later. There will be more and more consensus mechanisms.

Bitcoin is the first Token in the blockchain world. The design of such an economic system is worthy of reference for all blockchain projects.

There are currently two projects on the market, whichBefore we had Token, we had already done the corresponding things,

and the results were good.

The first one is Qutoutiao, which was launched in June 2016, less than two years ago. This project was recommended to me by my mother

. Many users of Qutoutiao are residents of fourth- and fifth-tier cities. Why are they willing to watch it? Because

they can get 50 gold coins after reading an article. If you forward the article to your circle of friends, if someone passes

and registers for this article, you will also get 50 gold coins. At the same time, Qutoutiao also has a fission machine called Disciple Recruitment

. When your next-level apprentice reads the article, you will also have corresponding gold coin incentives, and the gold coins can be exchanged.

Into cash.

Through these gold coin incentives, Qutoutiao has achieved very successful results. Data at the end of 2017 shows that

Qutoutiao APP has more than 70 million registered users and is active every month. The number of users has reached 30 million, and the number of daily active users has reached 10

. It is now preparing for an IPO in the United States.

Another project is a Kunshan garment enterprise with an annual revenue of several hundred million. This company has an internal rice ticket

system. This rice ticket system will be issued to internal employees and upstream and downstream partners. Many consumers and agents also hold There are rice tickets, which represent the right to dividends. Every year, the company will use a certain amount of profit to distribute dividends based on the amount of rice tickets held

.

What kind of behavior can get rice votes? For example, a certain department wants to organize a training event, but the internal resources

are not enough. The department can offer a reward of 100 meters of tickets, which department is willing to provide a venue, which department

If you are willing to provide a lecturer, then a hundred rice tickets will be given to anyone. Through this method, the company's performance has increased many times

within a few years. In this case summary, rice tickets can actually be regarded as a Token. The only difference is that

its liquidity is not as strong as that of a Token.

The above two examples prove to us:

Before designing a Token economic system, we must first think about what problem we want to solve and how big it will be
< br /> question? Thinking about this issue cannot be limited to a business perspective, but must be viewed from a social perspective.

Based on some grand visions, I think there are a total of 7 levels of issues that need to be considered:

1. What problem to solve - The bigger the problem is, the bigger the cause can be (not limited to business< br />
Industrial perspective, social entrepreneur);

2. Ecological evolution path - business growth logic, what key projects support it;

3. Participating role sorting out - who are the participants: producers, consumers, investors, communicators;

4. Define collaboration rules - how to collaborate between each role;
< br /> 5. Contribution setting - the contribution weight of different participants and the distribution on different timelines;

6. Multi-level incentive mechanism - the rewards of participants are not limited to material Benefits can be designed as needed

Hierarchical reward system (different Tokens can be set);

7. Incentive redemption method - how to ensure that incentives can be redeemed without compromise .

Why is there a multi-level incentive mechanism? Because not everyone is motivated by interests.

For example, some people value money, and some people value fame. Different levels of reporting can be reflected in different

Tokens.

For example, suppose a blockchain media wants to issue tokens and operate them in a token way. According to the 7 levels we just mentioned, you can think about how to solve it. What problems did it solve? How much better than the original model? I

will not fully expand here, but only focus on the key points.

If this blockchain media wants to issue tokens to readers, the more readers read, the more tokens they will get. Then

Do these readers come to this media to receive tokens? What is his first purpose for coming here

? How can the media help readers? For example, if readers want to improve their knowledge of the blind spots of blockchain through blockchain media, then they must have knowledgeable people to contribute to the media in order to meet the needs of readers.

Most of the tokens should be given to the creators of these contents, and a small part can be given to readers. This is a question of weight

If the weight design is biased , it is very likely that this ecology will not be able to grow.

㈢ Blockchain Era: Transformation from Information Internet to Value Internet

Guosen’s Viewpoint

Guosen Overseas Team’s Viewpoint:

As the Internet has developed to the present, its main function is to allow information to circulate on the Internet, and information is spread by copying (A is copied to B). The "ledger" constructed by the blockchain is open, transparent, non-tamperable, peer-to-peer interconnected, and easy to trace, and builds an infrastructure based on a trust mechanism to allow the value of digital assets to circulate efficiently on the Internet, and digital assets occur on the Internet. Transfer of value (transfer from A to B, rather than copying from A to B). We are optimistic about the future of blockchain. However, the most important achievement of blockchain at this stage is the evangelism of ideas. Its emergence allows the market to see the shortcomings of the "Internet of Information" and the trend of the "Internet of Value".

Comments

The relationship between blockchain and Bitcoin

Explaining blockchain, there is no way around Bitcoin. The "invention" of Bitcoin has proven the feasibility of blockchain technology. Bitcoin is not the entirety of blockchain technology, but only one of its applications. Without Bitcoin, it’s possible that blockchain wouldn’t have happened, or at least not anytime soon.

The origin of the word "blockchain" is the "chain of blocks" in the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper. When translated into Chinese, the word "blockchain" is used. As the focus of Bitcoin mining shifts to China, the Chinese market has become the main battlefield for blockchain and Bitcoin. The English domestic market of blockchain is written as "blockchain", which has become a proper noun for the entire blockchain technology in the world. (Noun evolution path: chain of blocks - blockchain - blockchain).

The total amount of Bitcoin is limited, stimulating market speculation

Whether Bitcoin is regarded as a commodity or currency, due to its limited total amount, it stimulates market speculation on Bitcoin. Price, referred to as currency speculation. According to the Bitcoin generation mechanism, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

Bitcoin is the reward after a new block is connected. A block is generated every 10 minutes. A certain number of Bitcoins are rewarded for each block generated. 50 are rewarded in the first four years. The number of Bitcoin rewards is halved every four years, so the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million. Calculation method: {50 X 6 X 24 X 365} X 4 X {1+1/2+. . . . . (1/2)n}=21 million (2.1*107).

