支撑区块链的信用是什么,区块链的信用从何而来

区块链技术的信用支撑是指，在区块链中，参与者之间的交易和交换的信誉，是如何确保安全可靠，以及如何保障交易双方的权益，以及保障交易结果实现可信赖性的机制。区块链的信用从何而来，可以从三个方面来拓展，即：去中心化、加密技术和智能合约。

去中心化是指，区块链技术没有中心控制机构，而是由参与者共同维护，确保每一笔交易的安全。去中心化的特性使得区块链技术拥有更高的安全性，因为没有中心控制机构，每一笔交易都必须被全网确认，才能够完成交易。因此，去中心化的特性可以提高区块链技术的信用支撑。

加密技术是指，区块链技术采用加密技术来确保每一笔交易的安全性。加密技术可以确保每一笔交易都是安全的，因为它可以防止恶意破坏者篡改或窃取数据，这样可以有效地保护参与者的交易安全。因此，加密技术可以提高区块链技术的信用支撑。

智能合约是指，区块链技术采用智能合约来确保交易双方的权益。智能合约可以确保每一笔交易都是公正的，因为它可以有效地保护参与者的权益，并确保交易结果实现可信赖性。因此，智能合约可以提高区块链技术的信用支撑。

总之，去中心化、加密技术和智能合约是支撑区块链技术信用的三大要素，它们可以有效地确保每一笔交易的安全性和可信赖性，从而提高区块链技术的信用支撑。

1. What is blockchain + credit reporting?

my country's credit reporting industry is mainly based on corporate credit reporting. Personal credit reporting needs to be developed, and the overall market prospect is broad. my country's corporate credit reporting developed earlier and the market is relatively mature. By the end of 2016, there were approximately 137 corporate credit reporting agencies in my country that had completed registration. Personal credit reporting has not yet been market-oriented, and licenses have not yet been issued. Tencent Credit Reporting, Zhima Credit Reporting, Qianhai Credit Reporting, Lakala Credit Reporting, Zhongzhicheng Credit Reporting, China Chengxin Credit Reporting, Pengyuan Credit Reporting and Huadao Credit Reporting Eight other units participated in the personal credit investigation pilot organized by the central bank. Private personal credit reporting agencies can indirectly participate in the personal credit reporting market by cooperating with banks and other financial institutions, but they cannot directly issue personal credit reporting reports. Personal credit reporting reports can only be obtained through the central bank's credit reporting system. As of the end of June 2016, the Central Bank's Credit Reference Center had included 21.2 million companies and other organizations and more than 900 million natural persons, of which only 5.77 million households and 410 million natural persons had credit records. The data of global credit giant Experian has covered 103 million companies and 890 million people around the world. Comparing the market demand and the scale of the credit reporting market in the United States, my country's credit reporting market has huge room for future development.

The emergence of blockchain technology has become a good medicine to solve the pain points of the credit reporting industry. Through the characteristics of true transparency and non-tampering, blockchain technology can solve the problems of trust and data sharing between credit reporting agencies, thereby solving problems such as data islands and incomplete data. By establishing a consortium chain, first of all, the problem of data confirmation can be solved be completely resolved. In a consortium chain system, relevant units in the chain such as credit reporting agencies, users, government departments, and financial institutions can all join in, and different access permissions can be designed to ensure data ownership while opening up information sharing and It can protect data security from being stolen and leaked.

On this basis, the channels for credit reporting agencies to obtain data have been greatly broadened, which can save the cost of data collection; at the same time, collaboration between different agencies has become smoother, reducing collaboration costs and communication costs. Credit reporting agencies can invest the various costs saved in other links to improve the overall quality of products.

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only “blockchain technology workstation” approved by the “Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation” launched by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. "Technical Professional" pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

2. What are the advantages of blockchain

The advantages of blockchain are mainly reflected in the following points:
1. Decentralization
Due to the distribution of use There is no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations of any node are equal. The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system.
2. Openness
The system is open. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data through the public interface. and develop related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
3. Autonomy
The blockchain adopts consensus-based specifications and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the entire system to exchange data freely and securely in a trustless environment. , so that trust in "people" is changed to trust in machines, and any human intervention has no effect.
4. Information cannot be tampered
Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, otherwise the database will not be modified on a single node. Modifications are invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high.
5. Anonymity
Since the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction does not require trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is valid by itself), so the counterparty does not need to Making the other party trust you by disclosing your identity is very helpful for the accumulation of credit.

