区块链底层平台的性能指标,区块链底层平台的性能特点
1. 性能可靠性
区块链底层平台的性能可靠性是指其能够在预期的时间范围内提供可靠的服务，以及在运行过程中能够提供可靠的数据和安全性。这是一个重要的指标，因为它决定了系统可以在发生故障时仍然可以保持正常运行，以及系统能否在预期的时间内完成任务。因此，检查区块链底层平台的性能可靠性是必要的，以确保其能够在预期的时间内提供可靠的服务。2. 安全性
区块链底层平台的安全性是指其能够防止未经授权的访问，以及能够保护数据不被篡改。安全性是一个重要的指标，因为它能够保护用户的数据，以及确保系统能够正常运行，以及保护用户的隐私和安全。因此，检查区块链底层平台的安全性是必要的，以确保其能够提供可靠的安全保护，并确保系统能够正常运行。3. 可伸缩性
区块链底层平台的可伸缩性是指其能够根据业务需求自动扩展，以提供更高的性能和可用性。这是一个重要的指标，因为它能够根据业务需求自动扩展，以提供更高的性能和可用性，以及提供更高的安全性和可靠性。因此，检查区块链底层平台的可伸缩性是必要的，以确保其能够根据业务需求自动扩展，以提供更高的性能和可用性。请查看相关英文文档
① What are the applications of blockchain in real life
(1) Qulian
The underlying platform of Qulian blockchain is Qulian The domestic independently controllable blockchain underlying platform developed by science and technology has the characteristics of high performance, high availability, scalability, easy operation and maintenance, strong privacy protection, hybrid storage, etc., and cooperates with the data sharing and secure computing platform BitXMesh and blockchain openness Service platform FiLoop, supply chain finance platform FiloLink, certificate depository service platform FiloInk, and smart contract security research and development platform MeshSec can better support industry applications such as enterprises, governments, and industry alliances, and promote multi-institutionalization Efficient circulation of value between places.
(2) JD Chain
JD Chain (JDChain) is an enterprise-level blockchain underlying framework independently developed by JD.com. Its birth marks the full launch of JD.com’s blockchain-based BaaS The construction of the "intelligent ecology" of the platform and the underlying chain of "JDChain". JD Zhizhen Chain Service Platform relies on the "one-click deployment" capability achieved through multiple optimizations to achieve leading second-level blockchain node deployment. In addition, it also has the core advantage of being open and compatible with mature applications such as multiple underlying and enterprise-level dynamic networking. The timely launch of JD Zhizhen Chain will effectively promote the large-scale implementation of enterprise-level blockchain applications in various industries and promote the construction of China and the global trust economy.
(3) Thunder Chain
ThunderChain is a blockchain application project independently developed by Xunlei’s Netcenter Technology. It has high concurrency of one million tps and second-level confirmation capabilities. . Based on the research and development of high-performance blockchain products, Xunlei has built the Xunlei Chain open platform to help enterprises or individual developers deploy smart contracts and easily implement products and services on the chain, making blockchain application development more convenient.
(4) Jingtong Chain
Jingtong Blockchain is the core underlying technology of the blockchain with independent intellectual property rights of Jingtong Technology. It is built based on blockchain technology. An effective decentralized Internet trading network that shares the ecology, adopts a hierarchical design (5 layers) of the underlying platform, and a multi-language smart contract system, and has implemented cross-chain functions. It has multi-level, all-round, one-stop service capabilities such as private chain, cloud chain, and alliance chain, and the layout of the industry and regional ecology has initially taken shape.
In addition to the above-mentioned blockchain products, there are also community-led LTC, Cosmos, IOTA, Nervos, NULS, MOAC, etc., and enterprise-led Ripple, Stellar, WeChat BCOS, XuperChain, Huawei, and Ping An , Wanxiang, Ant Financial, ZhongAn, Bubi, Matrix Yuan, Miyuan, Zhongxianbit, Complex Beauty, Shanghai Lianjing and many other blockchain products.
(1) Extended reading on the performance of the underlying platform of the blockchain:
Blockchain is far more than just a technology, it involves It is the spirit of "multi-party collaboration". In modern society, manyMany things must rely on everyone's cooperation to achieve the effect of 1+1>2, but in cooperation we need to try our best to avoid problems such as "information asymmetry".
Therefore, alliance members jointly keep accounts, share data, and make everything public to eliminate "information asymmetry" to protect everyone's interests and allow the business environment to develop healthily. If you do things honestly, you will get the benefits you deserve. If you cheat, it will be known to everyone and criticized by thousands of people. Technology is the foundation that helps realize this model. This is the more important "blockchain thinking".
② Blockchain underlying technology PK
Common blockchain underlying technologies: Ethereum (Ethereum), EOS, Fabirc, Fisco Bcos, CITA
Platform Introduction
1.Ethereum
Ethereum (Ethereum) is a decentralized application platform that supports smart contracts developed under the leadership of Vitalik Buterin and Gavin Wood. Ethereum provides a Turing-complete scripting language, which greatly expands the application of blockchain technology. The project was launched with the release of a white paper at the end of 2013, and the genesis block was generated in July 2015. Expansion and upgrade will be carried out in the near future.
2. EOS
EOS is a blockchain application platform developed under the leadership of BM (Daniel Larimer) and was officially launched in June 2018. Its slogan is "decentralize everything" and aims to provide higher performance to the blockchain.
