中国十大区块链应用案例分析,中国十大区块链应用案例有哪些

近年来，区块链技术的发展迅速，它已成为改善传统交易流程、实现数据共享和保护等众多应用的有效工具。那么，中国十大区块链应用案例有哪些呢？本文将探讨以下三个关键词：区块链技术应用、数字资产管理和智能合约。

区块链技术应用：区块链技术已被广泛应用于各行各业，在中国也有许多应用案例。例如，深圳市政府在建设智慧城市方面利用区块链技术，实现政府与企业、政府与政府之间的数据共享和信息共享，从而提升政府管理效率；另外，中国农业银行也利用区块链技术实现了农村金融服务的信息共享，从而提升了农村金融服务的效率。此外，中国移动也利用区块链技术实现了移动支付的安全性和可信度，从而提高了支付的便捷性。

数字资产管理：数字资产管理是区块链技术的一个重要应用，在中国也有许多成功的案例。例如，中国人民银行已经发布了数字货币，并利用区块链技术实现了数字货币的安全性和可信度；另外，中国移动也利用区块链技术实现了全国范围内的数字货币管理，从而实现了跨境支付的便捷性。此外，中国银行也利用区块链技术实现了贷款管理，从而提升了贷款的安全性和可信度。

智能合约：智能合约是区块链技术的重要应用，它可以实现自动执行合同，从而提高了合同执行的安全性和可信度。在中国，智能合约也有许多成功的案例。例如，中国工商银行已经利用区块链技术实现了智能合约，从而实现了贷款管理的自动化；另外，中国农业银行也利用区块链技术实现了智能合约，从而实现了农村金融服务的自动化。此外，中国移动也利用区块链技术实现了智能合约，从而实现了移动支付的自动化。

总之，区块链技术已经在中国被广泛应用，包括政府、金融、移动等多个领域的应用案例。这些应用案例主要包括：区块链技术应用、数字资产管理和智能合约。此外，区块链技术还可以实现跨境支付、货币管理和金融服务等众多应用，为现代社会的发展提供了有力的支持。

请查看相关英文文档

1. What are the applications and successful examples of blockchain?

Blockchain can be applied to all walks of life. Taking e-commerce as an example, in order to solve the problem of e-commerce Regarding the pain points of counterfeit goods, logistics, integrity, supervision, etc., major companies and platforms are also showing off their skills and tricks. Blockchain is used as one of the more feasible means, so how does it solve these problems?

First, supervise the production process of goods. When visiting online stores, the biggest worry is buying fake products, especially overseas products. In addition, there is also the price problem caused by fake products. How to buy products at reasonable prices while ensuring the authenticity is really a headache. The transparency and irreversibility of blockchain technology allow consumers to check the production place, manufacturer, raw materials, etc. of goods at any time.

Second, trace and track the transportation of goods. A series of operational activities such as supply chain, inventory, and logistics involved in e-commerce will involve multiple intermediaries. The decentralized, non-tamperable, and traceable characteristics of blockchain make the entire process transparent, and any partner can You can check the inventory and payment status, which can effectively solve the "bullwhip effect" problem in the supply chain. (Bullwhip effect: refers to a phenomenon of demand variation amplification in the supply chain. The fundamental reason for its occurrence is the lack of communication and trust mechanisms between upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain. Demand information is transmitted upwards along the supply chain. Keep misinterpreting.) At the same time, blockchain’s smart contracts can be used to regulate intermediaries, such as logistics and payment management partners. Simplify the huge management system to improve efficiency.

Third, guarantee product sales and after-sales service. At present, three-quarters of the transactions in China's e-commerce market are completed on the mobile terminal. Payment trust is a major problem that the platform needs to solve, and blockchain is known as a "trust machine." To give you an example, many websites Stores will fake orders or falsify data in order to get good reviews. Once the purchase information is uploaded to the chain, it cannot be tampered with to ensure authenticity. You can check the merchant's real transaction records to ensure whether the merchant is trustworthy.

Fourth, protect user privacy. The private key, public key, and encryption algorithm of the blockchain can solve this problem. Each user has his own independent address, and due to the anonymity of the blockchain, companies cannot publish or store user information and are protected from hackers. s attack.

For specific implementation, we take the two domestic e-commerce giants as examples. Alibaba has begun to introduce blockchain since 2016. First, Ant Financial launched blockchain technology to pay for charity donations, which was the first test of blockchain technology; in 2017, Ant Financial’s technology experiment The Office announced the opening of blockchain technology to support imported food safety and product authenticity traceability; in 2018, Cainiao and Tmall International announced the use of blockchain technology for tracking and verifying cross-borderFull logistics information of imported goods. These data include the country of origin, country of departure, loading port, mode of transportation, import port, bonded warehouse inspection and quarantine order number, customs declaration number, etc.

