区块链赠送总量怎么算,区块链赠送总量是什么

区块链赠送总量是指通过区块链技术实现的赠送活动，总量可以由发起者自定义，一般是指赠送的数字货币的总量。它是一种激励机制，可以提高用户参与度，提升用户体验。

关键词一：区块链技术。区块链技术是一种分布式账本技术，它是一种去中心化的记账技术，可以实现数据的安全存储和共享。它可以有效地保护用户的数据安全，并可以实现数据的完整性、不可篡改性以及审计性。此外，它还可以帮助用户更有效地实现数据共享，从而提升系统的效率。

关键词二：赠送活动。赠送活动是指商家或其他机构通过给用户赠送礼品或其他形式的奖励，以此来激励用户的一种活动。通过赠送活动，可以有效提高用户参与度，提升用户体验，从而提高用户的忠诚度。此外，赠送活动还可以增加品牌知名度，拉近商家与用户之间的距离，提升品牌形象。

关键词三：总量。总量是指一次赠送活动中可以赠送的总数量，一般来说，发起者可以根据自己的目标定义总量。总量的定义可以帮助发起者更好地控制赠送活动的成本，同时也可以更好地控制赠送活动的效果。此外，总量的定义还可以帮助发起者更好地管理赠送活动，从而更好地实现赠送活动的目标。

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❶ What does zb mean? Urgent need!

It is the name of the exchange platform, and it is also the platform currency on it

❷ After reading this article, you will have a thorough understanding of the blockchain

I am here In this article, all the contents introduced are facts that have happened in the field of blockchain in today's world, not some imagination or opinions about blockchain. I think that as long as you read this article carefully, you will easily have a basic and accurate understanding of blockchain.

The main content of understanding blockchain in just ten minutes is divided into four sections. 21 topics and 4 sections are:

The first national blockchain strategy.

Second, Bitcoin and its literal representation involve four topics.

Third, blockchain and its technical logic involve 13 topics.

Fourth, blockchain empowers the economy and society, involving three topics.

Let’s first look at the first part of the blockchain national strategy, the first part of the blockchain country. Everyone knows that we humans have experienced six information revolutions. Seven or eight years ago, the first information revolution created primitive language, social tacit understanding, and the second information revolution saw the emergence of writing. The third information revolution in feudal society invented papermaking and printing, and the fourth information revolution in the late 19th century invented radio.

In the fifth information revolution of the 20th century, television appeared again, and now in the sixth information revolution, computers and the Internet have appeared. The emergence of computers and the Internet has given rise to the rapid development of various new technologies. Especially in 2020, the digital economy has experienced epoch-making development.

Why do you say that? The characteristics of high bandwidth, low latency and large connections in the 5G era have enabled the implementation of the four major technologies of ABCD.

What are the four major ABCD technologies

The a here refers to Artificial Intelligence, which is artificial intelligence technology.

B refers to Blockchain, blockchain technology.

C refers to cloud computing cloud computing technology

D refers to big data technology.

The word blockchain is now completely popular all over the country. On October 25, 2019, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China announced the development of blockchain technology. The current situation has been collectively studied, so the requirement of this meeting is to put the blockChain technology as the core technology.

As an important breakthrough for independent innovation, it is necessary to accelerate the innovative development of blockchain technology and industry. On April 20, 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission officially included blockchain into new infrastructure. Blockchain, why do you think it is so awesome? Let us say that blockchain is not an extension of the Internet, it is a subversion of the Internet. In the future, many, many technologies will grow on this blockchain and realize blockchainization.

So, how can we accurately learn and understand the blockchain?

We found that among the four major technologies of ABCD, only the block is naturally built-in It's financial. Therefore, we must learn and understand blockchain from the IT perspective and the financial perspective, and even learn and understand blockchain from the level of national governance. If you only study and understand blockchain from an IT perspective, it is impossible to understand the huge influence and influence of this technology. Then, your understanding of this will be biased. Even more, you may disapprove of blockchain technology. In addition, in the process of learning about blockchain, you should also pay attention to the fact that it has many new terms, so you need to concentrate on understanding it step by step.