Technical principles of blockchain

Blockchain timestamps all transactions through random hashing and merges them into an ever-extending random hash-based, working The proof-of-work chain is used as a transaction record. Unless all the proof-of-work is completed again, the transaction record cannot be changed. There are three steps to form a new block:

1. The miners package the four parts of the "ledger, the header of the previous block, the timestamp, and the random number sequence X" within a period of time intoA block;

2. Through a large number of calculations, the miner adjusts the random number sequence X of the block, generates the composite required hash value, and obtains Bitcoin rewards.

3. Miners connect the new block with the previous block to form a new blockchain.

The number of patents is an important indicator for quantifying blockchain companies at this stage

The global blockchain industry is still in the early stages of development. Most companies are in the conceptual design stage and have no commercialized products. It is difficult for the outside world to objectively evaluate the pros and cons of startup companies. We believe that the number of blockchain invention patents can reflect the potential of each company and is an important indicator for distinguishing blockchain companies through quantitative means at this stage.

Investment advice: Based on the fundamentals of the company, focus on the value of the Internet in the blockchain era

With the development of the Internet to the present, its main function is to allow information to circulate on the Internet, and information can be copied. propagation method (A is copied to B). The "ledger" constructed by the blockchain is open, transparent, non-tamperable, peer-to-peer interconnected, and easy to trace, and builds an infrastructure based on a trust mechanism to allow the value of digital assets to circulate efficiently on the Internet, and digital assets occur on the Internet. Transfer of value (transfer from A to B, rather than copying from A to B). We are optimistic about the future of blockchain. However, the most important achievement of blockchain at this stage is the evangelism of ideas. Its emergence allows the market to see the shortcomings of the "Internet of Information" and the trend of the "Internet of Value".

Realizing the "Internet of Value" requires large-scale application implementation, not a single technology. At this stage, blockchain is still in its early stages of development. We are optimistic about the future of blockchain, but we do not overestimate the present of blockchain.

In the Hong Kong stock market, there are many companies involved in blockchain. Based on the company's fundamentals and the number of blockchain patents, we recommend Tencent Holdings and Launch Technology, maintaining performance forecasts and recommendation ratings.

Tencent (0700.HK): We expect the company’s revenue growth rate from 2019 to 2020 to be 22% and 22%, and net profit growth rate to 23% and 16%, of which NON-GAAP profit growth rate is 15%, 16%. The EPS corresponding to 2019 and 2020 are HK$10.4 and 12.1, and the target valuation range is maintained at 380 to 400 yuan, corresponding to 31 times to 33 times PE in 2020. The overweight rating is maintained.

Launch Technology (2488.HK): We predict that the company’s revenue growth rate from 2019 to 2020 will be 9.7% and 12.2%, and its net profit growth rate will be 69% and 29%, corresponding to EPS of 0.32, 0.42 Hong Kong dollars. We maintain a "buy rating" and recommend a reasonable valuation of HK$8-9, corresponding to 25-28 times PE in 2019.

Risk warning

1. Blockchain concepts cannot be turned into products. 2. The emergence of new technologies causes the blockchain to be falsified. 3. The profits from the company’s existing business cannot support the blockchain for a long time.investment in R&D.

Appendix: Blockchain-related companies in Hong Kong stocks

1. Tencent (0700.HK): There is a dedicated blockchain portal (https://trustsql.qq). On October 19, 2019, Tencent released the "2019 Tencent Blockchain White Paper" to provide an overall introduction to Tencent's blockchain. The solution includes the TrustSQL blockchain underlying platform and Tencent Cloud TBaaS, and displays four Tencent blockchain best practices in detail, including blockchain electronic invoices, micro-enterprise chain, Zhixin chain and blockchain bank draft. Tencent, which focuses on "connection", continues to develop infrastructure construction in the field of blockchain and promotes the implementation of "blockchain+" industry solutions to promote value connections between enterprises and between enterprises and consumers. Through the "blockchain+" model, we empower the financial and real industries, promote the integration of blockchain and industry, and accelerate the construction of industrial blockchain.

2. China Mobile (0941.HK): On October 15, 2019, the Blockchain Service Network (BSN) press conference and event was hosted by the Information Center, hosted by China Mobile Communications Group Corporation and China UnionPay Co., Ltd., and co-organized by Beijing Hongzao Technology Co., Ltd. The Technology Development Summit Forum was successfully held in Beijing. China Mobile utilizes existing resources, cloud facilities and computing storage facility resources to conduct independent research and development and optimize existing facilities; as a new cornerstone, China Mobile promotes the mutual empowerment between 5G and blockchain.

3. Ping An of China (2318.HK): The number of global blockchain invention patent applications disclosed in 2018 was 84, ranking 7th in the world. Ping An relies on blockchain technology to improve the intelligent level of urban management. Ping An applies blockchain to medical health, targeted poverty alleviation, social welfare, etc.

5. ZhongAn Online (6060.HK): Anlian Cloud, a professional ecological cloud service platform based on artificial intelligence, blockchain and cryptography. The platform uses Zhongan Chain independently developed by Zhongan as its underlying infrastructure and also develops electronic signing , digital identity, distributed encrypted storage, certificate storage, traceability and other nearly 10 vertical applications.

6. Kingsoft (3888.HK): It was the first to implement Game + Blockchain applications and solutions. Currently, the game cloud business is exploring the application of blockchain technology and accelerating the expansion of the game ecosystem. In the first half of 2018, Kingsoft Cloud took the lead in launching the "project-X" plan for the entire ecosystem of blockchain games, realizing a project consisting of blockchain platform infrastructure construction, blockchain underlying technology, and blockchain game development, operation, and distribution. Complete blockchain game ecological structure.

7. HC Group (2280.HK): On January 31, 2018, HC Group announced that its first application scenario based on blockchain was officially launched. The cooperation framework agreement signed with Joyvio Technology will start from the agricultural field to build the HC Group District. Blockchain products, relying on industrial big data and blocksTake advantage of blockchain application scenarios and expand the modern agricultural blockchain market.