Logistics and product traceability are indeed a good entry point for blockchain to enter the e-commerce field. As one of the domestic e-commerce giants, JD.com is certainly not to be outdone. In 2017, JD.com announced the establishment of " Jingdong Quality Traceability Anti-Counterfeiting Alliance", united government departments at all levels to build a Jingdong blockchain anti-counterfeiting traceability platform through the alliance chain; in December of the same year, it jointly announced the establishment of the China National Engineering Laboratory for E-commerce Transaction Technology with Walmart, IBM, and Tsinghua University The first safe food blockchain traceability alliance.

2. What are the application cases of blockchain?

Triporg: a travel service application that uses blockchain to provide booking services such as air tickets and train tickets.

3. Application cases of blockchain + IoT integration technology in the shipping field

Application cases of blockchain + IoT integration technology in the shipping field

About Introduction to Haifu Shipping Chain

1. Background

As a traditional and irreplaceable important industry, the shipping industry plays an important role in The important role of the international trade industry chain has always been an important force supporting the development of globalization. The international shipping market is a fully competitive and open market, with certain risks but also huge business opportunities.

In the traditional investment field of the shipping industry, there are untimely information disclosures and opaque operating data of ship management companies, which has brought a lot of scrutiny to investors and financial institutions. It also brings a lot of inconvenience to the financing of small and medium-sized shipping companies. How to establish a reliable trust system between investors and financiers, establish an effective communication bridge, and effectively serve the capital in the shipping market, has always been This is a problem that the Haifu Fund team is working hard to break through. Now, the Haifu team has created the first digital asset shipping platform, and through the integration of blockchain + Internet of Things technology, it has completely solved the problem of unreal information disclosure and operating data, and also discovered potential opportunities in the shipping market, unleashing the potential of the shipping market, and leading more people to share the dividends of the shipping industry.

The Haifu team is a shipping investment team with more than 20 years of rich experience in international shipping. Its core team Members have successively worked in China Ocean Shipping Group (COSCO), Hong KongHe serves as senior managers in large shipping companies such as Hong Kong Kaitong, Hong Kong Weili Shipping, and Singapore Wanbang Shipping. The team members are very familiar with the shipping market and financial market. They are not only good at ship operation, but also good at ship buying and selling, and ship investment management. During his many years of shipping career, the founder has owned nearly 20 large-scale dry bulk ships, with a total deadweight of more than 1 million tons, an annual turnover of more than 100 million US dollars, and an average annual investment return of 30%.

Haifu Fund and Xinyang Shipping Ship Management Co., Ltd. have established a long-term partnership. Xinyang Shipping Co., Ltd. has an excellent ship management team. The company's team has overcome many technical problems of bulk cargo ships: In terms of navigation technology, we have dealt with many ship maneuvering issues under severe weather conditions; in terms of business, we have also dealt with dozens of charter transport contract disputes, as well as ocean bill of lading issues, ship insurance and other complex issues. .

In order to truly present the operating data, the Haifu team uploaded the core operating data of the partners to the public chain On the market, through the combination of software, hardware and blockchain data, operational indicators are publicized, allowing investors to understand the true situation of ship operations in real time.

Main on-chain data:

1. Through AIS data on-chain, master the real-time position information and navigation trajectory of each ship;

2. Through chartering The shipping contract is uploaded to the blockchain to allow investors to understand the operating income;

3. The voyage benefit calculation data is uploaded to the blockchain to allow investors to understand the operating profit.

In addition, shipping data sensors are installed on the bridge and engine room control room of the ship. The sensor integrates multiple technologies of blockchain + Internet of Things technology. The sensor has both The functions of data collection and real-time data uploading embed blockchain technology into the hardware level, allowing the objective operating data collected by the hardware to be uploaded to the chain in real time, thus avoiding the possible moral hazard of human tampering with data.

1. Compare the ship’s fuel consumption data collected through sensors with the theoretically calculated data;

2. Compare the ship’s mileage data collected through sensors with the actual data at the loading and unloading port;

3. Compare the cargo capacity calculated by collecting ship draft data through sensors with the quantity agreed in the transportation contract.