As above, there are many applications of blockchain now, and it has been applied to various fields, such as GSN in social banking. GSN can effectively reduce financial risks by applying blockchain technology to finance. Because the credit management level of participating market entities will be improved due to the application of blockchain technology, on the other hand, it will also be conducive to the construction and improvement of the entire social credit system.

Secondly, GSN can transform traditional credit management based on experience and system design into a blockchain management model supported by heavy technical means. By introducing GSN, this advanced information management technology, it will help improve credit management. The technological content improves the accuracy and rigor of management.

Finally, GSN can effectively reduce the current high cost of social credit, open up the information islands between credit information, and effectively prevent the loss, leakage or tampering of social credit information. Blockchain has a wider range of application scenarios in building a social credit trust system and promoting digital inclusive credit reporting.

3. Xu Mingxing of okcoin Coin Bank analyzes how the blockchain trust machine operates

The name blockchain as a "trust machine" originated from "The Economist" of an article. From a macro level, the Internet is a network that transmits information. Today we can shop through the Internet and send WeChat messages. Nowadays, many technical experts and people in the traditional financial industry around the world regard blockchain as a revolutionary technology because blockchain is a network for transmitting transactions. Therefore, a well-known VC in the United States said that blockchain is a financial technology. underlying protocol.
Suppose there is a user A who wants to transfer money to another user B. In traditional finance,What are the differences between the Internet and the blockchain network? In today's existing financial network, for example, when transferring money from Industrial and Commercial Bank of China to China Merchants Bank, users can first access the database through ICBC's online banking or ATM machine, and the database can be transferred to the database of another bank through the clearing company of the blockchain center. , after which the user receives the money. If this transaction is done on the blockchain, first the transaction will be broadcast to a decentralized network, or a P2P network, and the transaction will be elected by bookkeepers on the network through some mathematical mechanisms. Verification is done to verify whether the transaction is genuine. It uses mathematical algorithms to ensure that the transaction cannot be forged in principle. When the bookkeeper agrees that the transaction is valid, it will form an account book and broadcast this account book to everyone on the network, which of course includes the payee.
Centralized network, this is the earliest and most primitive network. Our Internet today is like this, it is a distributed network. It has many small centers connected through a backbone network to form a distributed network. The blockchain network is actually a very inefficient network because the network has a lot of data redundancy and the transmission is not very efficient. However, as time goes by and the transmission becomes stronger, this redundancy problem is no longer a big problem. problem.
There is no powerful center in the blockchain network that can control or tamper with the data in the network. We can understand that a decentralized network is a network built on a distributed network. In many countries, such as many reports made by the Bank of England, blockchain is also translated into a distributed ledger. Blockchain originally originated from Bitcoin. Now many traditional financial companies are beginning to study and experiment with blockchain, such as RIPPLE, R3 Alliance, etc.
If we carefully analyze the role of distributed ledgers such as blockchain, we can find that it has many applications. For example, in the field of personal finance, there are many payment companies, remittance companies, etc. based on blockchain. At the political level, some have applied blockchain technology to elections, which can technically ensure that votes cannot be tampered with. There is also the field of digital currency. The Bank of England uses blockchain technology to develop another digital currency. It is different from the balance of Alipay and online banks. Of course, it is not an uncontrolled currency like Bitcoin. Its issuance rights are still in the hands of the central bank, but its liquidation and circulation network are built on the opened blockchain network. Its advantages are that WeChat Pay and Alipay can transfer funds to each other. For example, when I apply for a parking card, the original system naturally creates some payment barriers. The underlying digital technology can eliminate such barriers. IBM and others are making attempts in this regard.
An example is R3. R3 is a very good company in the world. They are trying to build a credit debt and bank debt clearing network. Domestic clearing is done by clearing companies. In fact, there is no such clearing center internationally. First of all, Several large banks in China conduct communication protocols, and then small banks make agreements inside, which is very complicated. Because there is no one in the worldA powerful center can build an international clearing system. Even the World Bank cannot do it. Companies like R3 are trying to use technology to do it. Internationally, countries do not trust each other, or banks trust each other’s quality inspection departments, but we all You can trust technology, and blockchain is such a technology.
We have also done some innovative work in this field. We started with Bitcoin, the first application of blockchain. Our product is called OKCoin. This year we launched a new blockchain Financial network OKLink, OKLink products mainly do small-amount international remittances in Hong Kong.
Everyone knows that there are multi-layered capital flows in the world, and the separation of capital flows and information flows, resulting in very high costs for international remittances. There is a prediction in the world that many people work outside and remit money back. The amount is 700 billion US dollars every year. The single amount is small, and the average handling fee is 10%. For example, a Filipino maid earns 4,000 Hong Kong dollars per month in Hong Kong, but loses 800 Hong Kong dollars when she returns home.
OKCoin puts many companies in the blockchain, allowing them to liquidate efficiently and at low cost, but it will not make false accounts and has no ability to run away. At present, we have opened up more than a dozen companies around the world. country. There is no China yet. In China, only banks can legally transfer money. Blockchain has helped our company establish a credit internationally. This is not the credit of our company, nor the credit of investors, but the credit of technology, so we have some partners in Africa and Southeast Asia who are willing to Believe in the security and resonance of the network.