8. Launch Technology (2488.HK): The company is China's earliest leading high-tech enterprise dedicated to the research and development and production of automobile diagnosis, testing, maintenance, and tire equipment. As a leader in the Internet of Vehicles industry, the company is deeply involved in exploring solutions for the integration and monetization of automotive big data. In 2018, the company ranked fifth in the world in terms of the number of blockchain-related patent applications, standing at the forefront of new blockchain technologies. The company has combined blockchain technology with industry applications and developed the "Super Chain Project" series product, a 4G vehicle data collection terminal with blockchain technology - GTBOX-I, tailored for the Internet of Vehicles industry. Launch Technology has publicly stated its position many times: No matter whether it is declining or rising, it refuses to get involved in digital currencies and ICOs. It neither public nor private placements, and concentrates on exploring the value of the chain.

9. Meitu Company (1357.HK): The vision of Meitu Blockchain is to connect the digital world and reality by creating a decentralized, secure and encrypted identity pass for users: Meitu Intelligent Passport (MIP - Meitu Intelligent Passport) world and create a trusted blockchain environment. On the one hand, Meitu Intelligent Pass (MIP) allows users to anchor assets scattered across various applications on the blockchain, and through face recognition AI verification, use various applications more conveniently and securely, and receive privacy protection; On the other hand, Meitu Intelligent Pass (MIP) also allows some services that require strong verification, such as the medical and education fields, to more effectively use blockchain to serve users.

10. Gome Retail (0493.HK): On April 14, 2018, according to Gome Retail, Gome has entered the era of comprehensive digitalization. Operating digital stores is Gome’s “No. 1 Project”, and the company’s focus on blockchain technology and decentralization Technology is always doing research. The relevant person in charge of Gome Retail said: Gome’s shared retail business model and employee beauty store retail strategy are very consistent with the decentralized model system of the blockchain. The employee beauty store is also a new channel that Gome hopes to build.

(Source of article: Guosen Securities)

Solemn statement: The purpose of releasing this information is to spread more information and has nothing to do with the position of this site.

㈣ What stages has the blockchain developed?

The blockchain has developed in five stages
1. Germination stage: The real germination stage of the blockchain was from 2007 to 2009. A Japanese-American with the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto first described a new fantasy report on electronic currency on a cryptography discussion group in 2008, and Bitcoin was born. As early as 2007, Satoshi Nakamoto began to explore a series of new technologies with the intention of creating a new currency. The Bitcoin white paper was released on October 31, 2008, and on January 3, 2009The Bitcoin system officially begins operation.
The main technologies supporting the Bitcoin system include hash functions, distributed ledgers, blockchain, and asymmetric encryption; it can be seen that these technologies build the initial version of the blockchain, which can also be said to be a blockchain It is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. In the three years from 2007 to 2009, Bitcoin was in the experimental stage with the participation of a very small number of people, and real commercial activities had not really begun.
2. "Geek" niche stage: The "Geek" here refers to people who are enthusiastic about Internet technology and who regard technological innovation as their fashion and life. The first Bitcoin exchange appeared on February 6, 2010. On May 22 of the same year, someone bought 2 burgers with 10,000 Bitcoins. On July 17 of the same year, the exchange Mt. Gox was established. This marks As Bitcoin officially flows into the market. Despite this, the only people who can truly understand and enter the market to participate in Bitcoin buying and selling are geeks who are passionate about Internet technology. They discuss Bitcoin technology on forums, mine Bitcoins on their computers, and then buy and sell Bitcoins on Mt. Gox. Today, these geeks have become billionaires.
3. Market brewing stage: At the beginning of 2013, the price of Bitcoin was US$13. However, on March 18 of the same year, the Cyprus government closed banks and the stock market due to the financial crisis, causing the price of Bitcoin to soar. In April, the highest price rose to US$266. . On August 20 of the same year, the German government confirmed the currency status of Bitcoin. On October 14, the Chinese Internet announced the opening of a Bitcoin payment channel. In November, the U.S. Senate hearing also clarified the legality of Bitcoin. On November 19, the price of Bitcoin It rose to $1,242, forming a new high. Despite this, the foundation for blockchain to enter the mainstream social economy is not yet available, and the surge in Bitcoin prices is only due to overly optimistic expectations. The containment of China's banking system, the collapse of Mt.Gox and other events caused the price of Bitcoin to continue to fall. In early 2015, the price of Bitcoin had fallen below 200 US dollars. From 2013 to early 2015, the public began to understand Bitcoin and blockchain.
4. Blockchain mainstream period: Britain left the EU on June 23, 2016, North Korea’s fifth nuclear test in September, Trump’s election in November and other events. The uncertainty of the world’s mainstream economy has led to risk aversion. Functional Bitcoin began to recover. The market demand was large and the increase in transaction volume caused the price of Bitcoin to soar from a maximum of 400 US dollars in 2016 to 20,000 US dollars in 2017. The wealth-making effect of Bitcoin and the transaction overflow caused by the congestion of the Bitcoin network It has led to the explosion of other series of virtual currencies, and various blockchain applications have also exploded. There have been many blockchain assets that are a hundred times, even a thousand times, or ten thousand times, triggering a crazy pursuit around the world, and then Chicago The launch of Bitcoin futures trading on the commodity exchange marks Bitcoin’s official entry into the mainstream investment product series, and Bitcoin and blockchain have completely entered the global spotlight.
5. Industrial implementation stage: With the market in 2017After the madness, virtual currency and blockchain made adjustments in terms of market, supervision, and cognition in 2018 and returned to rationality. Many blockchain projects that imitate blockchain technology in 2017 will gradually die out as the market cools down, and projects with real practical blockchain applications will initially be implemented. 2018 is not only the first year of blockchain, but also a blockchain gold rush period. After the big waves wash away the sand, what remains is relatively good gold.
From the perspective of the history of blockchain development, blockchain technology is not yet mature and is currently in the growth stage. Specific practical applications of blockchain are only used in the financial field. To apply blockchain to other industries, there is still need for There is a journey to go, but the blockchain trend should be grasped. There are advantages and disadvantages in actively learning the new field of blockchain.

㈤ It’s 2021. What will be the development trend of my country’s blockchain technology in the future?