Let’s first understand blockchain from a financial perspective.

Bitcoin and its birth performance

To understand the blockchain, it involves Bitcoin, and what about the birth of Bitcoin? , and it is inseparable from the evolution of currency. We know that currency is a special commodity that is separated from commodities and serves as a fixed general equivalent. In fact, we humans have used a lot of currencies, including physical currency, weighing currency, paper money, accounting currency, etc. As for accounting currency, it includes electronic currency and digital currency. Electronic currency itself is not a currency. It is just used to represent the same amount of currency. It is a token.

Then the total amount of his tokens will not increase due to the increase of electronic currency. Alipay, WeChat, payment, and online banking are typical electronic currencies. As for digital currency, it is itself a legal currency. The total amount of this fiat currency will increase with the increase of digital currency. We know that when it comes to physical currency, we humans have actually chosen many things as general equivalents.

Weighing currencies are some heavy metals. Later, people chose gold among the heavy metals. Why choose gold? Because gold has the characteristics of rarity, divisibility, and the most stable chemical properties. What needs to be noted here is gold. It is not issued by any country. It is provided by nature.of. Your country's total amount is as much as nature provides. Therefore, the country does not need to provide credit guarantees for the value of gold.

However, as for gold, it has some flaws in its use, and it is difficult to carry when you go out again, so there are descendants. Paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, paper money was not currency in the current sense. The currency at that time was still gold, but we used paper money to represent gold. We called it the gold standard. The gold standard is the gold standard, which is a monetary system with gold as the standard currency. The core essence of the gold standard is that how much currency a country issues should be decided based on how much gold your country has. It does not mean you can issue as much currency as you want.

At that time, the Great Depression of the United States reached January 10, 1934. On this day, the newly elected President of the United States made a very important decision to abandon the gold standard and issue $3 billion. Think about it, abandoning the gold standard, in theory, means that he can issue as much currency as he wants. Even if there is no gold in the treasury, he can issue banknotes as long as he wants to. Then someone will ask, if you issue so many words, can you still exchange them for gold of equal value?

Look at the banknotes at this time, they have been separated from gold, and national credit has emerged. , this, we call it currency guaranteed by national credit. Now, when mainstream countries issue currency, they also issue it with national credit as a guarantee.

What are the benefits? The advantage is that it can regulate the economy. When the economy is not doing well, a little more hair can drive economic development. The increase or decrease in this variable will cause a chain reaction of the entire economic aggregate. This is the multiplier effect in economics. Once a country masters this thing, some countries will be fascinated by it. But if it is not well controlled, it will lead to national credit bankruptcy. As a result, many people began to reflect. This reflection is, when issuing currency, is it better to use national credit as a guarantee, or is it better to stick to the gold standard based on the total amount of gold. This question involves the birth of Bitcoin

❸ How many public blockchain chains are there in the world

The global public blockchain chains are:

1. BTC:

Unlike most currencies, Bitcoin does not rely on the issuance of a specific monetary institution. It is generated through a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. The Bitcoin economy uses the distribution of many nodes in the entire p2p network. A formal database is used to confirm and record all transactions, and cryptography is used to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation.

2. ETH:

Ethereum (Ethereum) is a program for distributed applications.The global open source platform of the program is a blockchain system that emerged to solve the problems existing in the Bitcoin network. It provides developers with a platform to build and publish applications on the blockchain.

Ethereum can be used to program, decentralize, secure and trade anything including voting, domain names, financial exchanges, crowdfunding, company management, contracts and most agreements, intellectual property, smart assets, etc. It was issued on July 24, 2014, and the total initial issuance amount during crowdfunding was approximately 72 million ETH.

3. ICP:

The DFINITY team has been committed to researching the underlying technology of blockchain since 2015 and is committed to developing a blockchain-based , a secure and powerful next-generation application-level blockchain global computer. DFINITY is building a new decentralized public cloud computing service.