Through multiple cross-references, real-time operationsThe situation is reported to investors and financial institutions. In addition, Haifu Company also timely updates and discloses the latest project progress and investment income on the homepage of the website. After the contract expires, it relies on smart contracts to automatically execute the deduction of dividends and interest to ensure The investment income of investors and financial institutions is received in a timely manner.

In addition to information disclosure and the authenticity of management data, if the ultimate risk occurs, the Haifu team also has countermeasures: ship asset disposal. The risk of disposal of ship assets is relatively controllable. The international price of scrap steel is basically based on the international price of scrap steel. The international price of scrap steel is relatively stable. It has basically remained at around US$400 per ton for many years. With a load capacity of about 50,000 tons of Panamax ships, the weight of scrap steel is 1 For example, about 10,000 tons, which means that the price of ship scrapping is about 4 million US dollars. Generally speaking, for ships that are about 20 years old, regardless of the rise or fall of scrap steel, scrap steel can basically cover 80% of the ship price. Of course, premiums and losses caused by sharp rises or falls in scrap steel cannot be ruled out.

In addition, the operating income of shipping is also relatively considerable: according to the current market level, the market rental level of a bulk carrier of about 50,000 deadweight tons is about 10,000 US dollars a day, deducting the fixed cost, it is about 4,000 US dollars a day, and The gross profit per day is about US$6,000, and the annual income is about US$2-2.5 million, which also means that an investment of US$5 million, after deducting depreciation, can still recover the investment in three years.

By integrating blockchain technology and Internet of Things technology, the Haifu team will apply it to the shipping industry to bring powerful Promote the rapid and standardized development of the industry, eliminate the complicated due diligence procedures of financial institutions, greatly reduce the investigation threshold for investors or financial institutions, establish technical barriers to credit, and bring stable and reliable investment returns to investors.

4. What are the application examples of blockchain technology

The express logistics industry is an industry that is very suitable for the application of blockchain technology.

In fact, the logistics ecosystem is relatively complex and there are many groups involved in the process.

The industry itself is a complex of segments with the concept of "flow". Starting from the initial "business flow", it gradually gave birth to "logistics", as well as the corresponding support of "capital flow" and "information flow" , complete the service chain.

There is a key issue behind the emergence of various "flows", which is the transfer of commodity ownership.

Coincidentally, many of the types of problems that blockchain technology solves are related to the trust friction generated during the transfer of asset ownership.

The application of blockchain technology can significantly improve the processing speed and efficiency of settlement business in the express logistics industry, and effectively solve the problem of traceability and anti-counterfeiting of items.Fully guarantee information security and privacy of senders and recipients.

In the field of promoting application in the express logistics industry, there are domestic blockchain companies doing applications in this area, such as Walton Chain.

Last year, Waltonchain reached a strategic cooperation with Huodou (Xiamen) Technology Co., Ltd., using Waltonchain’s “RFID blockchain” technology solution to help it improve its logistics solutions and move goods to Dou puts data on the chain in all aspects of its logistics turnover, such as entering and exiting the warehouse, receiving goods and other key nodes. After deploying the reading and writing system, when the object passes through any link, the relevant data can be read by the RFID reader and writer, and the relevant data can be read by the RFID reader. The corresponding behavior is converted into data and uploaded to the blockchain. Users can trace the entire logistics process with one click.

Four business scenarios that can be implemented in the real environment are suitable for the application of blockchain technology.

Scenario 1: Insured express delivery

Revolving around the insured scenario, express companies transport goods, insurance companies provide guaranteed goods, merchants provide goods sales, sellers purchase insured services, and the government regulates the industry.

So, what should be recorded on the blockchain? There are several key points. The logistics details of the goods, accounts, identities, claims, other reference data and other information are recorded on the blockchain.

Insured price is the concept of a contract. When the customer signs for the package normally, the account claim is automatically triggered, the contract ends normally, and the premium is automatically cleared. If there is a problem or missing piece, the insurance company's claim process will be triggered.

Scenario 2: Charity express delivery

For charity activities, such as the "One Cent" campaign, one cent from the cost of each charity package is donated to the account of the charity organization . In this scenario, the express delivery company is still responsible for the transportation of goods, the public welfare organization provides the execution of public welfare activities, and the poverty alleviation merchants provide the sales of public welfare and poverty alleviation products.

Then what is recorded in the blockchain is the logistics details of the goods. After the package is signed for, it will be recorded on the blockchain, automatically triggering a transfer from the logistics company's public welfare account to the public welfare organization's account. When the public welfare activities are completed, the entire process is open and transparent, which avoids the public's distrust of social welfare activities.