We also have an APP on the C-side to allocate remittance orders from around the world to these remittance companies. We are currently commercializing the blockchain operation network in the world. We process millions of dollars every month, and we do it in compliance with regulations in all countries around the world.
Summarize what blockchain technology can do. Blockchain technology is actually a technology that opens your ledger to the public. When do we need to open the ledger to the public? When others don’t believe in your platform, in the short term its application is more suitable for areas with weak credibility. But in the long run, units with their own credit, such as Nasdaq and the New York Stock Exchange, will also use blockchain technology in the future, because the current cost is very high, so in the long run, this strong Credit units may use blockchain technology to reduce costs in the future. (Reprinted from NetEase News)
Of course, the same is true for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and the decentralized content sharing platform DECENT.

4. Which bank issued the first letter of credit for international settlement based on blockchain

Standard Chartered Bank
Standard Chartered Bank opened the blockchain trade finance platform outline The world's first cross-border blockchain letter of credit denominated and settled in offshore RMB.
Standard Chartered Bank was formed from the merger of two British overseas banks: Standard Bank of British South Africa and Standard Chartered Bank of India, Australia and ChinaOK. Standard Chartered Bank is an old bank established in 1853 under the Charter of Queen Victoria.
Extended Information
As one of the foreign banks with the longest history in China, Standard Chartered Bank has never stopped its business in China since it established its first branch in Shanghai in 1858. In 1969, it merged with Standard Bank. In April 2007, Standard Chartered Bank (China) Co., Ltd. became one of the first batch of local corporate banks. In 2019, Standard Chartered Bank won a number of awards and honors from the government, industry organizations and media, including the Shanghai Financial Innovation Award from the Shanghai Municipal People's Government, the Top Ten Classic Model Enterprises for Institutional Innovation in the Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone, and the "Global Finance" Best Sustainable Finance Bank, Best Green Financial Institution by China Business News, etc.
1. What are the types of settlement methods for letters of credit?
After the bank reviews the documents, the letter of credit enters the settlement stage. Article 10 of the Uniform Customs and Practices stipulates that all letters of credit must clearly indicate that they are applicable to sight payment, deferred payment, acceptance or negotiation.
1. Payment at sight
(1) The beneficiary sends the documents to the paying bank.
(2) After the bank reviews the documents and terms of the letter of credit, it pays the beneficiary.
(3) If the bank is not the issuing bank, the documents will be sent to the issuing bank for request in a pre-agreed manner.
2. Deferred payment
(1) The beneficiary sends the documents to the bank that bears the deferred payment.
(2) After the bank verifies that the documents are consistent with the terms of the letter of credit, payment will be made on the due date specified in the letter of credit.
(3) If the bank is not the issuing bank, the documents will be sent to the issuing bank for request in a pre-agreed manner.
3. Acceptance Bill
(1) The beneficiary sends the documents from the issuing bank and the usance draft to the bank that handles the letter of credit (accepting bank).
(2) The bank accepts the draft and returns the draft to the beneficiary after verifying that the documents are consistent with the terms of the letter of credit.
4. Negotiation
(1) The beneficiary shall submit the documents to the negotiating bank together with the sight draft or deferred draft of the payee specified in the letter of credit in accordance with the provisions of the letter of credit.
(2) The negotiating bank can purchase documents and drafts after verifying that the documents are consistent with the provisions of the letter of credit.
(3) If the negotiating bank is not the issuing bank, it shall submit documents and bills of exchange to the issuing bank in the form agreed in advance in order to make a claim.