4. ADA:

Cardano is based on peer-reviewed academic research and embodies the spirit of openness and transparency. All research and technical specifications supporting Cardano are publicly released, and all Cardano development activities are open to the public. It is designed by a global team of experts who are leaders in their respective fields and developed by IOHK and its partners, with IOHK developing the technology, the Cardano Foundation overseeing development and promotion, and Emurgo driving commercial applications.

5. VET:

VET is converted from VEN according to the ratio of 1VEN:100VET. The Vechain platform is a global ledger-based information interaction and collaboration cloud platform based on block technology. Through the connection between API and application layer, people, things or things in the real world can be digitized to realize the interconnection of information.

❹ How to explain in an easy-to-understand way what is blockchain and what is Bitcoin?

Let’s talk about the social or economic significance of blockchain. Many technologies in the past were actually dedicated to "productivity", such as artificial intelligence, which is an advancement in productivity. The blockchain has greatly improved production relations and is dedicated to production relations. So why do you say that?
Because the so-called production relations are actually how business is done between people and business partners. And these things are originally in the process of people's mutual cognition, and no special procedures are used to program or quantify them.
For example, if you and I are good friends now, we can do business. If someone provokes our relationship and we are no longer good friends, we will not do business. Even if we can make money by doing business, we will not do it. , because everyone no longer has any trust in each other.
As for the blockchain, it is actually because the data has been certified by various nodes and backed up at the same time, so my data is as authentic as possible and cannot be tampered with. So in this case, you believe my data, On this basis, you can make a programProgramming, and then programming the "production relations" of what kind of business contracts and business cooperation this data can be used for. In this way, everyone believes in the data and the program compiled by the algorithm. And because you believe in the data and the program, you can develop various APPs based on this program. These APPs are the relationship of production and what kind of business you are going to do. This is: Blockchain is actually a reconstruction of "production relations".

❺ Comic popular science about blockchain, you need to know the basic concepts

No matter what industry you are in, you must have seen about blockchain in your circle of friends in the past two days Various news on the chain. So, what exactly is such a popular blockchain?
1. What exactly is blockchain?
A cartoon will let you understand in seconds
Blockchain technology refers to a kind of public participation in recording method of accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Currently, each is keeping its own account.
Since there is no centralized intermediary agency, letting everything run automatically through preset programs can not only greatly reduce costs, but also improve efficiency. And since everyone has the same ledger, it can ensure that the ledger recording process is open and transparent.
Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Without the operation and management of any centralized organization, Bitcoin has been running very stably for many years without any problems, so some people have noticed its underlying technology. , extract the abstraction of Bitcoin technology and call it blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.
According to a report released by Santander, Spain's largest bank, if all banks around the world use blockchain technology internally around 2020, they will save approximately US$20 billion in costs per year. Such data is enough to illustrate the tremendous changes and breakthroughs that "blockchain" has brought to the traditional financial field.
Cloud computing is usually defined as providing dynamic, easily scalable and often virtualized resources through the Internet, but it is often a centralized organization that provides a cloud computing platform. The network composed of blockchain generally does not have a specific organization, so blockchain is closer to the definition of a distributed computing system and is a type of distributed computing.
Q Coin is a centralized electronic currency, including the total amount and issuance method, which are controlled by Tencent. The total amount and issuance method of Bitcoin are pre-set by programs and encryption algorithms, and run on multiple nodes around the world. No one or institution can modify them, and they are not controlled by any single person or institution. Q coins are generally called electronic currencies or corporate tokens. Bitcoin is called digital currency or encrypted digital currency.
2. What are the characteristics of blockchain? What can it be used for?
In summary, blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is like a database ledger that records all transaction records. Its essence It is a decentralized database. This technology has gradually gained popularity in the banking and financial industries because of its safety and convenience.focus on.
Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, no need for central trust, non-tampering, and encryption security. It is entering the vision of government decision-making, financial institutions, and large enterprises, and is used in digital currency, payment settlement, credit financing, and finance. trade.
What can blockchain be used for? From the current point of view, the most obvious application of blockchain is Bitcoin. Blockchain first gained attention thanks to Bitcoin.
Qian Lufeng, chief analyst of the computer industry at Sinolink Securities, said that the most typical application scenarios of blockchain currently include three categories:
The first is currency applications, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.;
The second is The traditional financial field, such as the blockchain technology alliance R3, Hyperledger, etc., brings together institutions such as Goldman Sachs, Ping An, HSBC, and IBM, and is committed to cross-border payment, financial bill management and other application scenarios in the financial field;
Three Right and Wrong The fields of Yuanzhou Finance include energy, luxury goods, telecommunications, Internet and other fields.
Listed companies in the A-share computer sector have actively deployed blockchain in aspects such as equity investment, technology research and development, and project cooperation. However, because it takes a certain amount of time to incubate a new team and new projects/products/services, many listed companies are still in the early trial and error stage in terms of blockchain technology research and development and scenario-based applications.
As for the application of blockchain in the financial and non-financial fields, Industrial Securities stated that many traditional financial institutions, including banks and exchanges, currently attach great importance to technologies such as distributed ledgers of blockchain. And began to explore its practical applications in cross-border payments, bill transactions, securities issuance, etc. Some industry leaders have already entered the concept verification and project implementation stages.
With the improvement and innovation of underlying algorithms such as consensus mechanisms, Internet companies and non-financial companies have also begun to explore the possibility of applying blockchain in non-financial fields such as supply chain management, copyright transfer, and case management.

