当前位置首页 > 区块链知识> 正文

郑伊廷区块链入门

发布时间：2023-12-15-01:47:00 来源：网络区块链知识区块入门郑伊廷

郑伊廷区块链入门

现在，郑伊廷区块链入门已经成为了新时代的一种重要技术，本文将介绍关于它的三个关键词：区块链，智能合约和联盟链。

区块链是一种分布式数据库技术，它可以记录数字资产的所有交易信息，并使用密码学技术来确保这些信息的安全性。它是一种不可篡改的，可验证的，安全可靠的分布式账本技术，可以存储任何数据，如交易、身份、智能合约等。它的特点是安全可靠，可以有效地保护数据的完整性，防止数据被篡改，从而保证数据的安全性。

智能合约是一种将合同条款写入到区块链上的软件，它可以在双方都同意条款的情况下自动执行。它可以被编程用于实现各种不同的功能，如自动执行交易、自动发送支付、自动完成合同等。智能合约不仅可以提高效率，还可以更好地保护双方的权益，因为它可以确保双方都遵守约定，从而减少纠纷的可能性。

联盟链是一种特殊的区块链，它是由一组参与方共同维护和管理的，而不是由单一实体拥有和管理的。它可以被用于构建一个可信赖的网络，以实现安全可靠的数据共享和交易。联盟链的优势在于它可以让参与方实现安全可靠的数据共享，而不需要依赖中心化的机构，从而更好地保护参与方的权益。

以上就是郑伊廷区块链入门中的三个关键词：区块链、智能合约和联盟链的介绍。它们的出现为我们提供了更多的安全性、效率和可靠性，是今后发展的重要技术。

请查看相关英文文档

㈠ Beginner’s guide to investing in digital currency (blockchain), just read this article

Compared with other investment methods, the entry threshold for blockchain and digital currency investment is relatively high. , many friends want to invest in digital currencies but don’t know where to start or what to learn. Although 51coins has updated a lot of relevant knowledge in the "Beginners Playing Coin" section, it is not systematic enough

This time we will systematically organize the information related to blockchain and digital currency investment. In summary, let everyone understand and invest in digital currency faster and more conveniently

1. Understand the blockchain and digital currency

No matter what you invest in, you must understand it. The same goes for blockchain and digital currencies. There are many introductions about blockchain on the Internet, some are too profound, and some are not comprehensive enough. I personally think the video "100 Questions on Blockchain" produced by Huobi is better

100 videos , all of which are blockchain-related knowledge, including: the birth of Bitcoin, operating principles, blockchain FAQs, mining, wallet introduction, etc., and are all in the form of animated videos, making it easier for everyone to understand. Although the explanation is not detailed enough, it can give you a preliminary understanding of digital currency and blockchain

2. Choose a trading platform

After understanding digital currency, you can try to use the trading platform Purchase a small amount of digital currency and experience the process. The purchase and sale of digital currencies must be completed through a trading platform, which is equivalent to a stock exchange in the stock market. It is recommended to choose a large trading platform for the trading platform, which has a comprehensive range of currencies, convenient transactions, and guaranteed fund security

The following three platforms are recommended: Binance, Huobi, and OKEX (ranked in no particular order)

3. Choose a wallet

If digital currency is compared to cash, a wallet is equivalent to a bank card, used to store digital currency. There are many types of wallets, and the most commonly used ones now are mobile APP wallets (light wallets). Wallets are also divided into types. Different similar digital currencies cannot be transferred to the same wallet. For example, if imtoken is an Ethereum wallet, it can only store Ethereum and tokens issued based on Ethereum, but not other currencies

There are also wallets that claim to support all digital currencies, but most of these wallets are not yet complete.

Of course, after we buy digital currency, we don’t need to deposit it into the wallet, but directly put it in the exchange account, which can save the handling fee and not be so troublesome. Large exchanges such as Huobi and OKEX are relatively It is safe. I personally basically put digital currencies on exchanges

4. Determine the investment plan

Before investing in digital currencies, we must first determine our investment plan and plan to invest. How much money, how much loss you can accept, what is the expected return, and how long the investment time frame is, determine it before investing. Digital currency is a high-risk, high-yield investment assetIn the novice stage, just invest the spare money that will not affect your life. There is no limit on the amount of investment, and the minimum investment is a few hundred yuan.

You can increase the investment amount appropriately after you truly understand the market, but you must also remember The investment amount should be controlled within the range you can afford

5. Choose the investment currency

After choosing the trading platform and determining the investment plan, you can purchase digital currency. So many numbers Which currency should we buy? When buying coins for the first time, it is recommended to choose mainstream coins. You can choose a few coins that you like among the top 20 in the market or recognized value coins

Find out what these coins are for and whether they are available. What is the actual value, what news has recently affected the currency price trend, etc.

Understand these issues before buying, and be sure to pay attention to the purchase price before buying

6. Common tools, Website

1. Non-small account: You can view information related to each currency and exchange, including currency price, historical price, increase and decrease, circulation volume, ranking and other information

2 , AICoin: The function is similar to that of non-small accounts. The K-line of aicoin is very convenient and easy to use. It is the first choice for watching K-line charts

3. Coin World: Real-time updates of news and information related to various blockchains and digital currencies

4. Golden Finance: A relatively comprehensive blockchain media platform, including news, news, quotes, celebrity columns, etc.

7. Learn more relevant knowledge

With the above 6 points as a basis, even if we have initially learned about digital currency investment, we still need to learn more knowledge if we want to truly make money by investing in digital currencies. The two most important points are to deepen the understanding of blockchain and technical analysis (K line)

These two are too broad and cannot be learned overnight, so I will not introduce them, K You can find a lot of online knowledge online. As we invest longer, understand more currencies, and come into contact with more related matters, we will gradually deepen our understanding of blockchain.

㈡ 108 Introduction to Blockchain Knowledge points

108 essential knowledge points for getting started with blockchain

(Welcome to share the same channel)

1. What is blockchain

The information of multiple transactions and the information indicating the block are packaged together. The verified package is the block.