3. Fabric
Fabric is a product-level solution released by the open source Hyper ledger blockchain alliance that can be used to build applications, and has hundreds of A proof of concept project will be built. The official version was released in July 2017.
4. CITA
CITA is an enterprise-level blockchain product prototype independently developed by Crypt ape Technology, one of the founding members of the EEA (Enterprise Ethereum Alliance). CITA is designed with high reliability, high performance, high scalability and future adaptability as its design goals, and the open source version was released in July 2017.
5. BCOS
BCOS is a blockchain technology platform for enterprise-level application services jointly created by WeBank, Wanxiang Blockchain, and Matrix Elements. It is a distributed Business provides complete blockchain technology infrastructure and services. In July 2017, the first phase of BCOS was officially open sourced.
* Fabric does the best job in privacy protection, with CA machineSystem
International problems: Cross-chain technology
In order to solve the problem of information islands in the traditional Internet world, blockchain uses the structure of a decentralized network to try to achieve information sharing. The problem of data silos. However, with the emergence of many blockchain applications, blockchain chains are not interoperable, making blockchain also face the dilemma of "isolated chains". It is not in line with the original intention of the blockchain.
How to implement multi-chain coexistence on the same blockchain platform based on business functions, privacy protection, data isolation, performance and capacity expansion needs, etc. How to implement information and business interaction between blockchain platforms with inconsistent identity access mechanisms, information standards, and business forms. It is expected to become an important direction of development.
Reprinted from [Chain World]: https://www.7234.cn/news/2316
③ Blockchain 3.0 ecosystem will give you a brief understanding of the ecological order
Blockchain 3.0 ecological operating system is also called "public chain". It is equivalent to the infrastructure of the blockchain world. Developing blockchain application scenarios on the public chain is like developing a complete set of mobile phones. Develop APP on APP development software, which can provide considerable convenience for the development of blockchain technology or applications. Therefore, the underlying ecological operating system developed based on blockchain technology has always been the focus of the development of blockchain technology.
Among many public blockchain chains, the emerging Ecological Order (ECOL) is often not understood by people. What is the Ecological Order? What is the difference between Ecological Order and other blockchain platforms and public chains? So, let’s find out together below!
Ecological Order (ECOL) aims at blockchain 3.0 and brings together many domestic and foreign experts, scholars, and elites in the fields of blockchain, big data, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence (AI), etc. Programmers join forces to jointly conceive the intelligent blockchain 3.0 system with a scientific and rigorous attitude. It emerged to solve the many problems of current blockchain technology such as being unfriendly, inefficient, low scalable, non-interoperable, and difficult to upgrade, and to build a pluggable, transferable, and arrangeable modular, intelligent, Solutions for efficient and effectively decentralized blockchain ecosystem and application scenarios.
Ecological Order (ECOL) has the following design features:
Parallel expansion - parallel processing of network sharding
Ecological Order (ECOL) Using parallel expansion technology, through "main chain + side chain" multi-chain parallel, cross-chain communication and other operating mechanisms, the business of the main chain and side chain is separated to meet the demand of tens of millions of TPS. Network sharding parallel processing brings continuous scalability and a reliable high-performance foundation to your applications. The existing single-threaded functionality forces each application to share the capacity and performance of a single-threaded blockchain, creating hard scaling limits.throttling, and eventually suffering network congestion, which can lead to platform-wide outages.
Self-evolution - a modular intelligent system coordinated by artificial intelligence
Ecological Order (ECOL) adds artificial intelligence modules to the basic functional modules of the network main chain, artificial intelligence The intelligent module will observe the changes in the network, learn from the packaging and broadcasting, the addition and deletion of modules, the generation of side chains, and the solution of problems in the network and continue to grow, simulate various situations and Handle it by yourself and eventually grow into a professional and impartial "blockchain network artificial intelligence expert". Each node can achieve mutual trust by trusting artificial intelligence and solve problems such as low efficiency caused by the innate lack of mutual trust between nodes.
Simplifying blockchain technology application development - functional modularization
Ecological Order (ECOL) can package different functional modules in the blockchain separately, in a modular Basically, the development cost and difficulty of the Ecological Order side chain will decrease linearly compared with traditional blockchain technology. The lower development threshold also makes the Ecological Order's side chain technology more easily penetrate into all walks of life.
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④ Blockchain - What is Blockchain Jindian Bixin can understand the blockchain
Blockchain - What Is it blockchain? Can Jindian Coin News understand the blockchain?Block Pioneer animation video helps you understand what is blockchain, easy to understand
What is blockchain, does Maobei belong to blockchain?Answer: Maobei does not belong to the blockchain, but only uses blockchain technology. The characteristic of the blockchain is that everything that happens will be recorded and cannot be deleted or changed.
Blockchain, what is a blockComprehensive interpretation of blockchain
When talking about blockchain, people always compare it with Bitcoin. On October 31, 2008, a person named "Satoshi Nakamoto" sent an email to a cryptography email group, claiming, "I have been working on a new electronic cash system, which is completely peer-to-peer and does not require Any trusted third party.” He launched a new system using Bitcoin as the transaction currency.
What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain?Blockchain is a distributed shared accounting technology. What it wants to do is to allow all parties involved to establish a trust relationship at the technical level.