❻ One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain, you need to understand the area For blockchain, we have to study the brief history of technological development of blockchain starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for the emergence of blockchain, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a team of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool=The boss of the chess and card room takes a commission.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B drew Jia Dongfeng. After the record is completed, a complete block is generated, but remember, this is only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone should keep every card on their mobile phone (blockchain node)Accounting is done at the same time (decentralization), and after playing mahjong at the end, when you check out with electronic money directly on your mobile phone, everyone checks the accounting results. The accounting results should be the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is essential for mastering the Internet and regionalBlockchain has a very important significance. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet has been relatively stable between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and network addresses, but endless innovations have continued to emerge at the top application layer. Applications, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is often called the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center. All data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4, Peer-to-peer network (P2P): the father and technical foundation of blockchain

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S), and its characteristics It means that multiple computers connected to each other are in a peer-to-peer position, without distinction between master and slave. One computer can be used as a server, set up shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and can also be used as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for sharing music resources. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the Slashdot mailing list of the underground hacker site in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be peopleIt is the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of science, because except for blockchain, so far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to explain the blockchain to the public completely and clearly. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin’s financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occursTransactions are written to historical transaction records and change information is sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of blockchain is the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Every time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a combination of various original Internet technologies.Technology, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology are cleverly combined together, which can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games.

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989 European PhysicsTim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up patenting. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the interconnection of computer networks around the world.The Internet, on this basis, developed a global Internet covering the whole world called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by the blockchain can be realized using B/S and C/S structures, and the efficiency can be higher and the technologyIt can also be more mature.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

❼ Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: The number of Chinese blockchain patent applications accounts for 84% of the global total. What does this data indicate?

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: The number of Chinese blockchain patent applications accounts for 84% of the global total. 84% of the volume. What does this data illustrate? Firstly, it shows that the development of blockchain is very rapid around the world, so many commercial investors in China are increasing the construction of blockchain. Secondly, China’s commercial market is very huge, so The demand for blockchain patent applications will be higher and the long-term interests of applicants can be better protected. Furthermore, the value of blockchain is self-evident and can improve the stability of social work. In addition, China’s role in the region The development of blockchain is at the forefront of the world and is conducive to improving China's core competitiveness. It needs to be elaborated and analyzed from the following four aspects. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: China's blockchain patent applications account for 84% of the global total. This data illustrates What.

1. It shows that the rapid development of blockchain around the world has caused many commercial investors in China to increase the construction of blockchain

First of all, it shows that the development of blockchain around the world is very rapid. The rapid development of blockchain has caused many commercial investors in China to increase the construction of blockchain. For the development of blockchain worldwide, it is very rapid and is conducive to accelerating the progress of the world's technology industry.