5. Bitcoin has no source of value and credit support, so why are there so many people joining in?

The origin of Bitcoin’s use value itself is “the consensus”, and The support point of personal credit is that its underlying technology is a blockchain application. Based on the characteristics of blockchain technology, it can be said that the emergence of Bitcoin breaks some traditional systems, and this has value. The so-called personal credit support point of virtual currency is nothing more than "I am willing to say it, and you are willing to believe it." It does not matter at all whether the authenticity of Bitcoin is bubble plastic or a scam. To put it more directly, if you believe it has value, then it has use value. If you encounter something likeWhen people identify with it, it has commodity circulation and can be used as currency or products to exchange commodities or currencies with others. This is where the value lies.

The personal credit support point of Bitcoin is the group itself that uses Bitcoin. The larger the group is using it, the more valuable it is and the safer it is, so The more people use it, the more valuable it is, the safest, and so on. This is also the origin of its value. Judging from the performance of BTC after the first two production restrictions, with the halving of Bitcoin and the reduction in production, BTC will become increasingly rare, and a bull market will always come. It is only a matter of time. If you have the opportunity, you still have to hold the currency and wait for the next big bull market to come! There is no doubt that Bitcoin will usher in a very big bull market after the halving, and as the Bitcoin market soars, people who hold Bitcoin for a long time will be the biggest beneficiaries. And those speculators who buy and sell are bound to become "amaranth".

6. How blockchain and zero-knowledge proof work in the credit system

Zero-knowledge proof in the blockchain plays a major role in privacy protection. It plays an important role in the credit system. Naturally, China is no exception, but where in the system and in what way does it work is a question worth thinking about and studying.

First, credit issues cannot rely entirely on technical reliability. Government authority is sufficient for some issues, such as household registration and identity information. There is no need for further questioning on these issues.

Second, the usage scenario of blockchain evidence storage should be the scenario where there is a long quantitative chain of evidence, such as monthly and annual summary based on flow statistics to ensure that the calculation process of summary is not Fraud. The flow details are in the upstream of the evidence chain, and the time is beforehand. If you falsify upstream, you can falsify months or years in advance. The planning ability of the attacker and the cost of falsification are much higher. To a certain extent, it is economically feasible to prevent fraud.

In fact, this involves the issue of closure of domain events on the chain mentioned above. For areas where it is almost impossible, or where there is no realistic possibility of complete closure in the foreseeable future, the degree of closure is a gray level issue. If you trace it upstream along the logical chain of events and upload them to a certain level, attacks will be impossible. When attackers' attacks become quite or extremely difficult, blockchain applications will generate value and do not require complete closure. In this way, the value field of the blockchain will break through the virtual currency and decentralized financial defi, which are completely closed to the chain. The system can be expanded. This logic is not limited to the credit system, but applies to the general logic of combining blockchain and fields. To give another example, whether the traceability system can achieve the anti-counterfeiting function depends on whether the depth of the traceability in the evidence chain is enough to cause the dilemma of the counterfeiter. Without examining this point, it is only a formal use of blockchain evidence. meaningless.