Each block stores the hash value of the previous block, creating a relationship between blocks, that is to say, a chain. Together they are called blockchain.

2. What is Bitcoin

The concept of Bitcoin was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009, with a total number of 21 million. The Bitcoin chain generates a block approximately every 10 minutes, and this block is mined by miners.It took 10 minutes to dig it out. As a reward to miners, a certain number of Bitcoins will be issued to miners, but this certain number is halved every four years. Now it's 12.5. If this continues, all Bitcoins will be available in 2040.

3. What is Ethereum

The biggest difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is the smart contract. This allows developers to develop and run various applications on it.

4. Distributed ledger

It is a database that is shared, replicated and synchronized among network members. To put it bluntly, all users on the blockchain have accounting functions and the content is consistent, which ensures that the data cannot be tampered with.

5. What is quasi-anonymity?

I believe everyone has a wallet, and the wallet address (a string of characters) used to send transactions is quasi-anonymity.

6. What is open transparency/traceability

The blockchain stores all data from history to the present, anyone can view it, and can also view any data in history.

7. What is tamper-proof

Historical data and current transaction data cannot be tampered with. The data is stored in the block on the chain and has a hash value. If the block information is modified, its hash value will also change, and the hash values of all blocks following it must also be modified to form a new chain. At the same time, the main chain is still conducting transactions to generate blocks. The modified chain must always generate blocks synchronously with the main chain to ensure that the length of the chain is the same. The cost is too high, just to modify a piece of data.

8. What is anti-DDoS attack

DDoS: Hackers control many people’s computers or mobile phones and allow them to access a website at the same time. Since the bandwidth of the server is limited, a large amount of traffic The influx of data may cause the website to fail to function properly, resulting in losses. However, the blockchain is distributed and there is no central server. If one node fails, other nodes will not be affected. Theoretically, if more than 51% of the nodes are attacked, problems will occur.

9. Definition of main chain

Taking Bitcoin as an example, at a certain point in time, a block is mined by two miners at the same time, and then 6 blocks are generated first. The chain of blocks is the main chain

10. Single chain/multi-chain

Single chain refers to the data structure that handles everything on one chain. The core essence of the multi-chain structure is composed of public chain + N sub-chains. There is only one, but in theory there can be countless sub-chains, and each sub-chain can run one or more DAPP systems

11. Public chain/alliance chain/private chain

Public Chain: Everyone can participate in the blockchain

Alliance chain: Only alliances are allowedMembers participate in accounting and inquiry

Private chain: writing and viewing permissions are only in the hands of one organization.

12. Consensus layer, data layer, etc.

There are six overall structures of the blockchain: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer. Data layer: a layer that records data, belonging to the underlying technology; network layer: a structure for building a blockchain network, which determines how users are organized. Consensus layer: Provides a set of rules to allow everyone to reach agreement on the information received and stored. Incentive layer: Design incentive policies to encourage users to participate in the blockchain ecosystem; Contract layer: Generally referred to as "smart contracts", it is a set of contract systems that can be automatically executed and written according to their own needs. Application layer: Applications on the blockchain, similar to mobile apps. Former Distributed Storage R&D Center

13. Timestamp

The timestamp refers to January 1, 1970 Day 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds 0... The total number of seconds from the current time to now, or the total number of nanoseconds and other very large numbers. Each block is generated with a timestamp indicating when the block was generated.

14. Block/block header/block body

Block is the basic unit of blockchain, and block header and block body are components of blockchain. The information contained in the block header includes the hash of the previous block, the hash of this block, timestamp, etc. The block body is the detailed data in the block.

15. Merkle tree

Merkle tree, also called binary tree, is a data structure for storing data. The bottom layer is the original data contained in all blocks, and the upper layer is each The hash value of a block, the hash value of this layer is combined in pairs to generate a new hash value, forming a new layer, and then upwards layer by layer, until a hash value is generated. Such a structure can be used to quickly compare large amounts of data, and you can quickly find the bottom-level historical data you want without downloading all the data.

16. What is expansion?

The size of a Bitcoin block is about 1M and can save 4,000 transaction records. Expansion means making the block larger so that more data can be stored.

17. What is a chain?

Each block will save the hash of the previous block, creating a relationship between the blocks. This relationship is a chain. Data such as block transaction records and status changes are stored through this chain.

18. Block height

This is not the height mentioned in terms of distance. It refers to the total number of blocks between the block and the first block on the chain. This height indicates which block it is, and is just for identification purposes.

19. Fork

At the same timeTwo blocks were generated within the block (the transaction information in the block is the same, but the hash value of the block is different), and then two chains were forked from these two blocks. Mr. Who is the link between these two blocks? into 6 blocks, whichever one is the main chain, and the other chain is discarded.

20. Ghost Protocol

Mining pools with high computing power can easily generate blocks faster than mining machines with low computing power, resulting in most of the blocks on the blockchain being generated by these mining pools with high computing power. However, the blocks generated by mining machines with low computing power are not stored on the chain because they are slow, and these blocks will be invalid.

The ghost protocol allows blocks that should be invalidated to remain on the chain for a short time, and can also be used as part of the proof of work

. In this way, miners with small computing power will contribute more to the main chain, and large mining pools will not be able to monopolize the confirmation of new blocks.

21. Orphan block

As mentioned before, orphan blocks are blocks generated at the same time. One of them forms a chain, and the other does not form a chain. Then this block that does not form a chain is called an orphan block.

22. Uncle block

The orphan block mentioned above, through the ghost protocol, makes it part of the proof of work, then it will not be discarded and will be saved in the main chain superior. This block is next

23 replay attack

The hacker resends the message that has been sent to the server. Sometimes this can deceive the server into multiple responses.