What China should pay attention to:

It should strengthen multi-channel economic construction.

❽ How to know the total amount of tokens issued by the blockchain?

First look at the application scenario. Blockchains are all created to solve certain applications. The value of a Token depends first on what problem it is designed to solve, how big the market prospect is, and what pain points exist in traditional solutions. Can it only be solved using blockchain technology? Is it a global problem or a local problem? Is it a public chain, a private chain, or a consortium chain? Generally, the wider the application scope, the higher the level of pain points solved, and the greater the market prospect, the higher its value. For example, the EcoBall operating system is a basic blockchain platform. On this platform, various blockchain scenario applications can be quickly created, lowering the technical and financial threshold for enterprises and individuals to use blockchain technology, and playing a good role. social value and huge economic value.

Secondly, look at the management team. Unlike traditional industries, when a token is issued, the main chain is not even online, and research and development and construction have not even started. All it has is a white paper. Whether a blockchain project is successful or not, and what height it can reach, start-upTeam is crucial. A good team must include the following types of talents: industry talents, technical talents, and operational talents. It can be said that for a good project, these three types of talents are indispensable. The stronger the team and the more comprehensive the configuration, the higher the value of the Token.

Three looks at the design of Token. The value of Token is directly related to the total amount of Token. The smaller the total amount, the higher the value. In addition, the value of Token is also related to the distribution method. How are the tokens of the project side, operator, and capital side matched? How to design airdrops and incentives? Is it inflation or deflation? Do you need to mine? The length of the lock-up period will also directly affect the value of the Token. Good blockchain projects will issue most of the tokens to users. EcoBall's Token "ABA" rewards most of the tokens to users who have contributed to the community. When a project party holds a large number of Tokens, it is necessary to prevent it from cutting leeks.

Fourth look at community building. A key word in the development of blockchain technology is "consensus". The higher the consensus, the better the community is built, and the higher the value of TOKEN.

Five, look at financial strength. Funding is the guarantee for the success of a blockchain project. Whether crowdfunding funds are in place and used as planned, whether there are other financing channels, and whether R&D funds are sufficient are also important factors that affect the value of Token.

It is reported that the Token “ABA” of the EcoBall project is currently carrying out whitelist activities. I will not promote it here. Interested friends can contact the project party to find out on their own.

❾ 108 essential knowledge points for getting started with blockchain

Author: Kong Lin

61. Locked in

Expect the currency price to rise, but unexpectedly the currency price falls after buying; or expect the currency price to fall, but unexpectedly the currency price rises after selling

62. Unwinding

After buying Bitcoin, the currency price fell, causing a temporary book loss, but the currency price rebounded later and the loss turned into profit

63. Going short

After selling Bitcoin because of the bearish market outlook, However, the currency price continued to rise, and I failed to buy in time, so I failed to make profits

64. Overbought

The currency price continued to rise to a certain height, and the buyer's power was basically exhausted. The currency price is about to fall

65. Oversold

The currency price continues to fall to a certain low, the seller's power is basically exhausted, and the currency price is about to rise

66. Lure bulls

The currency price has been consolidating for a long time and is more likely to fall. Most short sellers have sold Bitcoin. Suddenly the short sellers pull up the currency price, inducing many parties to think that the currency price will rise and buy one after another. As a result, the short side suppressed the price of the currency, causing the long side to get stuck

67. Short-selling

After buying Bitcoin, bulls deliberately suppress the price of the currency, making short sellers think that the price of the currency will fall and sell them one after another. As a result, they fall into the trap of bulls

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68. What is NFT

The full name of NFT is "Non-Fungible Tokens", which is a non-fungible token. Simply put, it is a kind of non-fungible token on the blockchain. The divided copyright certificate is mainly used to confirm and transfer the rights of digital assets. The difference from digital currency is that it is unique and indivisible. In essence, it is a unique digital asset.

69. What is the Metaverse

The Metaverse is a collection of virtual time and space, consisting of a series of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and the Internet (Internet) Composed of digital currency, which carries the function of value transfer in this world.