Domestic blockchain technology has been conceptualized a few years ago and has now become widely used. It has been applied to actual business scenarios, such as the rice we eat, and the QR code on the packaging
Traceability is the application of blockchain technology. Companies like Shanghai Wanglian Technology entered the market earlier and are currently developing very well.

㈥ Blockchain technology development status and prospects

Blockchain technology development status and prospects
Blockchain technology originated in 2008 under the pseudonym "Nakamoto Satoshi Nakamoto’s seminal paper “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” was published on the cryptography mailing group. In the past two years, the research and application of blockchain technology have shown explosive growth. It is considered to be the fifth disruptive innovation in the computing paradigm after mainframes, personal computers, the Internet, and mobile/social networks. It is also the evolution of human credit. The fourth milestone in history after blood relatives credit, precious metal credit, and central bank banknote credit. Blockchain technology is the prototype of the next generation of cloud computing. It is expected to completely reshape the form of human social activities like the Internet and realize the transformation from the current information Internet to the value Internet. Technical characteristics of blockchain

Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, time series data, collective maintenance, programmability, security and trustworthiness. Decentralization: The processes of verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of blockchain data are all based on the distributed system structure. Pure mathematical methods are used instead of central institutions to establish trust relationships between distributed nodes, thus forming a decentralized system. Centralized and trustworthy distributed system; Time series data: Blockchain uses a chain block structure with timestamps to store data, thereby adding a time dimension to the data and having strong verifiability and traceability; Collective maintenance: The blockchain system uses a specific economic incentive mechanism to ensure that all nodes in the distributed system can participate in the verification process of data blocks (such as the "mining" process of Bitcoin), and select specific nodes through a consensus algorithm. Nodes add new blocks to the blockchain;Programmable: Blockchain technology can provide a flexible script code system to support users to create advanced smart contracts, currencies or other decentralized applications; Safe and trustworthy: Blockchain technology uses asymmetric cryptography principles to encrypt data. At the same time, the powerful computing power formed by consensus algorithms such as workload proof of each node of the distributed system is used to resist external attacks and ensure that the blockchain data cannot be tampered with or forged, so it has high security. Blockchain and Bitcoin Bitcoin is by far the most successful blockchain application scenario. Blockchain technology has solved the double payment problem and Byzantine Generals problem that the Bitcoin system has long faced in the field of digital cryptocurrency. Different from the credit endorsement mechanism of traditional central institutions (such as central banks), the Bitcoin blockchain forms software-defined credit, which marks a fundamental change from centralized national credit to decentralized algorithmic credit. In recent years, Bitcoin has relied on its first-mover advantage to form a complete ecosystem and industry chain covering issuance, circulation and financial derivatives markets. This is also the main reason why it has occupied the vast majority of the digital cryptocurrency market share for a long time. The development context and trends of blockchain
Blockchain technology is a universal underlying technology framework that can bring profound changes to various fields such as finance, economy, technology and even politics. According to the current development trend of blockchain technology, blockchain technology will experience the blockchain 1.0 model with programmable digital encryption currency system as the main feature, the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature, and the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature. The blockchain 3.0 model is characterized by a programmable society. However, the above-mentioned models are actually developing in parallel rather than in an evolutionary manner. The digital cryptocurrency system of the blockchain 1.0 model is still far from mature, and is actually farther and more difficult from its vision of global currency integration. At present, the blockchain field has shown an obvious development trend driven by technological and industrial innovation, and relevant academic research is seriously lagging behind and urgently needs to be followed up. Basic models and key technologies of blockchain
Generally speaking, a blockchain system consists of a data layer, a network layer, a consensus layer, an incentive layer, a contract layer and an application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensuses of network nodes Algorithm; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the programmable feature of the blockchain. The foundation; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology. Application Scenarios of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology can not only be successfully appliedIn the field of digital cryptocurrency, there are also a wide range of application scenarios in economic, financial and social systems. According to the current status of blockchain technology applications, this article broadly summarizes the current main applications of blockchain into six scenarios: digital currency, data storage, data authentication, financial transactions, asset management and election voting: Digital currency: Bitcoin It represents a digital currency that is essentially generated by a distributed network system, and its issuance process does not rely on a specific centralized institution. Data storage: The characteristics of blockchain such as high redundant storage, decentralization, high security and privacy protection make it particularly suitable for storing and protecting important private data to avoid attacks caused by centralized institutions or improper permission management. Massive data loss or breach. Data authentication: Blockchain data is time-stamped, jointly verified and recorded by consensus nodes, and cannot be tampered with or forged. These characteristics make the blockchain widely used in various data notarization and audit scenarios. For example, blockchain can permanently and securely store various licenses, registration forms, licenses, certificates, certifications and records issued by government agencies. Financial transactions: Blockchain technology has a very high degree of compatibility with financial market applications. Blockchain can spontaneously generate credit in a decentralized system and can establish a financial market without credit endorsement by a central institution, thereby realizing "financial disintermediation" to a large extent; at the same time, blockchain can be used to automate smart contracts and trustworthy transactions. The characteristics of programming can greatly reduce costs and improve efficiency. Asset management: Blockchain can realize the confirmation, authorization and real-time monitoring of tangible and intangible assets. Intangible asset management has been widely used in intellectual property protection, domain name management, points management and other fields; tangible asset management can be combined with Internet of Things technology to form "digital smart assets" to achieve distributed authorization and control based on blockchain. Election voting: Blockchain can implement applications such as political elections and corporate shareholder voting in a low-cost and efficient manner. At the same time, voting can be widely used in fields such as gambling, prediction markets, and social manufacturing. Existing issues with blockchain technology