24. Directed acyclic graph

Also called data set DAG (directed acyclic graph), DAG is an ideal multi-chain data structure. Most of the blockchains mentioned now are single chains, that is, one block is connected to another block, and DAG is multiple blocks connected. The advantage is that several blocks can be generated at the same time, so the network can process a large number of transactions at the same time, and the throughput will definitely increase. However, there are many shortcomings and it is currently in the research stage.

25. What is mining

The mining process is to perform a series of conversions, connections and hash operations on the above six fields, and continue to try them one by one. The random number you are looking for, and finally successfully find a random number that meets the conditions: the value after hashing is smaller than the hash value of the preset difficulty value, then the mining is successful, and the node can broadcast the area to neighboring nodes. block, neighboring nodes receive the block and perform the same operation on the above six fields to verify compliance, and then forward it to other nodes. Other nodes also use the same algorithm to verify. If there are 51% of nodes in the entire network If all verifications are successful, even if this block is truly "mined" successfully, each node will add this block to the end of the previous block, delete the list in the block that is the same as its own record, and resurrect again. the above process. Another thing to say is, noRegardless of whether the mining is successful, each node will pre-record the reward of 50 Bitcoins and the handling fees of all transactions (total input-total output) as the first item in the transaction list (this is the most fundamental aspect of "mining"). Purpose, which is also the fundamental reason to ensure the long-term stable operation of the blockchain), the output address is the address of this node, but if the mining is unsuccessful, the transaction will be invalidated without any reward. Moreover, this transaction called "production transaction" does not participate in the "mining" calculation.

26. Mining machines/mining farms

Mining machines are computers with various configurations, and computing power is the biggest difference between them. A place where mining machines are concentrated in one place is a mining farm

27. Mining pool

Miners join together to form a team, and the computer group under this team is a mining pool. Mining rewards are distributed based on your own computing power contribution.

28. Mining difficulty and computing power

Mining difficulty is to ensure that the interval between generating blocks is stable within a certain short time, such as Bitcoin is issued in 10 minutes

Block 1. The computing power is the configuration of the mining machine.

29. Verification

When verification in the blockchain is a confirmation of the legality of the transaction, each node will verify the transaction once when the transaction message is propagated between nodes. Whether the transaction is legal. For example, verify whether the syntax of the transaction is correct, whether the transaction amount is greater than 0, whether the entered transaction amount is reasonable, etc. After passing the verification, it will be packaged and handed over to the miners for mining.

30. Transaction broadcast

The node sends information to other nodes through the network.

31. Mining fees

For the blockchain to work non-stop like a perpetual motion machine, miners need to maintain the system. Therefore, the miners must be given favorable fees to make it sustainable.

32. Transaction confirmation

When a transaction occurs, the block recording the transaction will be confirmed for the first time, and will be confirmed in every area on the chain after the block. Block is reconfirmed: When the number of confirmations reaches 6 or more, the transaction is generally considered safe and difficult to tamper with.

33. Double transaction

That is, I have 10 yuan, I use the 10 yuan to buy a pack of cigarettes, and then instantly use the 10 yuan that has not yet been paid. Bought another cup of coffee. So when verifying the transaction, you need to confirm whether the 10 yuan has been spent.

34. UTXO unspent transaction output

It is a data structure containing transaction data and execution code, which can be understood as digital currency that exists but has not yet been consumed.

35. Transactions per second TPS

That is throughput, tps refers to the number of transactions the system can process per second.

36. Wallet

Similar to Alipay, it is used to store digital currencies and is more secure using blockchain technology.

37. Cold wallet/hot wallet

A cold wallet is an offline wallet. The principle is to store it locally and use QR code communication to prevent the private key from touching the Internet. A hot wallet is an online wallet. The principle is to encrypt the private key and store it on the server. When it is needed, it is downloaded from the server and decrypted on the browser side.

38. Software Wallet/Hardware Wallet

A software wallet is a computer program. Generally speaking, a software wallet is a program that interacts with the blockchain and allows users to receive, store, and send digital currencies and can store multiple keys. Hardware wallets are smart devices that specialize in handling digital currencies.

39. Airdrop

The project sends digital currency to each user’s wallet address.

40. Mapping

Mapping is related to the issuance of blockchain currency and is a mapping between chains. For example, there are some blockchain companies that have not completed the development of the chain in the early stage. They rely on Ethereum to issue their own currency. The issuance and transactions of the early currency are all operated on Ethereum. With the development of the company, the company's own chain development has been completed. The company wants to map all the previous information on Ethereum to its own chain. This process is mapping.

41. Position

Refers to the ratio of the investor’s actual investment to the actual investment funds

42. Full position

All funds are bought Enter Bitcoin

43. Reduce the position

Sell some of the Bitcoins, but not all of them

44. Heavy positions

Compared with Bitcoin, Bitcoin accounts for a larger share of funds

45. Short position

Compared with Bitcoin, the share of funds is larger

46. Short position

Sell all the Bitcoins you hold and convert them all into funds

47. Stop loss

After obtaining a certain profit, sell the Bitcoin held to keep the profit

48. Stop loss

After losses reach a certain level, sell the Bitcoins you hold to prevent further losses

49. Bull market

Prices continue to rise and the outlook is optimistic

50. Bear market

The price continues to fall, and the outlook is bleak

51. Long (long)

The buyer believes that the currency price will rise in the future, buys the currency, and waits for the currency price After rising, sell at high price to take profits

52. ShortHead (short selling)

The seller believes that the currency price will fall in the future, and sells the currency he holds (or borrows currency from the trading platform). After the currency price drops, he buys it at a low price to take profits.