Scenario 3: Industry blacklist sharing

At present, the blacklist of express delivery employees is still mainly offline. We hope that through blockchain technology, each company can record the blacklist of employees on the blockchain, and other companies can also query it, and the data cannot be modified, and can be traced back to which company this person worked in What kind of inappropriate behavior and other information.

Scenario 4: Supervision of safety incidents in postal delivery channels

Many express companies will install security inspection machines, and the government also wants to know whether each logistics company has any transportation safety hazards. Through the distributed accounting model, each express delivery company can record the effective information of the security incident on the blockchain when a security incident occurs, so that regulatory agencies can monitor it in real time and cannot be tampered with.

5. Blockchain application developmentWhat are the development examples

Government Management
Some countries have expressed great interest in blockchain technology using a decentralized data management framework to store public data. For example, Essentia is working with Finnish Agriculture The Central Union of Agricultural Procers and Forest Owners is piloting an e-government project that will use blockchain technology to enable urban and rural residents across Finland to query various records to fully meet the needs of residents and employers. , improve employment rate. In addition, the use of this technology can also improve the efficiency of government operations, allowing residents to easily query various information such as education, public records, and voting.
Waste Recycling
For example, a smart waste management system in China uses Waltonchain’s RFID technology. Using Waltonchain’s blockchain application, waste levels can be effectively monitored to improve management and operation efficiency and Resource optimization.
Identity Recognition
The Swiss city of Zug, known as the “Crypto Valley”, has developed an identity authentication system using blockchain technology with its partner company Uport. Through this identity authentication system, citizens can easily Good to participate in online voting and proof of residence.
Border Control
EssenTIa has been in contact with the Dutch government, hoping to use its blockchain technology to build a border inspection system for the Dutch government to screen passengers traveling between Amsterdam and London. Currently, Eurostar high-speed rail passengers between the two countries need to undergo border control checks at multiple locations. EssenTIa is working on a blockchain-based solution that will securely store passenger data so that Dutch inspection records can also be reviewed by UK border agencies. Blockchain technology will ensure that data has not been tampered with and is verifiably accurate.
Healthcare
As we all know, medical records are fragmented and error-prone, and hospitals and clinics are often forced to deal with incorrect or incomplete patient records due to inconsistent data processing processes. MedRec, a blockchain electronic medical record system developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, uses blockchain technology to promote data sharing. At the same time, it can also provide authentication and confidentiality services.
Enterprise Management
As enterprise customers of Microsoft Azure Apps, they can take advantage of Blockchain as a Service (BaaS), which will enable enterprises to access smart contracts and blockchain applications in a secure hosting environment. According to media reports, Google is also developing a proprietary blockchain project to support its cloud-based business. Google's parent company Alphabet is developing a distributed accounting project that third parties will be able to use to store data related to Google Cloud services.
Medical Data
Medical centers that digitize patient records will not beWhen data is stored between devices, the data is usually stored on a centralized server, which has become the main target of hackers. This is proven by the Wannacry attack suffered by the NHS hospital in the United Kingdom. But beyond that, even if security risks are ignored, there is still a problem of fragmentation. Currently, there are more than 50 different electronic medical record systems (eHR) in operation in hospitals in different cities around the world, and there are usually dozens of different medical application systems in the same city. These independent systems cannot perform interoperable retrieval, and patient data in various hospitals can only be scattered in different data storage centers.
In patient life-and-death situations, the lack of comparison of reliable medical data and slow operating efficiency will be fatal. EssenTIa's application framework solves all these problems by using a blockchain-based system that will All clinically relevant patient data is stored and instantly accessible regardless of geographic boundaries. In this system, the privacy of patient medical records can also be protected, and only those with medical authorization can access it during specific time periods.
Music Production
One of the main benefits of blockchain technology is that it eliminates unnecessary middlemen or middlemen, the music industry is a prime example of this where if the artist is inefficient then This will directly result in low remuneration for them. At this time, some blockchain-based projects emerged, dedicated to seeking a fairer transaction and business environment for music creators, such as Artbit, a company where former Guns N’ Roses drummer Matt Soren is the director.
Carbon Offset
As a highly industrialized country, China’s environmental changes have been huge. In March 2017, IBM and Energy-Blockchain Labs jointly launched the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain project to use it to discover China's carbon assets. This not only creates a reliable way to track carbon emissions. The measured and auditable system also provides a tradable market for companies seeking to offset energy consumption while incentivizing green industrial practices.