Blockchain can be roughly divided into two levels, one is the underlying technology of the blockchain; the other is the upper-layer application of the blockchain, that is, based on the transformation of the blockchain, Optimize or innovate applications.
What is the core meaning of blockchain? Our understanding is that the core meaning of blockchain is to establish data credit among participants, and to create unilateral trust under clear regulations through unilateral confrontation.This is a system that can jointly guarantee complete opportunities with a comprehensive ecology. This kind of establishment can end the problems before the blockchain. Before the blockchain, it was impossible to achieve new sharing when sharing data, even if it was targeted. It just gives you an interface. After the blockchain is established, the participants can realize the sharing of credit.
What are the underlying platforms of blockchain?
Answer: There are mainly the following categories:
1. Bitcoin. The earliest blockchain development was based on the Bitcoin blockchain network. Since Bitcoin is the most widely used and truly decentralized in the world, in terms of blockchain applications, Bitcoin is the most widely used blockchain in the world. A strong anchor with the greatest authority.
2. Ethereum. It can be said that apart from Bitcoin, Ethereum is currently the most eye-catching blockchain platform. Ethereum is a Turing-complete blockchain one-stop development platform that uses multiple programming languages to implement protocols. It uses a client written in Go language as the default client (i.e., the method of interacting with the Ethereum network, and supports many other language client).
3. IBM HyperLedger. Also called fabric, its goal is to build a super ledger that is jointly maintained by the whole society. Fabric originated from IBM. Its original intention was to serve industrial production. IBM open sourced 44,000 lines of code, which is a great contribution and allows us to have The opportunity is so close to explore the principles of blockchain that are different from Bitcoin.
4. LISK. It is a new generation of blockchain platform that allows the development of JavaScript (Javascript technology again, engineers, take note) and distribution-based decentralized applications using an easy-to-use, full-featured ecological blockchain system.
5. Online recording blockchain platform. It is the research and development result of the underlying technology of the Wanglu blockchain and a basic platform capable of commercial delivery. In addition to serving the Wanglu public chain, the Wanglu blockchain platform is also the basic platform for Wanglu to create private chains and alliance chains for customers.
What is blockchain? What is blockchain for digital currencies? In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. Ledger. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses automated scripts to A new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm that uses smart contracts composed of code to program and manipulate data.
Nowadays, mainstream digital currencies are basically developed based on blockchain technology. Blockchain is the underlying technology of digital currency. The domestic tea-based digital currency Puyin was developed based on blockchain technology.
The essence of blockchain is a decentralized accounting system, and Bitcoin is the currency that "exists in digital form" carried on this system. Blockchain is a system behind Bitcoin that consists of credit records and the settlement of credit records.
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system [1].
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. The "2014-2016 Global Bitcoin Development Research Report" released by Huobi.com, Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance Internet Finance Laboratory and Sina Technology mentioned the area. Blockchain is the underlying technology and infrastructure of Bitcoin [2]. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block< br /> The evolution of blockchain is:
▪ Blockchain 1.0 - digital currency
▪ Blockchain 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts
▪ Blockchain 3.0— —IFMChain, blockchain officially links mobile terminals
⑤ Can EOS return to 100 yuan?
No.
For now, EOS creates a developer-friendly blockchain underlying platform, a blockchain-like operating system with powerful performance that can support multiple applications running at the same time and multiple programming languages. , EOS is still quite valuable, so prices will only rise and not fall.
EOX is powerful and can also solve the problems of delay and data throughput through parallel chains and DPOS, so prices will not return to 100 yuan when prices rise.
⑥ What is the underlying technical architecture of Laikelib of Heshu Software blockchain technology?
Whenever we mentioned decentralized blockchain application platforms before, we always thought of foreign countries. Products such as Ethereum. But when we talk about this topic today, I will think of Heshu Software, a blockchain technology R&D company in Shanghai, China. Laikelib is a new generation of decentralized, independent innovation, based on the combination of main chain and side chain technology. A safe, efficient and fully shared underlying architecture platform for diversified blockchain application development. It helps developers quickly create decentralized applications. From a model perspective, it is similar to Ethereum, both are blockchain services, but the implementation mechanism is slightly different. The biggest feature of Ethereum is that it greatly expands the functions of this script engine and lifts the restrictions on stack memory, function call depth, and script length. However, thisA big disadvantage is that the application code itself and the data generated by the application exist in the same blockchain chain, causing the chain to rapidly expand. But unlike blockchain systems, its scalability is not achieved through transaction scripts but by adding side chains. The advantage of this is that it reduces the difficulty of contract programming, avoids blockchain expansion, and allows each application to customize personalized block parameters.
⑦ Blockchain technology concept
Blockchain technology concept
Blockchain technology concept, nowadays, blockchain has become the concern of most people In the field of blockchain, many companies have already studied this technology in depth, but there are still people who don’t know much about it. Below I will share an article about the concept of blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology concept 1Basic concepts and working principles of blockchain
1. Basic concepts
Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point New application models of computer technologies such as transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information, prevent counterfeiting, and generate the next block.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-transformable. Fake distributed ledger.
Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.
2. Working principle
The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure and distributed nodes based on timestampThe consensus mechanism, economic incentives based on consensus computing power and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.
Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:
1. Distributed The ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction and can also jointly testify for it.
Different from traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of blockchain distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. For data, traditional distributed storage generally divides the data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node. [8]
No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.
2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. Transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. , thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.
3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.
The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data. Some predefined rules and terms can be automatically executed. Taking insurance as an example, if everyone's information, including medical information and risk occurrence information, is true and trustworthy, it would be easy.YiDe carries out automated claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.
3. Others
The Internet exchanges information, and blockchain exchanges is value. Human history and the history of the Internet can be understood in eight words: if they are divided for a long time, they must be combined. For a long time, they must be combined. In the era of long-term separation, all network information is scattered on the Internet. It is not easy for everyone to mine information. At this time, platforms such as Google and Facebook will appear. , the only thing it does is recombine all our information. In the Internet era, what the monopoly giants reorganize is information, rather than generating their own information. The information generated is entirely our own. Once the information is reorganized, a new monopoly giant will emerge, so it will be an era of long-lasting separation. Now, due to the emergence of blockchain technology, it has entered an era of integration and division. It is a new multi-centralization. After the new multi-centralization, new value will be generated. These data will be in our own hands, and personal data will generate value. It belongs to oneself. This is the most exciting era of this era.
What is the value of blockchain? A low-cost mechanism to establish trust, establish data rights, and resolve data property rights.
At present, blockchain technology continues to develop, including the current development of single chains to multi-chains, and the technology can be further expanded. I think there may still be disruptions in the future, especially in transactions and other aspects. , especially many disruptive scenarios for existing industries.
The essence of blockchain is to establish trusted information exchange on untrustworthy networks.
One Belt, One Road + One Chain. The bigger thing about blockchain is not to create trust, but to allow trust to be transmitted losslessly, reducing the friction cost of society as a whole, thereby improving the overall efficiency.
Now the blockchain itself is still in its initial stage, so it includes the information transmission and encryption of the blockchain. Quantum encryption and other encryption appear in this process, which actually attacks the encryption algorithm used by the blockchain itself. This phenomenon also occurs from time to time. Including blockchain is also a recognition of assets, a recognition of digital assets, but now many of us use cryptographic algorithms, or as the key for us to decrypt, but if you forget the password, it is very likely that your current assets will be lost. If you lose them, you won't be able to get back your original assets. Therefore, there are still some hidden dangers in asset management, including information transmission and some security aspects. Of course, from a technical perspective, the processing speed of our blockchain itself, or its scalability, is because from the perspective of the working mechanism, the entire ledger must be copied to all participants, so in the blockchain Its operational efficiency and scalability are still relatively limited. We feel that these still need further development in terms of technology.
The underlying technologies of the blockchain platform also form blockchain wallets, blockchain browsers, node elections, mining machines, mining pools, development components, development modules, technical communities and project communities. Wait for a whileThere are a series of ecosystems, and the perfection of these ecosystems directly determines the efficiency and effectiveness of the underlying platform of the blockchain.
4. Mundell’s Impossible Triangle
It is impossible to achieve the ultimate in decentralization, efficiency, and security at the same time.
Blockchain technology concept 2The essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting technology, as opposed to centralized accounting technology, which is widely used in our current lives. exist. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity and anti-counterfeiting of the information and generate the next block.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-transformable. Fake distributed ledger.
Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.
The popular understanding of blockchain technology is: connecting the front, back, left, and right blocks of "things" into a chain using one technology, but each block The original data of the block cannot be tampered with. It is a "linked module" technology in the field of Internet of Things that allows participants to trust. The application of blockchain technology is inseparable from the Internet and the Internet of Things. It is based on the integration and interaction of the two, but allows participants to remain independent, decentralized, and work together. With this set of value chain co-construction and sharing, technology.
Characteristics of blockchain: decentralization, openness, autonomy, information cannot be tampered with, and anonymity.
Blockchain is a network that can deliver value. The demand for a network that can deliver value is an important reason for the emergence of blockchain technology. Blockchain emerged driven by the need to protect information with ownership or other value. Through public and private key cryptography, distributed storage and other technical means, the blockchain ensures on the one hand the efficient transmission of valuable information, and on the other hand ensures that this information will not be easily copied and tampered with during the transmission process.
Understand the connotation of blockchain from the inevitability of its birth. Blockchain is a distributed accounting technology that solves the shortcomings of centralized accounting and solves the problem of distributed consistency. It is also Connect to the Internet lThe level is a value network that ensures the safe and efficient transmission of valuable information.
Blockchain Technology Concept 3Blockchain: Blockchain is like a globally unique account book, or database, which records the history of all transactions in the network.
Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): It allows you to write more powerful programs on Ethereum and script programs on Bitcoin. It is also sometimes used to refer to the Ethereum blockchain, which is responsible for executing smart contracts and everything.
Node: You can run a node to read and write to the Ethereum blockchain, that is, using the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Full nodes require downloading the entire blockchain. Light nodes are still under development.
Miner: Mining, that is, the node that processes blocks on the blockchain. You can see some of the currently active Ethereum miners on this page: stats.ethdev.com.
Proof of Work: Miners are always competing to solve some mathematical problem. The first one to solve the problem (calculate the next block) will be rewarded with Ether coins. All nodes then update their own blockchain. All miners who want to figure out the next block have an incentive to stay in sync with other nodes and maintain the same blockchain, so the entire network can always reach consensus. (Note: Ethereum is planning to move to a proof-of-stake system (POS) without miners, but that is beyond the scope of this article.)