53. Open a position

Buy Bitcoin and other virtual currencies

54. Cover a position

Buy Bitcoin and other virtual currencies in batches , such as: buy 1BTC first, then buy 1BTC

55. Full position

Buy all the funds into a certain virtual currency at one time

56. Rebound

When the currency price falls, the price rebounds and adjusts because it falls too fast

57. Consolidation (sideways)

The price fluctuation is small , the currency price is stable

58. Overcast

The currency price declines slowly

59. Diving (waterfall)

The currency price falls rapidly , the amplitude is very large

60. Cutting meat

After buying Bitcoin, the price of the currency fell, and in order to avoid the expansion of losses, the Bitcoin was sold at a loss. Or after borrowing the currency to go short, the currency price rises, and then buying Bitcoin at a loss

61. Holding up

Expecting the currency price to rise, but unexpectedly the currency price falls after buying; or expecting the currency price to rise. fell, but unexpectedly, after selling, the currency price rose

62. Unwinding

After buying Bitcoin, the currency price fell, causing a temporary book loss, but then the currency price rebounded and the loss was reversed To make a profit

63. Go short

After selling Bitcoin because of the bearish market outlook, the price of the currency continued to rise, and I was unable to buy it in time, so I failed to make a profit

64. Overbought

The currency price continues to rise to a certain height, the buyer's power is basically exhausted, and the currency price is about to fall

65. Oversold

The currency price continues to fall to a certain low, the seller's power is basically exhausted, and the currency price is about to rise

66. Lure bulls

The currency price has been consolidating for a long time, and it is more likely to fall. Most of the short sellers have sold Bitcoin, and suddenly the short sellers pulled up the price of the currency, inducing the long parties to think that the price of the currency will rise and buy one after another. As a result, the short sellers suppressed the price of the currency and locked up the long parties.

67. Lure shorts

After buying Bitcoin, bulls deliberately suppress the price of the currency, making short sellers think that the price of the currency will fall and sell them one after another. As a result, they fall into the trap of bulls

68. What is NFT

The full name of NFT is "Non-Fungible Tokens", which is a non-fungible token. Simply put, it is an indivisible token on the blockchain.The copyright certificate is mainly used to confirm and transfer the rights of digital assets. The difference from digital currency is that it is unique and indivisible. In essence, it is a unique digital asset.

69. What is the Metaverse

The Metaverse is a collection of virtual time and space, consisting of a series of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and the Internet (Internet) Composed of digital currency, which carries the function of value transfer in this world.

70. What is DeFi

DeFi, the full name is Decentralized Finance, which is "decentralized finance" or "distributed finance". "Decentralized finance", as opposed to traditional centralized finance, refers to various financial applications based on open decentralized networks. The goal is to establish a multi-level financial system based on blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. As a basis, re-create and improve the existing financial system

71. Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

Satoshi Nakamoto is the developer and founder of Bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper on November 1, 2008, and mined Bitcoin for the first time on January 3, 2009. Whoever can use the Bitcoin in the genesis block is Satoshi Nakamoto himself, so who Is it Satoshi Nakamoto? There have been many "Satoshi Nakamotos" in history: In 2013, someone revealed that Mochizuki Shinichi, who had made outstanding contributions in the field of mathematics, was Satoshi Nakamoto, but no direct evidence was provided. In 2014, hackers broke into the mailbox used by Satoshi Nakamoto and found the owner of the mail, Dorian Nakamoto. Later, Dorian said that he only obtained the mailbox address and password by chance, not Nakamoto. Cong. In 2016, Craig Wright said that he was Satoshi Nakamoto and could provide Satoshi Nakamoto's private key. But later, Wright withdrew his statement because he could not face everyone's doubts.

72. Bitcoin is different from Q Coin

Bitcoin is a decentralized digital asset with no issuing entity. Q Coin is an electronic currency issued by Tencent. It is similar to electronic points, but it is not actually a currency. Q Coin requires a centralized issuing institution. Q Coin can only be recognized and used because of the credit endorsement of Tencent. The scope of use is also limited to Tencent's games and services. The value of Q coins is entirely based on people's trust in Tencent.

Bitcoin is not issued through a centralized institution, but it is widely recognized around the world because Bitcoin can self-certify its trust. The issuance and circulation of Bitcoin are jointly accounted for by miners across the entire network, and are not A central authority is also needed to ensure that no one can tamper with the ledger.

73. What is a mining machine?

Taking Bitcoin as an example, Bitcoin mining machines compete for records by running a large number of calculations.Professional equipment used to obtain new Bitcoin rewards through account rights is generally composed of mining chips, heat sinks and fans. It only executes a single calculation program and consumes a large amount of power. Mining is actually a competition between miners for computing power. Miners with more computing power have a greater probability of mining Bitcoin. As the computing power of the entire network increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to mine bits with traditional equipment (CPU, GPU), and people have developed chips specifically for mining. The chip is the core part of the mining machine. The operation of the chip will generate a large amount of heat. In order to dissipate heat, Bitcoin mining machines are generally equipped with heat sinks and fans. Users download Bitcoin mining software on their computers, use the software to assign tasks to each mining machine, and then start mining. Each currency has a different algorithm and requires different mining machines.

74. What is quantitative trading?

Quantitative trading, sometimes also called automated trading, refers to the use of advanced mathematical models to replace human subjective judgments, which greatly reduces the impact of investor sentiment fluctuations and avoids extreme fanaticism or pessimism in the market. make irrational investment decisions. There are many types of quantitative trading, including cross-platform trading, trend trading, hedging, etc. Cross-platform trading means that when the price difference between different target platforms reaches a certain amount, sell on the platform with a higher price and buy on the platform with a lower price.

75. Blockchain asset over-the-counter trading

Over-the-counter trading is also called OTC trading. Users need to find their own counterparties and do not need to match the transaction. The transaction price is determined by negotiation between the two parties. The two parties can fully communicate through face-to-face negotiation or telephone communication.

76. What is a timestamp?

The blockchain ensures that each block is connected sequentially through timestamps. Timestamps enable every piece of data on the blockchain to have a time stamp. Simply put, timestamps prove when something happened on the blockchain and cannot be tampered with by anyone.