Security threats are the most important issues faced by blockchain so far. Among them, blockchains based on the PoW consensus process mainly face the 51% attack problem, that is, nodes have the ability to successfully tamper and forge blockchain data by controlling more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network. Other issues include the potential threats of emerging computing technologies to crack asymmetric encryption mechanisms and privacy protection issues. The efficiency of blockchain is also an important factor restricting its application. Blockchain requires each node in the system to save a data backup, which is extremely difficult to store the growing mass of data. Although lightweight nodes can partially solve this problem, industrial-grade solutions suitable for larger scales still need to be developed. The Bitcoin blockchain can currently only process 7 transactions per second, and transaction confirmation time is generally 10 minutes, which greatly limits the application of blockchain in high-frequency trading scenarios in most financial systems. The PoW consensus process highly relies on the computing power contributed by the blockchain network nodes, which is mainly used to solve SHA256 hash and random number search, apart from that, do not produce any actual social value. Therefore, in a general sense, these computing resources are considered to be "wasted", and a large amount of power resources are also wasted. How to effectively pool the network computing power of distributed nodes to solve practical problems is an important issue that blockchain technology needs to solve. As a decentralized distributed system, the blockchain network will inevitably have game relationships of competition and cooperation between its nodes during the interaction process, such as the block interception attack game of the Bitcoin mining pool. The blockchain consensus process is essentially a crowdsourcing process. How to design an incentive-compatible consensus mechanism so that self-interested nodes in a decentralized system can spontaneously implement the verification and accounting of block data, and improve the efficiency of non-profit organizations within the system. The cost of rational behavior to suppress security attacks and threats is an important scientific issue to be solved in blockchain. Smart Contracts and Blockchain Technology
Smart contracts are a set of scenario-responsive programmed rules and logic. They are decentralized, trustworthy and shared program codes deployed on the blockchain. Usually, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data (such as a Bitcoin transaction) in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. . Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution (such as reaching a specific time or occurrence of a specific event, etc.), response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met. Smart contracts are of great significance to blockchain technology. On the one hand, smart contracts are the activators of the blockchain, giving flexible and programmable mechanisms and algorithms to the static underlying blockchain data, and laying the foundation for building programmable financial systems and social systems in the blockchain 2.0 and 3.0 eras. On the other hand, the automation and programmable characteristics of smart contracts enable it to encapsulate the complex behavior of each node in the distributed blockchain system and become a software agent robot in the virtual world composed of blockchain, which helps Promote the application of blockchain technology in various distributed artificial intelligence systems, allowing the construction of various decentralized applications (Decentralized applications, Dapp), decentralized autonomous organizations (Decentralized Autonomous Organization, DAO), and Decentralized Autonomous Corporation (DAC) and even Decentralized Autonomous Society (DAS) become possible. The main development trend of blockchain and smart contract technology is from automation to intelligence. Various existing smart contracts and their applicationsMost of the essential logic is still "IF-THEN" type conditional response rules based on predefined scenarios, which can meet the current needs of automated transactions and data processing. Future smart contracts should have "WHAT-IF" deductions based on unknown scenarios, computational experiments, and a certain degree of autonomous decision-making functions, thereby achieving a leap from current "automated" contracts to true "smart" contracts. Blockchain-driven parallel society
In recent years, a parallel society based on CPSS (Cyber-Physical-SocialSystems) has emerged. Its core and essential feature is virtual-real interaction and parallel evolution. Blockchain is one of the infrastructures for realizing CPSS parallel society. Its main contribution is to provide a set of effective decentralized data structures, interaction mechanisms and computing models for distributed social systems and distributed artificial intelligence research. And it has laid a solid data foundation and credit foundation for the realization of a parallel society. As far as the basis of data is concerned, management scientist Edward Deming once said: Everyone except God must speak with data. However, in centralized social systems, data is usually in the hands of a "few people" such as governments and large enterprises. It "speaks" for a few people, and its fairness, authority and even security may not be guaranteed. Blockchain data is stored in highly redundant distributed nodes and is in the hands of "everyone", enabling true "data democracy". In terms of the basis of credit, centralized social systems will inevitably have the characteristics of "Mertonian systems" due to their high engineering complexity and social complexity, that is, uncertainty, diversity and complexity, which are the center of social systems. Institutions and rule makers may behave dishonestly due to individual interests; blockchain technology helps to realize a software-defined social system. The basic idea is to eliminate centralized institutions and convert unpredictable behaviors into programmed codes of smart contracts. The form is deployed and solidified in the blockchain data in advance, and cannot be forged or tampered with afterwards and is executed automatically. This can, to a certain extent, transform the "Merton" social system into a "Newton" that can be fully observed, actively controlled, and accurately predicted. "Social system. The ACP (Artificial Societies, Computational Experiments and Parallel Execution) method is the only systematic and complete research framework in the field of parallel society management so far. It is the logical extension and logical extension of complexity science in the parallel social environment in the new era. Innovation. The ACP method can be naturally combined with blockchain technology to achieve blockchain-driven parallel social management. First of all, mechanisms such as blockchain's P2P networking, distributed consensus collaboration, and contribution-based economic incentives are themselves natural modeling of distributed social systems, in which each node will act as an independent and autonomous agent in the distributed system. Agent. With the improvement of the blockchain ecosystem, the consensus nodes of the blockchainAnd increasingly complex and autonomous smart contracts will form DAC and DAO in specific organizational forms by participating in various forms of Dapp, and ultimately form DAS, the artificial society in ACP. Secondly, the programmable nature of smart contracts allows the blockchain to carry out various "WHAT-IF" types of virtual experimental design, scenario deduction and result evaluation. Through this computational experiment process, optimal decisions are obtained and executed automatically or semi-automatically. Finally, the smart assets formed by the combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things make it possible to connect the real physical world and virtual cyberspace, and can achieve collaborative optimization of social management and decision-making through virtual-real interaction and parallel tuning of real and artificial social systems. It is not difficult to predict that in the future, when all physical assets in the real physical world are registered as smart assets on the chain, the blockchain-driven parallel society will arrive.