Ethereum: Abbreviation ETH. A true digital currency that you can buy and use. Here is a chart from one of the exchanges where you can trade Ethereum. At the time of writing, 1 Ether is worth 65 cents.
Gas: Executing programs and saving data on Ethereum consumes a certain amount of Ethereum. Gas is converted from Ethereum. This mechanism is used to ensure efficiency.
DApp: The Ethereum community calls applications based on smart contracts decentralized applications (Decentralized App). The goal of DApp is (or should be) to have a friendly interface for your smart contracts, plus some extras, such as IPFS, a decentralized network that can store and read data, not from the Ethereum team but in a similar spirit ). DApp can run on a centralized server that can interact with Ethereum nodes, or it can run on any Ethereum equal node. (Take a minute to think about this: Unlike ordinary websites, DApps cannot run on ordinary servers. They need to submit transactions to the blockchain and read important data from the blockchain rather than a centralized database. Compared to typical users When logging into the system, the user may be represented as a wallet address and other user data is stored locally. Many things will be structured differently from current web applications.)
Ethereum client, smart contract language
p>Writing and deploying smart contracts does not require you to run an Ethereum node. underThere are browser-based IDEs and APIs listed. But if you are just learning, you should still run an Ethereum node to understand the basic components, and running a node is not difficult.
Clients available for running Ethereum nodes
Ethereum has many client implementations in different languages, that is, multiple methods of interacting with the Ethereum network. , including C++, Go, Python, Java, Haskell, etc. Why do we need so many implementations? Different implementations can meet different needs. For example, the goal of Haskell implementation is to be mathematically verifiable, to make Ethereum more secure, and to enrich the entire ecosystem.
At the time of writing this article, I am using the client geth (go-ethereum) implemented in the Go language. At other times, I also use a tool called testrpc, which uses the Python client pyethereum. Later examples will use these tools.
About mining: Mining is fun, a bit like caring for your houseplant, but also a way to learn about the entire system. Although the current price of Ethereum may not even cover the electricity bill, who knows in the future. People are creating many cool DApps that may make Ethereum more and more popular.
Interactive console: Once the client is running, you can synchronize the blockchain, create a wallet, and send and receive Ethereum. One way to use geth is through the Javascript console. In addition, you can use cURL-like commands to interact with the client through JSON RPC. The goal of this article is to take you through the process of DApp development, so I won’t go into details about this. But we should remember that these command line tools are useful for debugging, configuring nodes, and using wallets.
Running the node on the test network: If you run the geth client on the official network, it will take quite a while to download the entire blockchain and synchronize with the network. You can determine if synchronization has occurred by comparing the last block number printed in the node logs with the latest block listed on stats.ethdev.com. ) Another problem is that running smart contracts on the official network requires real Ethereum. Running the node on the test network does not have this problem. At this time, there is no need to synchronize the entire blockchain. Just create your own private chain, which saves time for development.
Testrpc: Use geth to create a test network. Another faster way to create a test network is to use testrpc. Testrpc can help you create a bunch of test accounts with funds at startup. It also runs faster and is therefore better suited for development and testing. You can start with testrpc, and then as the contract slowly takes shape, move to the test network created by geth - the startup method is simple, justTo specify a networkid: geth --networkid "12345". Here is the code repository for testrpc, we will talk about it again below.
Next, let’s talk about the available programming languages, and then we can start the real programming. Solidity is the programming language used to write smart contracts.
There are several languages to choose from when writing smart contracts: Solidity, which is somewhat similar to Javascript, has a file extension of .sol. Serpent, which is similar to Python, has a file name ending in .se. There is also a Lisp-like LLL. Serpent has been popular for a while, but now the most popular and stable one is Solidity, so just use Solidity. I heard you like Python? Use Solidity.
solc compiler: After writing the smart contract with Solidity, you need to use solc to compile it. It is a component from a C++ client implementation. Again, different implementations complement each other. Here is how to install it. If you don't want to install solc, you can also use a browser-based compiler, such as Solidity real-time compiler or Cosmo. The programming sections below will assume you have solc installed.
web3.js API. After the Solidity contract is compiled and sent to the network, you can use Ethereum's web3.js JavaScript API to call it and build web applications that can interact with it.
⑧ Where are the core advantages of the bank confirmation blockchain service platform?
In recent years, financial fraud, accountant audit failures and other risk events have occurred from time to time in the capital market, which has given commercial banks It has brought legal risks and reputational risks, and has attracted great attention from the leaders of the State Council.
On December 18, the "Bank Confirmation Blockchain Service Platform" was officially released. This platform provides a platform for the China Banking Association and the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants to actively implement the "About Further Standardizing Bank Confirmation and Reply Work" "Notice" and other documents require that it be launched to study and promote the digital construction of letter confirmation and improve the standardization level of letter letter business, which is of great significance.
“We hope that in the future, the bank confirmation blockchain service platform can play a role in preventing and resolving risks, promote the improvement of the quality and efficiency of confirmation, and strive to build a demonstrative digital platform with high security, strong public welfare, convenience and efficiency, Make due contributions to improving the construction of the social credit system and strengthening financial services to the real economy." Liu Fushou, chief lawyer of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission, said at the press conference.