77. What is a blockchain fork?

Upgrading software in a centralized system is very simple, just click "Upgrade" in the app store. However, in decentralized systems such as blockchain, "upgrading" is not that simple, and a disagreement may even cause a blockchain fork. Simply put, a fork refers to a disagreement when the blockchain is "upgraded", resulting in a fork in the blockchain. Because there is no centralized organization, every code upgrade of digital assets such as Bitcoin needs to be unanimously recognized by the Bitcoin community. If the Bitcoin community cannot reach an agreement, the blockchain is likely to form a fork.

78. Soft fork and hard fork

Hard fork means that when the Bitcoin code changes, the old nodes refuse to accept the blocks created by the new nodes. Blocks that do not comply with the original rules will be ignored, and miners will follow the original rules and create new blocks after the last block they verified. A soft fork means that the old nodes are not aware of the changes in the Bitcoin code and continue to accept the changes created by the new nodes.created blocks. Miners may work on blocks they have no understanding of, or validation of. Both soft forks and hard forks are "backwards compatible" to ensure that new nodes can verify the blockchain from scratch. Backward compatibility means that new software accepts data or code generated by old software. For example, Windows 10 can run Windows XP applications. Soft forks can also be "forward compatible".

79. Classification and application of blockchain projects

Judging from the current mainstream blockchain projects, blockchain projects mainly fall into four categories: Category 1: Currency; The second category: platform category; the third category: application category; the fourth category: asset tokenization.

80. USDT against the US dollar

USDT is Tether USD, a token launched by Tether that is against the US dollar (USD). 1USDT=1 US dollar, users can use USDT and USD for 1:1 exchange at any time. Tether implements a 1:1 reserve guarantee system, that is, each USDT token will have a reserve guarantee of 1 US dollar, which supports the stability of the USDT price. The unit price of a certain digital asset is USDT, which is equivalent to its unit price in US dollars (USD).

81. Altcoins and alternative coins

Altcoins refer to blockchain assets that use the Bitcoin code as a template and make some modifications to its underlying technology blockchain, among which Those with technological innovations or improvements are also called alternative coins. Because the Bitcoin code is open source, the cost of plagiarism in Bitcoin is very low. You can even generate a brand new blockchain by simply copying the Bitcoin code and modifying some parameters.

82. Three major exchanges

Binance

Okex

Huobi

83. Market software

Mytoken

Non-small account

84. Information website

Babbitt

Golden Finance

Coin World News

85. Blockchain Browser

BTC

ETH

BCH

LTC

ETC

86. Wallet

Imtoken

Bitpie

MetaMask (Little Fox)

87. Decentralized exchange

uniswap

88. NFT exchange

Opensea

Super Rare

89. Ladders

Bring your own, buy reliable ladders

90. Platform coins

Digital currency issued by the platform, used to deduct handling fees, transactions, etc.

91. Bull market, bear market

Bull market: rising market

Bear market: falling Market

92. Blockchain 1.0

A currency trading system based on distributed ledgers, represented by Bitcoin

93. Blockchain 2.0

The contract blockchain technology represented by Ethereum (smart contract) is 2.0

94. Blockchain 3.0

In the era of intelligent Internet of Things, beyond the financial field, it is Various industries provide decentralized solutions

95. Smart Contract

Smart Contract is a computer designed to disseminate, verify or execute contracts in an information-based manner The agreement, to put it simply, is an electronic contract set in advance, and once confirmed by both parties, the contract will be automatically executed.

96. What is a token?

The token economy is an economic system with Token as the only reference standard, which is equivalent to a pass. If you own Token, you have rights and interests, and you have the right to speak.

97. The difference between big data and blockchain

Big data is the means of production, AI is the new productivity, and the blockchain is the new production relationship. Big data refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed within a certain time range using conventional software tools. It is a massive, high-growth and high-volume data set that requires new processing models to have stronger decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities. Diverse information assets. Simply understood, big data is massive data accumulated over a long period of time and cannot be obtained in the short term. Blockchain can be used as a way to obtain big data, but it cannot replace big data. Big data is only used as a medium running in the blockchain and has no absolute technical performance, so the two cannot be confused. (A simple understanding of production relations is labor exchange and consumption relations. The core lies in productivity, and the core of productivity lies in production tools)

98. What is ICO?

ICO, Initial Coin Offering, is the initial public offering of tokens, which is crowdfunding in the blockchain digital currency industry. It is the most popular topic and investment trend in 2017, and the country launched a regulatory plan on September 4. Speaking of ICO, people will think of IPO, and the two are fundamentally different.

99. Five characteristics of digital currency

The first characteristic: decentralization

The second characteristic: having open source code

The third characteristic: having an independent electronic wallet

The fourth characteristic: constant issuance

The fifth characteristic: Can be circulated globally

100. What is decentralization?

It has no issuer, does not belong to any institution or country, and is a publicly issued currency designed, developed and stored on the Internet by Internet network experts.

100. What is measurement (scarcity)?

Once the total amount of issuance is set, it is permanently fixed, cannot be changed, cannot be over-issued at will, and is subject to global Internet supervision. Because the difficulty of mining and mining changes over time, the longer the time, the greater the difficulty of mining, and the fewer coins are mined, so it is scarce.

101. What is open source code?

The alphanumeric code is stored on the Internet. Anyone can find out the source code of its design, everyone can participate, can mine it, and it is open to the world.

102. What is anonymous transaction? Private wallet private?

Everyone can register and download the wallet online without real-name authentication. It is completely composed of encrypted digital codes. It can be sent and traded globally in real-time point-to-point without resorting to banks or any institutions. It cannot be traced by anyone without my authorization. ,Inquire.

103. What is a contract transaction?

A contract transaction refers to an agreement between a buyer and seller to receive a certain amount of an asset at a specified price at a certain time in the future. The objects of contract trading are standardized contracts formulated by the exchange. The exchange stipulates standardized information such as commodity type, transaction time, quantity, etc. A contract represents the rights and obligations of the buyer and seller.