㈦ How blockchain technology evolves and is classified

Blockchain 1.0, with the Bitcoin blockchain launched in January 2009 as a typical representative. The core contribution is the establishment of a cryptographic account book and a new accounting method. But it has a shortcoming. All the rules of the Bitcoin blockchain are written in advance and do not support other developments.
In July 2015, Ethereum was officially launched. As a representative of Blockchain 2.0, the biggest difference between Ethereum and Ethereum is that everyone is doing calculations and applications on the Ethereum blockchain to establish a global large-scale collaboration network. This plan is still in progress so far.
Because it allows others to apply and develop applications on the Ethereum blockchain, it supports everyone to compile smart contracts on it. A smart contract is not a contract, it is a computer program that ensures that your contract can be executed without the help of a third party.
Ethereum, as a blockchain 2.0, still has flaws. In terms of performance, it cannot support large-scale commercial application development. For example, in terms of transaction speed, Bitcoin transaction speed is 7 transactions per second, and Ethereum definitely does not exceed 20 transactions (micro V-BQ has no scar Y) and cannot support large-scale commercial applications.
Blockchain technology is developing forward, and it has entered the blockchain 3.0 stage in 2018, mainly solving large-scale commercial applications.
So far, there are several real blockchain 3.0 systems, such as EOS, Dfinity and other test networks, but they have not been officially launched yet. After these technologies are put online for testing, optimization and adjustment, systems that support at least 10,000 transactions per second or 100,000 transactions per second will begin to appear, and large-scale blockchain commercial applications may appear.
The currently known blockchain technology classification Jinwowo Group believes that it can be roughly divided into three major categories (micro V-BQ Er Wu Ba Scar Y):
1-Public blockchain: refers to Anyone can read and send transactions to confirm validity, and anyone can participate in the blockchain consensus process to jointly maintain the security, transparency, and non-tamperability of public blockchain data.
2-Community blockchain: also known as alliance chain, refers to theThe blockchain nodes are selected in advance, and there are usually good network connections and other cooperative relationships between the nodes;
3-Private blockchain: The participating nodes have a limited scope, and there are strict restrictions on access and use of data. Permission management, write permission is only in the hands of participants, and read permission can be opened to the outside world.

What is the development trend of blockchain?

Major companies in the industry: Ping An of China (601318), Donggang Co., Ltd. (002117), Information Development (300469), Yuangguang Software (002063), Bosi Software (300525), Feitian Integrity (300386), Sifang Jingchuang (300468), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (601398), SF Holding (002352)

The core data of this article: China’s blockchain market size, China region Number of blockchain tenders, number of blockchain companies in China

Industry overview

1. Definition

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chronological A chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner and is cryptographically guaranteed to be an untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

Blockchain is not a single technology, but a combination of new technologies. Each of these technologies performs its own role, solves different problems, and is combined to form a blockchain. As the basic structural unit of the blockchain, the block consists of two parts: the block header and the block body containing transaction data.

2. Industry chain analysis: the downstream industry covers a wide range of areas

The upstream of the blockchain industry chain is mainly the underlying technology and infrastructure. The underlying technology includes core basic components, protocols and algorithms. Represented by Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum, a network environment such as distributed algorithms, digital keys, data storage, P2P network protocols, and consensus mechanisms based on blockchain technology, transaction rules, and incentives for miners to join network nodes have been built. Mechanism, representative companies include Xiaoyi, Quantum Chain, Wanxiang Blockchain, etc.; the infrastructure is mainly mining machines.

The midstream is the platform layer, which mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology. It provides productized services such as smart contracts, information security, and data services based on the underlying technology to improve development It provides convenience and scalability for developers to develop applications at the platform layer.

Downstream is the vertical industry application layer. It manifests itself as core application components, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

Industry Development History: We are in the Blockchain 3.0 Era

From the perspective of the development history of global blockchain, in 2008, a person signed by “Satoshi Nakamoto”"The anonymous person published the paper "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Network Electronic Cash System". The initial expectation was to launch a peer-to-peer electronic cash that could circulate freely. The issuance of Bitcoin represented the beginning of blockchain technology; later in 2013, Ethereum The launch of the blockchain directly pushed the blockchain into the 2.0 era; at the end of 2017, the popularity of stablecoins and the launch of MakerDAO pushed the blockchain into the 3.0 era. By June 2019, Facebook released the Libra white paper, attracting attention from all walks of life around the world. and discussions, regulatory authorities in various countries have successively spoken out, showing the huge potential of blockchain technology in reshaping the global financial infrastructure. After entering 2021, NFT-based identification technology has emerged and is the first to be applied in the art field.

Industry policy background: Promote the all-round development of blockchain

In 2016, the State Council issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Informatization", which for the first time included blockchain in the category of new technologies and made it a frontier The layout marked the beginning of my country's promotion of the development of blockchain technology and applications. Since then, various localities in the country have successively introduced blockchain-related policies, providing a good environment for the development of blockchain.

February 2019 , the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China were officially implemented, standardizing the filing basis for the development of my country's blockchain industry. The purpose of issuing the "Regulations" is to clarify the information security of blockchain information service providers Management responsibilities, standardize and promote the healthy development of blockchain technology and related services, avoid security risks of blockchain information services, and provide effective legal basis for the provision, use and management of blockchain information services. This "Management Regulations" The introduction also means that my country's "supervision era" for blockchain information services has officially arrived.

At the end of October 2019, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee conducted the 18th meeting on the current status and trends of blockchain technology development. In this collective learning, the central leaders clearly emphasized the use of blockchain as an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies and accelerated the development of blockchain technology and industrial innovation. This fully demonstrates that blockchain technology has risen to a national level. In the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee Chen Chun, a professor at Zhejiang University and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, who gave a lecture on collective learning, said at the 2019CCF Blockchain Technology Conference hosted by the Computer Society of China on October 12 that the development of the domestic blockchain industry is ushering in a "spring breeze", and China The research hotspots of blockchain technology will focus on the key technologies of alliance blockchain and blockchain supervision technology.

Industry development status

1. Market size in 2020 Growth rate exceeded 90%

From 2016 to 2018, large IT Internet companies have deployed blockchain, start-ups have entered a blowout mode, and the scale of the industry continues to expand. According to IDC data, China’s blockchain industry has experienced Changes from the market size of US$85 million in 2017 to the industry scale of US$561 million in 2020.

2. The number of related companies is growing rapidly

In terms of the number of enterprises, in 2020H1, my country provided blockchain professional technical support, products, solutions and other services, and the number of new blockchain enterprises with input or output reached 303, a year-on-year increase of 274.07% nationwide. As of the end of 2020, the number of blockchain-related companies in my country reached 64,062, a year-on-year increase of 52.88%.