So we can almost get a theorem:

The value level of blockchain in domain applications is directly proportional to the traceability depth of the evidence chain.

Then the second question that follows is: tracing back along the chain of evidence, the further upstream, the closer to the privacy of the subject (citizen privacy or organizational business secrets). The solution to this problem is where zero-knowledge proofs come into play and how they work. The application value of many zero-knowledge proofs is unclear. Now we consider it in the context of the evidence chain and it will become clear:

1. Zero-knowledge proofs are used to process quantitative evidence. During the chain traceability process, traceability is completed without revealing the clear text details of the upstream evidence chain, which not only plays the role of blockchain traceability along the evidence chain, but also protects privacy.

2. For scenarios where traceability is not necessary, the evidence chain does not exist, and the role and significance of zero-knowledge proof are also unclear. For example, for general identity and household registration information, administrative authority should be considered credible and there is no need to trace it back. Note that the evidence chain mentioned here is not a causal relationship in the physical sense, but a value trade-off through system application goals.

To summarize:

1. Use blockchain technology to retain the upstream of the evidence chain. 2. The further upstream the evidence chain is, the closer it is to citizen privacy. Use zero-knowledge proof to protect privacy

1. Refer to zkledger of MIT Media Lab and use blockchain combined with zero-knowledge proof to deal with citizens and organizations Summary reporting issues of financial and taxation processes.

2. The technical problem that needs to be solved is that in the zkledger scenario, there are only a few large transactions of a few banks, and the amount of data is small. However, when used in individual citizen scenarios, the amount of data is huge and requires Find ways to resolve performance issues.

7. Three major characteristics of blockchain

Compared with traditional centralized solutions, blockchain technology mainly has the following three characteristics:

1. The core idea of ​​the blockchain is to decentralize

In the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and all nodes have the ability to Use computing power to vote, thereby ensuring that the recognized result is the result recognized by more than half of the nodes. Even if it suffers a severe hacker attack, as long as the number of nodes controlled by the hacker does not exceed half of the total number of global nodes, the system will still be able to operate normally and the data will not be tampered with.

2. The biggest subversion of blockchain is the establishment of credit

Theoretically speaking, blockchain technology can make WeChat Pay and Alipay no longer valuable. "The Economist" gave a vivid metaphor to the blockchain: simply put, it is "a machine that creates trust." Blockchain allows people to collaborate without trusting each other and without a neutral central authority. Combating counterfeit currency and financial fraud will no longer be needed in the future.

3. Collective maintenance of blockchain can reduce costs

In a centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system rely on the operation, maintenance and operation of platforms such as data centers. , the cost cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. While participating in the recording, each node also verifies the correctness of the recording results of other nodes, which improves maintenance efficiency and reduces costs.

8. Blockchain 100 - Zhou Kaiyu: Can blockchain credit investigation innovation break industry credit barriers

Mr. Zhou Kaiyu, CEO of Zhenxing Technology

Currently, credit reporting has become a key part of the credit system and forms an important support in the operation of the modern financial system. There are certain difficulties and pain points in traditional credit reporting, but the decentralized and non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain will change in one fell swoop the issues of insufficient data privacy protection involved in the credit reporting process and consensus trust issues in the data sharing transaction process.

Mr. Zhou Kaiyu elaborated on the advantages of the combination of blockchain and credit reporting, and described the development status of the blockchain credit reporting industry at the legal level. At the same time, he expressed his views on the future development of Zhenxing Technology and the future direction of blockchain innovation.

Zhenxing Technology is positioned as a blockchain value ecological enterprise and is committed to building the next generation of trusted application service basic network based on blockchain. In June 2017, the company established a stable team structure and carried out related technical matters. From July to August, the first version of Zhenxing’s technical white paper was completed. At present, Zhenxing has implemented the first version of the system and has also started to provide related services in terms of blockchain-based identity verification. In the later stage, further development based on the second version of the credit evaluation system will be carried out.