104. Digital Currency Industry Chain

Chip manufacturers, mining machine manufacturers, and mining machine agents mine and export to exchanges for retail investors to speculate in coins

105. Who is Bei Feng?

Beifeng: Digital currency value investor

Investment style: Steady

106. Build a community?

Reasonable layout, scientific operation, prudent and conservative, earning periodic money

Welcome currency friends and seek common development.

㈢ How to get started with blockchain. This knowledge is not difficult to learn.

1. To learn blockchain knowledge, first learn the necessary concepts of blockchain knowledge.

2. [Blockchain]

The English name blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin and a decentralized accounting method.

3. [Block and Chain]

Block refers to the information block that records transaction information. Each block contains three main factors: The ID of the block, the odd number of the transaction, and the ID of the previous block.

The Bitcoin system generates a block approximately every 10 minutes. Each block contains the ID of the previous block, making the blocks form a complete transaction chain. The longest one is The only master blockchain.

4. [Bitcoin]

Bitcoin is a practical application of blockchain technology. It is a peer-to-peer electronic cash payment system. It was first used as Virtual currency exists. Japan has recognized the legality of Bitcoin and can use Bitcoin for shopping.

5. [Satoshi Nakamoto]

The legendary founder of Bitcoin published a paper on a peer-to-peer electronic cash system in 2008, marking the The birth of Bitcoin.

6. [Digital Currency]

It is completely different from the Q coins and other virtual currencies we use to play games in real life. For example, in Japan, although Bitcoin is a digital currency , but it can already be used to purchase goods in real scenarios.

7. [PoW]

A type of consensus mechanism, also known as proof of work. Bitcoin currently uses this consensus mechanism. It is relatively simple and easy to reach consensus, but consumes huge amounts of energy and is prone to bifurcation.

8. [PoS]

A type of consensus mechanism, also known as proof of equity. People with greater equity have a higher probability of becoming bookkeepers, but bookkeeping Human ones are not necessarily professional, don’t use much energy, and are prone to split ends.

9. [DpoS]

On the basis of PoS, the bookkeepers are changed from unprofessional to professionals, like the EOS we are familiar with. In this consensus method, holders jointly select 21 nodes and 100 reserve nodes to connect the EOS constitution to reach a consensus, and jointly incubate the ecology on EOS.

10. [Public key and private key]

In the world of blockchain, the public key is equivalent to the bank account number, and the private key is equivalent to the bank account number + withdrawal password. The private key is essentially an array of 32 bytes. The public key and address can be generated from the private key, but this behavior is irreversible, so it is important to keep the private key well.Importantly, losing your private key is equivalent to losing your money and you can never get it back.

11. [Hash value]

It can be simply thought of as a set of data that is closely arranged together. No item in the data can be changed, otherwise The calculated consequences will be very different.

12. [Smart Contract]

It is a promise in digital form. Both parties involved can execute these promised agreements on the consumer network without artificial restrictions. .

13. [Credit Consensus]

Based on the characteristics of blockchain, it is a distributed accounting method that cannot be tampered with and is irreversible. A mechanism of trust that allows many people to form a trust based on digital algorithms.

14. [Public chain and private chain]

Public chain refers to a blockchain that can be participated in and read by people all over the world, and is open to everyone , while the private chain is only in the hands of an organization and is only open to individuals or entities.

Blockchain is currently a hot topic. Many traditional large enterprises and venture capital are actively participating in the layout and investment of the blockchain industry. As the general public, we must master the necessary blockchain knowledge. , helps us judge and analyze real-world information and protect our investments.

㈣ How to quickly get started with blockchain

Currently, there are not many videos on the market for systematically learning blockchain, and it is still relatively rare to learn blockchain by yourself. You can sign up for a class. Dark Horse Programmers has newly opened a blockchain course. The teacher uses easy-to-understand teaching methods and explains the technology in simple and easy-to-understand terms. You can definitely learn it. Source: AreaTV. If you want to understand blockchain and watch video tutorials, come here!

㈤ What are some blockchain books that you can recommend?

There are more and more books in the blockchain field, and the quality of many of them is actually not high. I I recommend two better books that I have actually read and summarized.

A book is "Book Blockchain".

This book is characterized by using interesting and vivid comics to express some principles and applications of blockchain.

This book is especially suitable for newcomers who have just come into contact with blockchain, because the principles in it are analyzed using more real-life cases, which is relatively easy to understand and involves blockchain. Technical knowledge is relatively low.

And this book is not thick, so you can finish it quickly. After all, everyone is very busy at work now. If you read a very thick book, it is indeed difficult to read. This book happens to be more It is thin and light and can easily cultivate your interest in learning knowledge in the blockchain field.

WeChat public account: Shenzhen Blockchain Community

㈥ What is Bitcoin mining difficulty and how to adjust itWhat is the overall principle?

Bitcoin mining difficulty (Difficulty) is a measure of the difficulty of mining. The greater the mining difficulty, the more difficult it is to dig out blocks. The target value (Target) is inversely proportional to the mining difficulty. The higher the difficulty, the smaller the target value. The difficulty target is obtained by converting the target value, and is a field of only 4 bytes (for ease of understanding, this article treats the difficulty target as the same as the target value). The Bitcoin system controls the average time required to mine a block by adjusting the difficulty target in the block header.

The target value is a string with a length of 256 bits. In other words, the target value has about 2^256 possible values. Adjusting the difficulty target is to adjust the proportion of the target value in the entire output space.

For example: Mining is like shooting, all bullets fired will fall on a large target. The difficulty target is a range circled on this large target. The smaller the range, the higher the difficulty of being shot. Adjusting the difficulty target is to adjust the proportion of this circle to the entire target.

As the mining computing power increases, the number of shots per unit time increases, and the shorter the time required to hit the target range. On the contrary, the less mining power, the longer it takes for the target range to be hit. The average block generation time pursued by the Bitcoin system is 10 minutes. At this time, the difficulty target needs to be adjusted to achieve it.