70. What is DeFi

DeFi, the full name is Decentralized Finance, which is "decentralized finance" or "distributed finance". "Decentralized finance", as opposed to traditional centralized finance, refers to various financial applications based on open decentralized networks. The goal is to establish a multi-level financial system based on blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. As a basis, re-create and improve the existing financial system

71. Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

72. Bitcoin is different from Q Coin

Bitcoin is a decentralized digital asset with no issuing entity. Q Coin is an electronic currency issued by Tencent. It is similar to electronic points, but it is not actually a currency. Q Coin requires a centralized issuing institution. Q Coin can only be recognized and used because of the credit endorsement of Tencent. The scope of use is also limited to Tencent's games and services. The value of Q coins is entirely based on people's trust in Tencent.

Bitcoin is not issued through a centralized institution, but it is widely recognized around the world because Bitcoin can self-certify its trust. The issuance and circulation of Bitcoin are jointly accounted for by miners across the entire network, and are not A central authority is also needed to ensure that no one can tamper with the ledger.

73. What is a mining machine?

Taking Bitcoin as an example, a Bitcoin mining machine is a professional equipment that competes for accounting rights by running a large amount of calculations to obtain new Bitcoin rewards. It is generally composed of a mining chip, a heat sink and a fan, and only performs A single calculation program consumes a lot of power. Mining is actually a competition between miners for computing power. Miners with more computing power have a greater probability of mining Bitcoin. As the computing power of the entire network increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to mine bits with traditional equipment (CPU, GPU), and people have developed chips specifically for mining. The chip is the core part of the mining machine. The process of chip operation will generate a lot of heat. In order toFor heat dissipation and cooling, Bitcoin mining machines are generally equipped with heat sinks and fans. Users download Bitcoin mining software on their computers, use the software to assign tasks to each mining machine, and then start mining. Each currency has a different algorithm and requires different mining machines.

74. What is quantitative trading?

Quantitative trading, sometimes also called automated trading, refers to the use of advanced mathematical models to replace human subjective judgments, which greatly reduces the impact of investor sentiment fluctuations and avoids extreme fanaticism or pessimism in the market. make irrational investment decisions. There are many types of quantitative trading, including cross-platform trading, trend trading, hedging, etc. Cross-platform trading means that when the price difference between different target platforms reaches a certain amount, sell on the platform with a higher price and buy on the platform with a lower price.

75. Blockchain asset over-the-counter trading

Over-the-counter trading is also called OTC trading. Users need to find their own counterparties and do not need to match the transaction. The transaction price is determined by negotiation between the two parties. The two parties can fully communicate through face-to-face negotiation or telephone communication.

76. What is a timestamp?

The blockchain ensures that each block is connected sequentially through timestamps. Timestamps enable every piece of data on the blockchain to have a time stamp. Simply put, timestamps prove when something happened on the blockchain and cannot be tampered with by anyone.

77. What is a blockchain fork?

Upgrading software in a centralized system is very simple, just click "Upgrade" in the app store. However, in decentralized systems such as blockchain, "upgrading" is not that simple, and a disagreement may even cause a blockchain fork. Simply put, a fork refers to a disagreement when the blockchain is "upgraded", resulting in a fork in the blockchain. Because there is no centralized organization, every code upgrade of digital assets such as Bitcoin needs to be unanimously recognized by the Bitcoin community. If the Bitcoin community cannot reach an agreement, the blockchain is likely to form a fork.

78. Soft fork and hard fork

Hard fork means that when the Bitcoin code changes, the old nodes refuse to accept the blocks created by the new nodes. Blocks that do not comply with the original rules will be ignored, and miners will follow the original rules and create new blocks after the last block they verified. A soft fork means that old nodes are not aware of the changes to the Bitcoin code and continue to accept blocks created by new nodes. Miners may work on blocks they have no understanding of, or validation of. Both soft forks and hard forks are "backwards compatible" to ensure that new nodes can verify the blockchain from scratch. Backward compatibility means that new software accepts data or code generated by old software. For example, Windows 10 can run Windows XP applications. Soft forks can also be "forward compatible".