Supply Chain Management
Supply chain management is considered to be one of the better cases of applying blockchain because it is very suitable for express delivery or delivery of goods from shipment to receipt. The entire process from manufacturer to store. IBM and Walmart jointly launched the Blockchain Food Safety Alliance in China. The project is also run in partnership with JD.com, aiming to improve food delivery tracking and safety assurance, making it easier to trace food safety issues.
China has proven to be a mature testing ground for blockchain projects, and it is also home to the world’s first blockchain for agricultural products (5.180, -0.25, -4.60%). World-renowned food trader Louis Dreyfus Co. andDutch and French banks have collaborated on a blockchain technology project that will allow transactions to be settled faster than traditional methods in the sale of soybeans to China.
Diamond Industry
The world’s most famous diamond company, De Beers Group, has its own blockchain company and has begun operations, with the aim of “for every diamond registered on the platform. Diamonds create a digital record”. Taking into account people's concerns about the source of diamonds, the ethical standards of origin, and the risks of diamond quality, blockchain technology is naturally a good choice, because every record of it is indelible, and it will ensure the authenticity of every diamond. The electronic data itself is as long-lived as the data itself.
Real Estate Transactions
Currently, Ukraine is the first country to use blockchain technology to facilitate property transactions. Michael Arrington, the founder of the famous technology website TechCrunch and a cryptocurrency player, used the smart contract of the Ethereum blockchain to remotely purchase and resell a property in Kiev. This transaction was conducted by a professional in the blockchain industry. Completed by Propy, a startup that specializes in on-chain real estate transactions.
Fisheries
Blockchain technology is now being used to support the development of sustainable fisheries. Illegal fishing is a common problem in the industry, and blockchain's distributed ledger technology provides a way to prove where the catch comes from, how it is processed and sold. This “net-to-fork” supply chain allows inspectors to determine whether the fish being caught comes from areas that violate human rights, or from countries affected by economic sanctions.
Art Paintings
Similar to the diamond trade, the art industry relies on the provenance and authenticity of artworks. Although blockchain cannot identify whether a painting is an original or a fake, it can be used to prove that the Identification of previous owners of the painting. In addition, blockchain technology is now also being used as a means of acquiring art, allowing tangible items to be easily traded and exchanged anywhere in the world without the need for physical transfer from secure storage.
Public Facilities
In the Australian city of Fremantle, a project dedicated to distributed energy and water system management is using blockchain technology, Solar Energy (3.340, -0.06, -1.76%) Panels are being used in sunny areas to capture electricity, which is then used to heat water and provide electricity, with all of this energy conversion and usage information being recorded in blockchain data.
In Chile, its National Energy Commission has begun to use blockchain technology to verify the country’s energy usage data. Some sensitive data will be stored in the blockchain. The application of this technology can be regarded as the electricity foundation of this South American country. A means of modernizing facilities and operating them safely.
LGBT Rights
Blockchain helps build the “pink economy” and also helps the LGBT community fight for their own rights without revealing people’s identities. This is an extremely importantThe problem is that crimes of discrimination against the gay community often arise, especially in countries notorious for human rights violations where homosexuality is illegal, or at least not allowed.
Catastrophe Bonds
Catastrophe Bonds may be the only hope for victims of earthquakes, tsunamis and other natural disasters. Blockchain allows for fast and transparent reconciliation between parties and ensures that the system can continue to operate normally without human intervention. Blockchain is now successfully used in the settlement mechanism of catastrophe bonds.
Tourism
Local institutions in Hawaii are studying how to use blockchain technology to improve the economy, such as opening Bitcoin and other currency payment methods to facilitate tourists' transactions for local goods and services. Using this method, the Hawaiian government hopes to vigorously attract tourists, especially tourists from Asia, to spend more money locally and enhance Hawaii's economic development.
Homeland Security
In 2016, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced a project that would utilize blockchain technology as a means to securely store and capture data transmissions. DHS uses Factom’s blockchain technology to encrypt and store data captured by security cameras and other sensors. The application of this blockchain technology will greatly reduce the risk of data leakage. Currently, the project is still in progress.
Maritime Transportation
The benefits of blockchain for recording ship transportation data are self-evident. Currently, shipping projects in some places have adopted distributed ledger technology. In the maritime logistics industry, blockchain Chain technology can make the inevitable cumbersome management procedures in international trade more transparent and orderly. Maersk, one of the world’s largest ocean carriers, was a pioneer in utilizing blockchain, and now ZIM, an international shipping company, has followed suit.