02 How to adjust the difficulty target?

How does the Bitcoin system adjust the difficulty target? In the article "Introduction to Vernacular Blockchain 080 | Bitcoin in Numbers, You Must Know These 10 Numbers to Understand Bitcoin", we introduced that the Bitcoin system will automatically adjust every 2016 blocks (about 14 days) Difficulty target. For all blocks whose block height is an integral multiple of 2016, the system will automatically adjust the difficulty target. If the average block time in the last difficulty target adjustment cycle (that is, the previous 2016 blocks) was greater than 10 minutes, it means that the mining difficulty is high, and you need to reduce the mining difficulty and increase the difficulty target (to be precise, the target value) ; On the contrary, in the previous difficulty target adjustment cycle, the average block generation time was less than 10 minutes, indicating that the mining difficulty is low and the difficulty target needs to be reduced.

03 The adjustable range of the difficulty target

According to the Bitcoin system settings, the difficulty target upward and downward adjustment ranges are limited to 4 times. For example: Suppose that all 2016 blocks in the last difficulty target adjustment cycle were mined out in only 7 days due to the surge in computing power. By adjusting the difficulty target and doubling the difficulty target, the average block production time can be reduced. It is maintained at about 10 minutes, but if the computing power surges and it only takes 1 day to dig out the first 2016 blocks, then the minimum difficulty target can only beAdjust to a quarter of the original size.

04 Summary

Bitcoin’s computing power continues to fluctuate. The Bitcoin system maintains the average block generation time at about 10 minutes through the adjustment of the difficulty target. The difficulty target is inversely proportional to the mining difficulty. The greater the mining difficulty, the smaller the difficulty target. When the block height is an integral multiple of 2016, the Bitcoin system will automatically adjust the difficulty target on that block. If the average block generation time exceeds 10 minutes during the last difficulty target adjustment period, then the mining difficulty will be reduced and the difficulty target will be increased; otherwise, the mining difficulty will be increased and the difficulty target will be reduced. There is a 4x limit on how far the difficulty target can be adjusted upwards and downwards.

Bitcoin adjusts the mining difficulty every 2016 blocks (about 14 days). Compared with BCH, which adjusts every block (about every 10 minutes), there is an obvious lag. Which adjustment method do you think is more reasonable? why? Welcome to share your views in the message area.

㈦ Getting started with blockchain technology, which programming languages are involved

Go language

Go language (Golang) is a brand-new programming language launched by Google in 2009 Language that can reduce the complexity of code without sacrificing application performance. Rob Pike, chief software engineer at Google, said: "We developed Go because the difficulty of software development over the past 10 years or so has been frustrating."

In addition to Bitcoin being developed in C, At present, the clients of most mainstream workshops are developed with Go language, which is enough to show the status of Go language in the entire blockchain industry.

C further expands and improves the C language and is an object-oriented programming language. C runs on a variety of platforms, such as Windows, MAC operating systems, and various versions of UNIX. C is a very widely used computer programming language. It is a general programming language that supports multiple programming patterns, such as procedural programming, data abstraction, object-oriented programming, generic programming, and design patterns.

Most blockchain companies choose to use C to write the bottom layer of the blockchain. The most famous ones are Bitcoin, Ripple, etc., which mainly reflect strong computation.

Java

Java is different from general compiled languages or interpreted languages. It first compiles the source code into bytecode, and then relies on virtual machines on various platforms to interpret and execute the bytecode, thereby achieving the cross-platform feature of "write once, run anywhere". The development of blockchain projects has obvious dependence on Java.

Others include Python, system architecture, Ethereum, Linux, hyperledger, JavaScript, etc.There is involvement.

㈧ 108 essential knowledge points for getting started with blockchain

Author: Kong Lin

61. Trapped

Expect the currency price to rise, but unexpectedly the currency price falls after buying; or expect the currency price to fall, but unexpectedly the currency price rises after selling

62. Unwinding

After buying Bitcoin, the currency price fell, causing a temporary book loss, but the currency price rebounded later and the loss turned into profit

63. Going short

After selling Bitcoin because of the bearish market outlook, However, the currency price continued to rise, and I failed to buy in time, so I failed to make profits

64. Overbought

The currency price continued to rise to a certain height, and the buyer's power was basically exhausted. The currency price is about to fall

65. Oversold

The currency price continues to fall to a certain low, the seller's power is basically exhausted, and the currency price is about to rise

66. Lure bulls

The currency price has been consolidating for a long time and is more likely to fall. Most short sellers have sold Bitcoin. Suddenly the short sellers pull up the currency price, inducing many parties to think that the currency price will rise and buy one after another. As a result, the short side suppressed the price of the currency, causing the long side to get stuck

67. Short induction

After the bulls bought Bitcoin, they deliberately suppressed the price of the currency, making the short sellers think that the price of the currency would fall. , were thrown out one after another, and ended up falling into the trap of bulls

68. What is NFT

The full name of NFT is "Non-Fungible Tokens", that is, To put it simply, non-fungible tokens are an indivisible copyright certificate on the blockchain. They are mainly used to confirm and transfer the rights of digital assets. The difference from digital currencies is that they are unique and indivisible. In essence, they are a a unique digital asset.

69. What is the Metaverse

70. What is DeFi

71. Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

72. Bitcoin and Q Coin are different

73. What is a mining machine?

Taking Bitcoin as an example, a Bitcoin mining machine is a professional equipment that competes for accounting rights by running a large amount of calculations to obtain new Bitcoin rewards. It is generally composed of a mining chip, a heat sink and a fan, and only performs A single calculation program consumes a lot of power. Mining is actually a competition between miners for computing power. Miners with more computing power have a greater probability of mining Bitcoin. As the computing power of the entire network increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to mine bits with traditional equipment (CPU, GPU), and people have developed chips specifically for mining. The chip is the core part of the mining machine. The operation of the chip will generate a large amount of heat. In order to dissipate heat, Bitcoin mining machines are generally equipped with heat sinks and fans. Users download Bitcoin mining software on their computers, use the software to assign tasks to each mining machine, and then start mining. Each currency has a different algorithm and requires different mining machines.