In terms of ecological construction in the future, Mr. Zhou Kaiyu said that the blockchain credit industry has both value and opportunity. He hopes that industry partners with some high-quality resources on the B-side in the early stage can jointly expand services and eventually achieve A large number of users gather on the C-side, creating an ecological environment for high-credit preference transaction customers. In terms of the company's development plan, Zhenxing will break the inherent thinking of traditional blockchain anonymous verification, build a decentralized strong identity verification basic network, and integrate a trusted Internet service ecosystem.

The original intention of choosing a project that combines credit reporting with blockchain

“Choose blockchain to develop because it has a community-based approach that maintains the stability of the entire system. Consensus reward, consensus reward is a redistribution of social valueThe process of social value redistribution has created a value effect in which the wool comes out of the pig and is paid by a third party. While achieving credit value, it is a means to encourage everyone to maintain high credit. "Mr. Zhou Kaiyu said.

According to Mr. Zhou Kaiyu, in the traditional credit reporting process, the traditional centralized method is used to process data. The data exists on a centralized platform, but it is difficult to verify the security of user data. Sexual issues. However, personal privacy data issues have attracted attention at the social, government, enterprise and other levels. The blockchain will form a combination with the blockchain through the credit alliance.

At the same time , Block Hall Chain can combine some personal security mechanisms to achieve comprehensive and strict protection of personal privacy data and complete credit reporting services with authorized attributes. In Zhenxing’s credit reporting services, it combines the advantages of blockchain , using personal data and individuals themselves to provide diversified credit reporting services through data services.

What are the advantages of the combination of blockchain and credit reporting?

In the region The main core of the combination of blockchain and credit reporting is at the data level, since credit reporting uses a large amount of user data. In a decentralized system like blockchain, data needs to be maintained by everyone, and everyone can It is difficult to change data, which can clearly guarantee the security of user data. Any access to data must be authorized by the user.

Regarding the current legal status of blockchain credit reporting, Mr. Zhou Kaiyu introduced, "In terms of credit reporting, the country has many management regulations to regulate the processing of customer data by enterprises. Blockchain + credit reporting is a very good technical method." In his view, "District Blockchain + credit reporting has become the only basic technology that can fully meet all requirements in terms of privacy protection when most technologies currently cannot meet the needs of credit reporting. ”

What are the options for future blockchain innovation?

Mr. Zhou Kaiyu said that the development of blockchain is still in an early stage. There is a huge space in the direction. Currently, we are optimistic about the direction of innovation, such as asset digitization. Asset digitization will be a relatively long process, and various applications will continue to emerge during development. In terms of technological innovation, blockchain There is still a lot of room for the chain, and more attempts are being made in new directions of upgrading and balancing subdivisions.

Zhenxing hopes to build a value exchange ecology with high performance value, and It is hoped that under its nourishment, everyone will be happy to maintain their personal credit, and everyone can gain benefits from the credit transaction process. In the future development of Wuxiaokai, maintaining high credit and combating dishonest people will be the core concept.

9. What are the application examples of blockchain technology

Application of blockchain technology in voting
Kuaishang is all over the worldIt is the first country to apply blockchain technology to the field of voting, effectively solving the problem of trust in voting data, providing the most authentic and effective data for activists, ensuring the rights and interests of real voting users, and at the same time making blockchain technology "people-friendly" and making it accessible to the general public. In the field of life services, quickly perceive and enjoy the convenience brought by blockchain technology.
The application of blockchain technology in digital asset registration
The Golden Master Digital Asset Service Platform is the first to use blockchain technology. This technology is a global distributed ledger technology that is traceable and non-transitory. Tamper-proof and unforgeable properties. The digital assets of the platform come from regulated digital asset issuers, and the value of the assets is determined through the open market to avoid overestimation or underestimation of value.
The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry
Ant Financial’s independently controllable financial-grade commercial blockchain platform has been deployed globally in multiple institutions and countries in multiple social and commercial application scenarios. Ant Blockchain Chain platform transactions support second-level confirmation, and the consensus mechanism uses an efficient parallel consensus algorithm to ensure the high performance of the blockchain platform. Ant Blockchain has already had multiple production-level applications, applying leading technology to people's livelihood and business. , finance and other fields.