Pan Guangwei, full-time vice president of the China Banking Association, said that in the future, the China Banking Association will work with relevant institutions to promote the direction of the confirmation business towards intensified operation management, electronic paths, standardized business processes, and refined data governance. directionTransformation and upgrading will improve the quality of accounting information and audit quality and efficiency, promote the construction of the social credit system, and help the high-quality development of the banking industry.
Three core advantages
Bank confirmation and reply letter are the CPA's direct confirmation to banking financial institutions after obtaining authorization from the audited unit during the audit process. Letter to inquire about the authenticity of the audited unit’s bank deposits, bank loans, guarantees, financial management and other information, and the process of the bank inquiring, verifying relevant information and providing a reply letter.
Pan Guangwei introduced that confirmation is one of the core procedures of independent auditing and is crucial to identifying errors and fraud in financial statements. For the entire financial market, confirmation work is related to the quality and efficiency of audit work, the quality of accounting information, and the authenticity of capital market data, and is crucial to preventing financial risks.
“The bank confirmation blockchain service platform adheres to the authoritative, impartial and public welfare construction concepts, and the construction ideas follow the principles of marketization, openness and progressiveness, and gradually promotes Bank confirmation is transforming and developing in the direction of intensification, electronicization, standardization and refinement, and has core advantages in three aspects." Pan Guangwei said.
The first is in terms of platform target positioning. The platform has changed the offline scattered correspondence and reply model to online centralized processing, which can complete the entire process of bank correspondence application, authorization, sending, and reply online, speed up the efficiency of correspondence processing, and effectively solve the traditional paper-based problem. It eliminates various shortcomings of the quality assurance model, reduces the degree of manual intervention of accounting firms, banks, audited entities and other related parties, strengthens risk management and control, and reduces the risk of data errors and fraud.
The second is in terms of platform security. The platform only retains information on the confirmation transmission process and does not retain confirmation data information. It pays attention to the isolation and confidentiality of information to ensure the security of bank and office data. The platform has a financial-level security protection environment and can achieve safe operation of the system 24/7.
The third is in terms of platform technical support. The platform chooses "ICBC Xi Chain" as the underlying blockchain technology. ICBC Xi Chain not only has significant technical advantages, but also has completely independent intellectual property rights. It has passed the authoritative certification of trusted blockchain by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and has multiple mature application projects. .
100 banks have applied for access
At the press conference, Pan Guangwei also introduced that after confirming that the bank confirmation platform uses blockchain as the underlying technology, the working group A number of technology companies with blockchain technology and scenario applications conducted on-site exchanges one by one. After expert evaluation, they selected blockchain technology that is autonomous, controllable, safe and reliable, and has more advantages in business connection, post-operation and maintenance, etc. Silver Technology serves as the project contractor.
It is understood that, as the underlying blockchain technology, "ICBC Xian Chain" participated in the trusted blockchain evaluation of the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology in both 2019 and 2020, and passed the function, It is the first blockchain product in the financial industry to be certified by an official authoritative evaluation agency.
"In ICBC and ICBC TechnologyWith the strong support of the company, we worked overtime and concentrated on solving problems. The system development work was officially completed on October 26. Joint debugging and testing work is being carried out with a number of banks and accounting firms. Currently, there are 100 banks and dozens of accounting firms. Clearly sign up to apply for access to the platform. We will actively connect with banks and accounting firms that plan to connect to the platform, and provide solutions and conduct training according to the needs of all parties. " Pan Guangwei said.
Zhang Wenwu, Vice President of ICBC, said at the press conference that ICBC has always paid attention to the quality of bank confirmation work. ICBC Technology Company based on ICBC's original confirmation e-letter We will further innovate and improve, and go all out to build the platform, and the platform is put into production and online as scheduled. "We will take the signing of the cooperation agreement as an opportunity to actively cooperate with the platform construction as the first batch of banks to promote the interconnection between the confirmation e-credit and the platform, so that the bank can The practice of centralizing end-to-end certificates fully supports the use of the platform. ”
At the press conference, Liu Fushou also said that it is necessary to promote the construction of the confirmation platform in a safe and orderly manner, adhere to safety, prudence, and controllable risks, adhere to pilots first, steadily advance, and adhere to dynamic adjustments and continuous improvement.
⑨ Horizontal comparison of various blockchain architectures
Horizontal comparison of various blockchain architectures
I often hear people talk about blockchain. From the birth of Bitcoin in 2009 to the present, Various blockchain systems or blockchain-based applications are constantly being developed and applied to a large number of scenarios, and blockchain technology itself is constantly changing and improving.
District Blockchain is also called a distributed ledger, which corresponds to a centralized ledger, such as a bank. Unlike a centralized ledger, a distributed ledger relies on redundant storage of ledger data in all participating nodes. Ensure the security of the ledger. Simply put, the blockchain will use three underlying technologies: peer-to-peer network technology, cryptography technology and distributed consensus algorithm. Usually, the blockchain system also comes with a "free gift" A function called a smart contract. Although smart contracts are not a necessary part of the blockchain system, due to the decentralized nature of the blockchain, it can provide trusted calculations for smart contracts. environment.