74. What is quantitative trading?

75. Blockchain asset over-the-counter trading

76. What is a timestamp?

77. What is a blockchain fork?

Upgrading software in a centralized system is very simple, just click "Upgrade" in the app store. But whenIn decentralized systems such as blockchain, "upgrading" is not that simple, and a disagreement may even cause a blockchain fork. Simply put, a fork refers to a disagreement when the blockchain is "upgraded", resulting in a fork in the blockchain. Because there is no centralized organization, every code upgrade of digital assets such as Bitcoin needs to be unanimously recognized by the Bitcoin community. If the Bitcoin community cannot reach an agreement, the blockchain is likely to form a fork.

78. Soft fork and hard fork

Hard fork means that when the Bitcoin code changes, the old nodes refuse to accept the blocks created by the new nodes. Blocks that do not comply with the original rules will be ignored, and miners will follow the original rules and create new blocks after the last block they verified. A soft fork means that old nodes are not aware of the changes to the Bitcoin code and continue to accept blocks created by new nodes. Miners may work on blocks they have no understanding of, or validation of. Both soft forks and hard forks are "backwards compatible" to ensure that new nodes can verify the blockchain from scratch. Backward compatibility means that new software accepts data or code generated by old software. For example, Windows 10 can run Windows XP applications. Soft forks can also be "forward compatible".

79. Classification and application of blockchain projects

80. USDT against the US dollar

81. Altcoins and alternative coins

82. Three major exchanges

Binance

Okex

Huobi

83. Market software

Mytoken

Non-small account

CMC

84. Information website

Babbitt

Golden Finance

Coin World News

85. Blockchain Browser

BTC

ETH

BCH

LTC

ETC

86. Wallet

Imtoken

Bitpie

87. Decentralized Exchange

uniswap

88. NFT Exchange

Opensea

Super Rare

89. Ladder

Bring your own, buy a reliable ladder

90. Platform currency

Digital currency issued by the platform, used to deduct handling fees, transactions, etc.

91. Bull market, bear market

Bull market: Rising market

Bear market: Falling market

92. Blockchain 1.0

A currency trading system based on distributed ledgers, represented by Bitcoin

93. Blockchain 2.0

The contract blockchain technology represented by Ethereum (smart contract) is 2.0

94. Blockchain 3.0

In the era of intelligent Internet of Things, it goes beyond the financial field to provide decentralized solutions for various industries

95. Smart Contract

Smart Contract is a A computer protocol designed to disseminate, verify or execute contracts in an information-based manner. Simply put, an electronic contract is set in advance. Once both parties confirm, the contract is automatically executed.

96. What is a token?

The token economy is an economic system with Token as the only reference standard, which is equivalent to a pass. If you own Token, you have rights and interests, and you have the right to speak.

Big data is the means of production, AI is the new productivity, and blockchain is the new production relationship. Big data refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed within a certain time range using conventional software tools. It is a massive, high-growth and high-volume data set that requires new processing models to have stronger decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities. Diverse information assets. Simply understood, big data is massive data accumulated over a long period of time and cannot be obtained in the short term. Blockchain can be used as a way to obtain big data, but there is noLaw replaces big data. Big data is only used as a medium running in the blockchain and has no absolute technical performance, so the two cannot be confused. (The production relationship is simply understood as the relationship between labor exchange and consumption. The core lies in productivity, and the core of productivity lies in production tools)

ICO, Initial Coin Offering, initial public token issuance, is the first step in the blockchain digital currency industry. Crowdfunding. It is the most popular topic and investment trend in 2017, and the country launched a regulatory plan on September 4. Speaking of ICO, people will think of IPO, and the two are fundamentally different.

99. Five characteristics of digital currency

The first characteristic: decentralization

The second characteristic: having open source code

The third feature: independent electronic wallet

The fourth feature: constant issuance

The fifth feature: global circulation

100. What is decentralization?

It has no issuer, does not belong to any institution or country, and is a publicly issued currency designed, developed and stored on the Internet by Internet network experts.

100. What is measurement (scarcity)?

101. What is open source code?

The alphanumeric code is stored on the Internet. Anyone can find out the source code of its design, everyone can participate, can mine it, and it is open to the world.

102. What is anonymous transaction? Private wallet private?

105. Digital Currency Industry Chain

Chip manufacturers, mining machine manufacturers, and mining machine agents mine and export to exchanges for retail investors to speculate in coins

106. Who is Kong Lin??

Kong Lin: Digital Currency Value Investor

Investment style: Steady

107. Konglin Investment Strategy

Combining long-term and short-term, focusing on price investment, no touching contracts, no short-term play

Reasonable layout, scientific operation, steady and conservative, earning Cycle money

108. Konglin?

Welcome currency friends and seek common development

㈨ What is the current situation of those who bought 20,000 Bitcoins in a confused way

The Bitcoin market is an extremely crazy one In the market, some people become billionaires overnight, and some people are cut off from leeks. The ups and downs, joys, sorrows and joys of the world are vividly interpreted. Anyone who understands the Bitcoin market should know that the value of Bitcoin was only 1,000 yuan before, but it rose to 17,000 yuan in 2017. With such an appreciation rate, the profits that match it are also astonishingly large. Bitcoin appeared in 2009. At that time, the value of Bitcoin was only $0.1. Looking at the price in 2017, there is a huge difference between the two. If someone held a large amount of Bitcoin when it first came out, he would definitely be one of the richest people now.

When the engineer became a billionaire, he began traveling around the world. In fact, he has long had the idea of traveling around the world, but due to financial reasons, it has never been realized. Now, the engineer can live freely and realize his dream of traveling around the world. In an interview with reporters, the engineer also said that although his original job was very good and could provide him with a stable income, he had always dreamed of traveling around the world and visiting friends in various countries. Now, he is living the life he wants, and he has obtained hundreds of millions of assets by selling Bitcoin, which is enough for him to squander throughout his life.