3. Blockchain finance is the largest downstream application market

According to the disclosure of the "China Blockchain Development White Paper (2020)", as the implementation of blockchain applications accelerates, "Blockchain+" business has become the focus of development for Internet backbone enterprises to enter the blockchain industry. In addition to financial business, it actively deploys the Internet, traceability, supply chain & logistics, digital assets, government affairs and public services, intellectual property, and law. , medical and other fields of application. Among them, finance is the most explored field in the application scenarios of blockchain technology, with specific projects implemented in subdivided fields such as supply chain finance, trade finance, payment and settlement, and fund management.

4. The number of blockchain tenders is increasing year by year

From a year perspective, from 2016 to 2020, the number of government tenders for blockchain-related projects has been growing exponentially. , on the one hand, it benefits from the increasingly prominent application value of blockchain technology, and on the other hand, it also reflects the government’s increased demand for and emphasis on blockchain.

Industry competition status

1. Regional competition: Beijing and Guangdong have the most blockchain technology research and development-related companies

In terms of company distribution, as of the first half of 2021 , the distribution of enterprises is obviously tiered. Among them, Beijing and Guangdong rank in the first echelon with 348 and 341 blockchain development-related companies respectively, and the number of companies in Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang reaches 164, 127, and 81 respectively.

As an important carrier for the development of blockchain industrial clusters, local governments are accelerating the construction of blockchain industrial parks. Judging from the location distribution of industrial parks, there are a large number of blockchain industrial parks in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Qingdao, and Changsha, forming a Bohai Rim agglomeration effect dominated by Beijing and Shandong, with Zhejiang and Shanghai , the agglomeration effect of the Yangtze River Delta dominated by Jiangsu, the agglomeration effect of the Pearl River Delta dominated by Guangdong, and the agglomeration effect of Hunan, Guizhou, and Chongqing dominated by Chongqing and Hunan. Combined with the positioning and development of the industrial park, it is based on the premise of serving enterprises to create a blockchain innovation platform and industrial highland. This positioning also provides the basis for the aggregation effect of enterprises.

2. Enterprise competition: Alibaba’s blockchain is the strongest

In March 2021, at the China Mobile Communications Federation Blockchain Professional Committee and the China Science and Technology System Reform Research Association Under the guidance of the Digital Economy Development Research Group and the Organizing Committee of China’s Top 100 Blockchain Enterprises List, Chain Tower Think Tank screened and evaluated thousands of projects and enterprise lists, and finally released the 2020 China’s Top 100 Blockchain Enterprises List.

In the context of the outbreak of the epidemic in 2020, the top 100 blockchain companies in 2020The list has adjusted the dimensions of enterprise inspection to a certain extent to highlight the performance of outstanding blockchain enterprises in 2020. It is divided into five main dimensions, namely commercial operation weight accounting for 25%, technology research and development weight accounting for 20%, product application weight accounting for 30%, team composition weight accounting for 15% and marketing promotion accounting for 10%.

Industry development prospects and trend predictions

1. It is still in the introduction period

Currently, my country’s blockchain industry is in the introduction period, and the industry is showing Two main characteristics: First, large industry companies are actively applying blockchain technology to improve their own businesses, but they are still mainly trying, and the main application scenarios are also non-core businesses in the industry. For example, enterprises such as Ping An of China, China UnionPay, and Ant Financial are limited to non-core businesses in their exploration of blockchain applications; secondly, the business development of enterprises focusing on blockchain technology services is mostly in the initial stage, and their product technology systems and The business model is not mature enough, and the demand side’s understanding of blockchain needs to be improved. Blockchain has already formed some application cases in scenarios such as judicial certificate storage, government affairs management, people's livelihood services, food traceability, supply chain management, etc., but it still needs to be further optimized and improved.

The above data refers to the "China Blockchain Industry Market Foresight and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report" by the Qianzhan Industry Research Institute.

㈨ Do you know the three important stages in the history of blockchain development?

As blockchain technology matures, blockchain technology has made significant progress in the financial field. Results. Whether they are investors, practitioners in related financial fields, or technology practitioners, they are all very concerned about blockchain. Many people or platforms have begun to devote themselves wholeheartedly to it, using blockchain technology to create a new financial system, and have achieved impressive results.

If you have studied blockchain, maybe you have a deeper understanding of blockchain. Since the birth of blockchain, in terms of applications, It has gone through three stages of change. There have been important developments and inventions at every stage of blockchain technology, and blockchain technology has only existed for a small portion of the Internet's time, so there are likely still important developments to come.

The first technical stage

Bitcoin has been running since 2019. The main technology supporting the Bitcoin system includes hashing Technologies such as functions, distributed ledgers, blockchain, asymmetric encryption, and workload proof constitute the initial version of the blockchain.

At present, blockchain technology is not yet mature, the conservative tendency within many organizations is still obvious, and the use of centralized technology and processes in the market to make profits Intermediaries that collect revenue, equipment providers are also publicizing the concerns it may bring.

Second market stage

In early 2013, the price of Bitcoin began to rise. In November of the same year, a U.S. Senate hearing clarified the legality of Bitcoin, and the price of Bitcoin rose sharply. But at this time, the blockchain has not yet reached the mainstream social and economic foundation, but its price has risen beyond expectations. At this time, the market opened up the visibility of Bitcoin and blockchain, but despite this, they still did not gain universal acceptance to a certain extent.

The third stage of the mainstream stage

Bitcoin, which has an alternative relationship with the mainstream economy, began to recover, market demand increased, and the transaction scale expanded rapidly, which also opened the bull market of 2016-2017. . The enrichment effect of Bitcoin and the spillover effect caused by the congestion of the Bitcoin network have led to the explosive and crazy growth of other virtual currencies and various blockchain applications. At this time, it triggered a crazy global pursuit to make Bitcoin and blockchain a complete global vision.