In order to adapt to the needs of different scenarios, the blockchain system often needs to undergo various transformations during actual application to meet the requirements of specific businesses, such as identity authentication, consensus mechanism, key management, and transactions. Frequency, response time, privacy protection, regulatory requirements, etc. However, companies that actually apply blockchain systems often do not have the ability to carry out such transformations, so some frameworks for customizing dedicated blockchain systems slowly appear on the market, using These frameworks can easily customize a blockchain system suitable for an enterprise's own business.
This article will conduct a horizontal comparison of several typical blockchain frameworks currently on the market to see what their characteristics are. And what are the differences between them. In order to maintain the fairness of the comparison, this article will only discuss the open source blockchain framework.
A brief introduction to each blockchain architecture
1. ComparisonBitcoin
Bitcoin originated from an article titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published by a person named Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System) paper, which describes an electronic currency he calls "Bitcoin" and its algorithm. In the following years, Bitcoin continued to grow and mature, and its underlying technology was gradually recognized and abstracted by people. This is blockchain technology. As the originator of blockchain, Bitcoin plays an important role in the blockchain family. The number of altcoins developed based on Bitcoin technology is as countless as the stars in the sky.
It can be learned from the paper that Satoshi Nakamoto’s purpose of designing Bitcoin is to realize an electronic cash system completely based on a peer-to-peer network, so that online payments can be directly initiated by one party and paid to another party, with an intermediate No need to go through any intermediaries. In summary, he hopes that the design of Bitcoin can achieve the following goals:
● Issue currency without the need for a central authority
● Make payments without the need for intermediaries
● Maintain user trust Anonymity
● Transactions cannot be reversed
From the perspective of an electronic cash system, the above goals have been basically achieved in Bitcoin, but there are still some technical problems that need to be solved, such as scalability attacks , block capacity limit, block fork, scalability, etc.
In terms of application scenarios, a large number of digital currency projects are currently designed based on the Bitcoin architecture. In addition, there are some more practical application cases, such as colored coins, t?, etc.
Colored coins (coloredcoins), by carefully tracking the ins and outs of some specific Bitcoins, they can be distinguished from other Bitcoins. These specific Bitcoins are called colored coins. They have some special properties and thus have a value that is independent of the face value of Bitcoin. Using this characteristic of colored coins, developers can create other digital assets on the Bitcoin network. Colored coins are Bitcoins themselves, require no third parties for storage and transfer, and can leverage the already existing foundation of Bitcoin.
t? is an application of Bitcoin blockchain in the financial field. It is a blockchain-based private and public equity trading platform launched by the American online retailer Overstock.
2. Ethereum
The goal of Ethereum is to provide a blockchain with a Turing-complete language. With this language, contracts can be created to write arbitrary state transition functions. Users only need to simply By implementing logic with just a few lines of code, you can create a blockchain-based application and apply it to scenarios other than currency.
The design philosophy of Ethereum is notDirectly "supports" any application, but the Turing-complete programming language means that in theory any contract logic and any type of application can be created. In summary, in addition to the design goals of Bitcoin, Ethereum also needs to achieve the following goals:
● Turing-complete contract language
● Built-in persistent state storage
Currently There are hundreds of contract projects based on Ethereum, the more famous ones include Augur, TheDAO, Digix, FirstBlood, etc.
Augur is a decentralized prediction market platform based on Ethereum blockchain technology. Users can use digital currency to make predictions and bets, relying on the wisdom of the crowd to predict the outcome of events, which can effectively eliminate counterparty risks and server centralization risks.
Limited by space limitations, we will not introduce more projects based on the Ethereum smart contract platform. There are also many blockchain projects that have been modified based on the Ethereum code, but almost all of them are closed source projects and can only be inferred based on some public features, so they will not be discussed in this article.
3. Fabric
Fabric is a blockchain framework developed by IBM and DAH, and is one of the project members of Hyperledger. It functions similarly to Ethereum and is also a distributed smart contract platform. But unlike Ethereum and Bitcoin, it is a framework from the beginning, not a public chain, and there is no built-in token.
Hyperledger is an open source project launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015 to promote blockchain technology and standards. Its members include: ABN AMRO, Accenture and more than a dozen different interests. As an entity, the goal is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet various user cases from multiple different industries and simplify business processes.
As a blockchain framework, Fabric adopts a loosely coupled design to modularize components such as consensus mechanism and identity verification so that they can be easily replaced with custom modules during the application process. In addition, Fabric also uses container technology to run smart contract code (chaincode) in docker, so that smart contracts can be written in almost any high-level language.
The following are some design goals of Fabric:
● Modular design, components can be replaced
● Smart contracts running on docker
There are already many developers using Fabric architecture for development During the implementation of proof-of-concept (POC) projects, there are many attempts by some financial institutions. However, because the project has just started, there is no mature application yet.
4. DNA
DNA(Distributed Networks Architecture (distributed network architecture) is a blockchain architecture developed by "Distributed Technology", a blockchain startup company headquartered in Shanghai. It can support different application types and scenarios such as public chains, alliance chains, and private chains at the same time. And quickly integrate with business systems.
Different from Ethereum and Fabric, DNA supports a variety of digital assets at the bottom of the system. Users can create their own asset types directly on the chain and use smart contracts to control its issuance logic. For most blockchain application scenarios, digital assets are indispensable, and developing a set of transfer and issuance logic based on smart contracts for each digital asset is very wasteful and inefficient. Therefore, it is very necessary for the bottom layer of the blockchain to provide direct digital asset functions. For those application scenarios that do not require digital assets at all, arbitrary custom logic can also be written based on the smart contract architecture provided by DNA.