79. Blockchain project classification and application

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Judging from the current mainstream blockchain projects, blockchain projects are mainly divided into four categories: Category 1: Currency; Category 2: Platform; Category 3: Application; Category 4: Asset tokenization.

80. USDT against the US dollar

USDT is Tether USD, a token launched by Tether that is against the US dollar (USD). 1USDT=1 US dollar, users can use USDT and USD for 1:1 exchange at any time. Tether implements a 1:1 reserve guarantee system, that is, each USDT token will have a reserve guarantee of 1 US dollar, which supports the stability of the USDT price. The unit price of a certain digital asset is USDT, which is equivalent to its unit price in US dollars (USD).

81. Altcoins and alternative coins

Altcoins refer to blockchain assets that use the Bitcoin code as a template and make some modifications to its underlying technology blockchain, among which Those with technological innovations or improvements are also called alternative coins. Because the Bitcoin code is open source, the cost of plagiarism in Bitcoin is very low. You can even generate a brand new blockchain by simply copying the Bitcoin code and modifying some parameters.

82. Three major exchanges

Binance

Okex

Huobi

83. Market software

Mytoken

Non-small account

CMC

84. Information website

Babbitt

Golden Finance

Coin World News

85. Blockchain Browser

BTC

ETH

< p> BCH

LTC

ETC

86. Wallet

Imtoken

Bitpie

87. Decentralized exchange

uniswap

88. NFT exchange

Opensea< /p>

Super Rare

89. Ladder

Bring your own, buy a reliable ladder

90. Platform currency

The digital currency issued by the platform is used to deduct handling fees, transactions, etc.

91. Bull market, bear market

Bull market: rising market

Bear market: falling market< /p>

92. Blockchain 1.0

A currency trading system based on distributed ledgers, represented by Bitcoin

93. Blockchain 2.0

Ethereum (intelligent The contract blockchain technology represented by the contract) is 2.0

94. Blockchain 3.0

In the era of intelligent Internet of Things, it goes beyond the financial field and provides decentralized solutions for various industries. Solution

95. Smart Contract

Smart Contract is a computer protocol designed to spread, verify or execute contracts in an information-based way. Simply put, electronic contracts are determined in advance. Once the contract is confirmed by both parties, the contract will be automatically executed.

96. What is a token?

The token economy is an economic system with Token as the only reference standard, which is equivalent to a pass. If you own Token, you have rights and interests, and you have the right to speak.

Big data is the means of production, AI is the new productivity, and blockchain is the new production relationship. Big data refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed within a certain time range using conventional software tools. It is a massive, high-growth and high-volume data set that requires new processing models to have stronger decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities. Diverse information assets. Simply understood, big data is massive data accumulated over a long period of time and cannot be obtained in the short term. Blockchain can be used as a way to obtain big data, but it cannot replace big data. Big data is only used as a medium running in the blockchain and has no absolute technical performance, so the two cannot be confused. (A simple understanding of the production relationship is the labor exchange and consumption relationship. The core lies in productivity, and the core of productivity lies in production tools)

ICO, Initial Coin Offering, initial public token issuance, is the first step in the blockchain digital currency industry. Crowdfunding. It is the most popular topic and investment trend in 2017, and the country launched a regulatory plan on September 4. Speaking of ICO, people will think of IPO, and the two are essentially different.

99. Five characteristics of digital currency

The first characteristic: decentralization

The second characteristic: having open source code

The third feature: independent electronic wallet

The fourth feature: constant issuance

The fifth feature: global circulation

100. What is decentralization?

It has no issuer, does not belong to any institution or country, and is a publicly issued currency designed, developed and stored on the Internet by Internet network experts.

100. What is measurement (scarcity)?

ReleaseOnce the total amount is set, it is permanently fixed, cannot be changed, cannot be overissued at will, and is subject to global Internet supervision. Because the difficulty of mining and mining changes over time, the longer the time, the greater the difficulty of mining, and the fewer coins are mined, so it is scarce.