In 2020, although the epidemic has dealt an important blow to our economy, the hot development of Bitcoin and blockchain tells us that they It is creating opportunities and driving related development. Just like the recent price of Bitcoin is close to 30,000 US dollars, such a market has brought surprises to many people, and it has also promoted the development of exchanges. After all, exchanges are the only way to buy Bitcoins. Its popularity is also It has brought good profits to exchanges, such as Huobi and Saturn Exchange, which have refreshed their historical trading volumes many times due to this bull market. In fact, no matter which industry develops, it will always drive multiple industries. After all, many things are always closely related.

㈩ When will blockchain technology come to us?

It is generally difficult to predict the time.

But blockchain is special. In fact, this technology has already begun to be used, but we can’t feel it in our daily lives. For example, IBM's blockchain platform has begun to be used in the shipping industry to help handle complex contracts. Although it is not directly used as a monetary payment tool, it has actually improved the operation methods of subdivided industries. I don’t know if it can be considered as approaching us.

Blockchain has actually been integrated into our lives for a long time, but we have not realized it. Many people think that blockchain technology is unfathomable, but in fact, what can be widely used by ordinary people is the distributed accounting system. Using such an accounting system can truly record every detail of our lives. If all the people are gathered together, In a unified accounting system, our consumption behavior as consumers will be recorded one by one and summarized. If enterprises and merchants can obtain the big data of this record, they can order production on demand and reduce or even eliminate duplication of construction. , no more wasting resources. Teacher Gao Jinbo’s book "Smart Society"》 gives such a roadmap. The innovatively designed public network ecosystem is the practical application of blockchain technology. The cloud wallet, cloud warehouse, and youtime are currently online. Download it from various mobile app stores and experience it, I believe it will change your perception.

Blockchain technology has actually entered our lives, but the application level is less. Let me give a few examples below.

1Walmart uses blockchain technology to The agricultural products sold are tracked by the industry, which shortens the time for tracing agricultural products and improves the safety of agricultural products.

2 Ant Blockchain uses blockchain technology to make public and transparent announcements about charity, making every transaction Donations are used where they can be used,

3 Taobao’s overseas shopping also uses blockchain technology to trace products,

4 The government uses blockchain technology to carry out Office,

5 and blockchain invoices, etc.,

In the future, there will be more industries integrating with blockchain technology,

Hello, unknowingly, the blockchain has been born for 11 years. In fact, the blockchain has already entered our lives.

First of all, we need to know that the biggest feature of blockchain is: traceability and non-tampering! According to this characteristic, blockchain technology has actually entered our lives, affecting our daily necessities of life!

Here are a few examples:

In 2019, Shenzhen issued the country’s first blockchain tax invoice! In the same year, Guangdong issued its first blockchain subway ticket! On April 1, 2020, Yunnan Province issued the first blockchain electronic invoice in the field of public transportation! On April 9 of the same month, Shenzhen Evergrande Real Estate issued the country’s first real estate sales blockchain idea invoice! It is worth noting. This is the 18 millionth invoice from the Shenzhen Municipal Government, covering hundreds of industries such as finance, insurance, public transportation, catering retail, and Internet services!

In Tmall Supermarket, if you buy some high-end liquors such as Moutai and Wuliangye, there are also anti-counterfeiting traceability codes made with blockchain technology!

In 2019, the country regards blockchain as a national strategy to develop and support. I believe that blockchain will penetrate into more industries and serve us in the future!

Blockchain technology is already here!

Human society currently has three economies: the real economy, where labor creates value; the virtual economy, where transactions create value; and the blockchain represents the digital economy, where users create value. This is a three-dimensional value system. Therefore, the real economy looks at labor, the virtual economy looks at transactions, and the digital economy looks at users.

When we understand that users create value, data becomes resources and numbers become assets, then we can understand that the new economy is the blockchain economy.

Based on different resource systems, there will be different living spaces. Basic resources are the foundation. The higher the dimension of the market space, the greater the space for wealth. The real economy is like land, the virtual economy is like ocean, and the digital economy is in space.

Never think that the new economy is something that others have not done before. As long as any industry upgrades to this space, it is a new economy. As long as the current business can be freed from dependence on land, oil, coal and minerals, and stupidity, we will see that an infinite space of "people-oriented" is opening up.

We have gradually bid farewell to the era of "valuing rare things" and are moving towards the era of "respecting nature and respecting people".

What mankind will face in the future is a new "human society": using the Internet as "physical power", artificial intelligence as "intelligence", and blockchain as "computing power". Specifically, the Internet transmits information, intelligently processes data, and blockchain trades assets. They constitute the three cornerstones of the digital economy and serve as conditions for each other, jointly changing the competitive landscape of society and creating a high-dimensional space for wealth.

Blockchain is a ledger that can never be tampered with and has been used in some fields. Blockchain is also a battleground for international military strategists. Do you think it is important?

In 2008, the subprime debt crisis broke out in the United States. Wall Street's behavior is too ugly, and it has been exposed by the Internet in front of the eyes of all mankind.

Americans are angry. Some people condemn Wall Street's greed, some people occupy Wall Street, and some people begin to try to find an alternative to Wall Street's accounting system through the practice of distributed accounting technology.

Therefore, first of all, we have to be clear: First, the purpose of blockchain, a concept that was later summarized, is to replace the traditional accounting path.

Second, blockchain is a means, and the purpose is to break Wall Street’s monopoly on finance, improve financial efficiency, and reduce the costs of physical enterprises through universal accounting rights.

After understanding the above two logics, let’s look for the problem:

What is its root cause? This is the focus of our research. If we don't understand this problem, we won't be able to reach the forefront of this field.

In fact, it has already appeared in our lives. There are many cases in China at present, but it is not popular enough. In less than 5 years, there will be a large number of application cases!

Blockchain invoices/ipfs protocol/ant energy, etc., are all very good cases

Blockchain is a ledger - cannot be modified or filtered out - has been used - For example, transfer-credit-traceability-certification-just youDon’t know

Blockchain originated in the West. The application of Bitcoin is one. It is a peer-to-peer cash payment system. Our country’s blockchain technology is relatively complete, and its application is only a matter of time.