DNA’s design goals include the following:
● Underlying support for multiple digital assets
● Turing-complete smart contracts and state persistence
● Cross-chain interoperability Safety
● Transaction finality
Currently, many financial institutions have adopted DNA architecture to develop blockchain proof-of-concept products. In addition, there are some blockchain projects that have been implemented, such as Xiaoyi Blockchain, Fachain, etc.
Antshares is a public chain positioned at the digitization of assets. It digitizes assets and rights in the physical world and uses a decentralized network protocol to conduct registration, issuance, transfer transactions, clearing and delivery and other financial services through a peer-to-peer network. . It adopts a community development model and is architecturally consistent with DNA, allowing cross-chain interoperability with any DNA-based blockchain system.
FaChain is the world's first large-scale commercial legal evidence storage blockchain. It is an evidence recording and preservation system based on DNA blockchain technology and is established and operated by multiple institutions. The system has no central control point, and once the data is entered, it cannot be tampered with by a single agency or node, thus meeting the requirements for judicial evidence storage.
5. Corda
Corda was developed by R3CEV, a New York-based blockchain startup. The R3 blockchain alliance initiated by it has so far attracted the participation of dozens of giant banks. These include Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Bank of New York Mellon, Citibank, Commerzbank, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Morgan Stanley, National Australia Bank, Royal Bank of Canada, Sweden's Nordisk Bank ( SEB), Société Générale, etc.
It can also be seen from the composition of R3 members that Corda is a blockchain architecture specifically used for bank and inter-bank business. Although R3 hasIt has been claimed that Corda is not a blockchain, but judging from various characteristics, it has some characteristics of a blockchain.
Technical comparison
1. Digital assets
Next, we will make a series of technical comparisons of these blockchain frameworks mentioned above, and introduce their differences from multiple dimensions. with similarities.
Blockchain’s built-in tokens are often an economic incentive model and a means to prevent spam transactions. Bitcoin is born with and has only one built-in token, so all "transactions" in the Bitcoin system are essentially transfer behaviors, unless additional digital assets are added to Bitcoin through an external protocol layer.
Ethereum and DNA have built-in tokens. In addition to the above-mentioned economic incentives and preventing spam transactions, their role is to provide a charging channel for the built-in functions of the system. For example, Ethereum's smart contract operation requires GAS, and DNA's digital asset creation also requires a certain amount of tokens.
Ethereum and Fabric do not have built-in support for multiple digital assets, but implement corresponding functions through smart contracts. The advantage of this approach is that the system design can be very simple, and the behavior of the assets can be specified arbitrarily, with a high degree of freedom. However, such a design will also bring a series of negative impacts. For example, all asset creators have to write repeated business logic themselves, and users cannot operate their assets in a unified way.
In contrast, DNA and Corda adopt a method of supporting multiple digital assets at the bottom level, allowing asset creators to easily create their own asset types, and users can also manage all in the same client. assets. For business scenarios with more complex logic, they can also use smart contracts to enhance the functions of assets, or create a business logic that has nothing to do with assets.
2. Account system
UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) is a mechanism: each digital currency will be registered under the ownership of an account. A digital currency has two status, that is, either it has not been spent or it has been spent. When you need to use a digital currency, mark its status as spent, create a new digital currency of the same amount, and register its ownership under a new account. In this process, the digital currency marked as spent is called the input of the transaction, and the new digital currency created is called the output of the transaction. In a transaction, it can contain multiple inputs and multiple output, but the sum of the inputs and the sum of the outputs must be equal. To calculate the balance of an account, just add the denominations of all digital currencies registered under the account.
Bitcoin and Corda use an account mechanism such as UTXO, while Ethereum uses a more intuitive balance machine.System: Each account has a status, which directly records the current balance of the account. The logic of transfer is to subtract a part of the balance from one account and add the corresponding balance to another account. The subtracted part and the added The parts above must be equal. DNA is compatible with both modes in terms of account mechanism.
So what are the advantages and disadvantages of UTXO mode and balance mode? The biggest benefit of UTXO is that UTXO-based transactions can be verified in parallel and ordered arbitrarily, because all UTXOs are not related to each other. This is very helpful to the future scalability of the blockchain, and the balance-based design There is no such advantage; on the contrary, the advantage of balance design is that the design idea is very simple and intuitive, which facilitates program implementation. Especially in smart contracts, it is very difficult to deal with the status of UTXO. This is also the reason why Ethereum, with smart contracts as its main function, chooses the balance design, while digital asset-centric architectures such as Bitcoin, OnchainDNA, and Corda prefer UTXO designs.
As for identity authentication, Bitcoin and Ethereum basically have no identity authentication design. The reason is very simple, because the design ideas of both of them emphasize privacy and anonymity and oppose supervision and centralization, and identity authentication is inevitable. Introduce some centers or weakened central institutions. Fabric, DNA and Corda all chose to use digital certificates to authenticate user identities because all three have design goals of being applied to existing financial systems, and financial systems must consider compliance and accept supervision. In addition, Existing financial systems have adopted digital certificate solutions on a large scale, so that they can be quickly integrated with blockchain systems.