101. What is open source code?

The alphanumeric code is stored on the Internet. Anyone can find out the source code of its design, everyone can participate, can mine it, and it is open to the world.

102. What is anonymous transaction? Private wallet private?

Everyone can register and download the wallet online without real-name authentication. It is completely composed of encrypted digital codes. It can be sent and traded globally in real-time point-to-point without resorting to banks or any institutions. It cannot be traced by anyone without my authorization. ,Inquire.

A contract transaction refers to an agreement between a buyer and seller to receive a certain amount of an asset at a specified price at a certain time in the future. The objects of contract trading are standardized contracts formulated by the exchange. The exchange stipulates standardized information such as commodity type, transaction time, quantity, etc. A contract represents the rights and obligations of the buyer and seller.

105. Digital Currency Industry Chain

Chip manufacturers, mining machine manufacturers, and mining machine agents mine and export to exchanges for retail investors to speculate in coins< /p>

106. Who is Kong Lin?

Kong Lin: Digital Currency Value Investor

Investment style: Steady

p>

107. Konglin Investment Strategy

Combining long-term and short-term, focusing on price investment, no touching contracts, no short-term play

Reasonable layout, scientific operation, steady and conservative, earning Cycle money

108. Konglin?

Welcome currency friends and seek common development

❿ Blockchain block-producing node incentive plan

All public blockchains have appropriate inflation. Bitcoin and Ethereum are rewarded based on block production, while EOS is fixed inflation.

Since Bitcoin and Ethereum are blocks competing for POW computing power, miners maintain the security of the system and obtain transaction fees and block rewards.

EOS cannot adopt the Bitcoin solution because there are no handling fees in EOS. If the Bitcoin solution is followed, that is, the final total amount is constant, the reward is halved every few years, and the reward will be close to 0 in the future. , miners have no incentive to maintain the system.

EOS and ZIL, one mines the maximum value of a single node's capabilities, and the other mines the network's horizontal expansion capabilities. Two different designs and different philosophies are very representative. Therefore, the following mainly introduces the incentive schemes of EOS and ZIL.

1. EOS

The block rewards of Bitcoin and Ethereum are easy to understand. The following focuses on the inflation model of EOS, the registration of block nodes and the receipt of rewards.

EOS’s block reward comes from inflation, with an annualized inflation rate of 5%. This 5% is used as producer rewards and proposal funds, of which producer rewards account for 1% and proposal funds account for 4%.

It is worth mentioning that among the producer rewards, the block-producing node is rewarded 0.25%, and all nodes that receive votes are rewarded the remaining 0.75%.

The starting point of Ethereum’s uncle block rewards is the same, which is to reward producers and motivate them to maintain the system.

If you want to become a producer, you need to register with the system first. After voting, the 21 nodes with the most votes will be selected.

If you want to receive rewards, you first need the consent of the majority of the current block-producing nodes. As eosio, distribute eos from eosio.token to three system accounts, namely eosio.saving. eosio.bpay and eosio.vpay respectively correspond to the proposal fund, block-producing node and vote-getting node in the inflation model.

Specific block-producing nodes can receive rewards by claimingrewards to the system.

2. Zilliqa

ABA adopts the sharding model, you can refer to Zilliqa’s incentive model.

ZIL's inflation model is similar to Bitcoin, that is, the total amount is constant, the block reward decays every 4 years, and after the block reward is issued, the transaction fee is used to incentivize the block nodes.

The incentive for ZIL to return blocks is the same as that of Bitcoin and Ethereum, that is, it will be returned after the block is produced.

The difference is that ZIL is divided into DS and shard. Every time a block is produced, the leaders of DS and shard can receive rewards.

In ZIL, the incentives that DS and shard leaders can receive are almost the same, but DS leader has an advantage. If the total reward and rent reward of the current block is m, there are n in total. Nodes can receive rewards, so in addition to the shard leader who can receive m / n tokens, he can also receive additional m - n * (m / n) tokens, that isn times the decimal part of m / n.