6. What are the application examples of blockchain technology

Application of blockchain technology in voting
Kuaishang is the first to apply blockchain technology nationwide In the field of voting, it effectively solves the problem of trust in voting data, provides the most authentic and effective data for activists, protects the rights and interests of real voting users, and at the same time makes blockchain technology "people-friendly" so that the general public can quickly perceive and enjoy it in the field of life services. The convenience brought by blockchain technology.
The application of blockchain technology in digital asset registration
The Golden Master Digital Asset Service Platform is the first to use blockchain technology. This technology is a global distributed ledger technology that is traceable and non-transitory. Tamper-proof and unforgeable properties. The digital assets of the platform come from regulated digital asset issuers, and the value of the assets is determined through the open market to avoid overestimation or underestimation of value.
The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry
Ant Financial’s independently controllable financial-grade commercial blockchain platform has been deployed globally in multiple institutions and countries in multiple social and commercial application scenarios. Ant Blockchain Chain platform transactions support second-level confirmationIt is recognized that the consensus mechanism uses an efficient parallel consensus algorithm to ensure the high performance of the blockchain platform. Ant Blockchain has already had multiple production-level applications, applying leading technology to various fields such as people's livelihood, business, and finance.

7. Does anyone know where blockchain can be applied?

Blockchain has been implemented in many applications. Although it cannot be adapted to all application scenarios, There are many practical applications on the market, one of which is Weisan Cloud. Their blockchain points system has many application scenarios such as e-commerce and content payment, and has been certified by many merchants.

8. Re-understand the blockchain: Enlightenments brought by more than 1,550 application cases

Author: Ran Wei

(This article is excerpted from "2021 Global Blockchain Application Market Report")

When we talk about blockchain, anyone who knows something about blockchain can express themselves more or less on related topics. opinion. For example: from the perspective of technical system, blockchain is a new application of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm; from the perspective of functional attributes, blockchain is decentralized, non-tamperable, and full-process. Features such as leaving traces, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency.

Looking back at the history of blockchain, there is no way around Bitcoin. On January 3, 2009, the Bitcoin genesis block with serial number 0 was born. A few days later, on January 9, 2009, Bitcoin block number 1 was born. When two blocks are connected, the blockchain is "born."

The inventor of Bitcoin, whose pseudonym is "Satoshi Nakamoto", may find it difficult to imagine: In the past 12 years, with Bitcoin as the center, a huge "cryptocurrency family" has spread all over the world. The financial market set off a "big wave" that continues to this day. During this period, innovation and risks related to cryptocurrency are intertwined, progress and bubbles coexist, and pursuit and criticism coexist, and it drives government departments of various countries to continuously improve the monetary and financial systems, social governance and supervision systems.

At the same time, the blockchain that accompanies Bitcoin is also evolving rapidly, and has long gone beyond the scope of "Bitcoin's underlying technology" and has been applied to every corner of social and economic development.

So, what mechanism does blockchain work through? What are its advantages compared to traditional technologies and models? What is its application effect? In the "2021 Global Blockchain Application Market Report" jointly released by Capital Lab and Yuanwang Think Tank, we tried to provide a certain basis for the above issues through research on more than 1,550 application cases around the world in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. Empirical answer. At the same time, based on the study of these cases, we can establish a new understanding of blockchain: blockchain is trust, blockchain is sharing, and blockchain is transaction, Blockchain is substitution, Blockchain is efficiency.

In the Bitcoin creation paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Currency System", "Satoshi Nakamoto" repeatedly emphasized that Bitcoin has the characteristics of not relying on a "trusted third party". That is the characteristic of “decentralization”.

On the other hand, the underlying technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, is precisely designed for "trust." In other words, reshaping "trust" in the digital age is the most basic function of the blockchain, but this trust has been transformed from trust between people and legal entities to trust between machines and machines. Trust between blocks and between nodes. Interestingly, the subsequent “smart contract” function has further strengthened this trust through its integration with the blockchain.

Identity coding and authentication are the first steps to achieve the above-mentioned trust mechanism, and the distributed identity (Decentralized Identity, DID) system is the core of it. With DID applications, everyone from individuals to organizations to IoT devices, from physical items to virtual products, can be given digital "identities" and achieve trusted interactions. It is precisely because of this that blockchain-based certificate storage, empowerment, verification, circulation, and transactions can be realized, and only then can blockchain be implemented in various industries.

Application cases from around the world show that new trust mechanisms provide new rules and motivation for social and economic operations:

l China is comprehensively promoting blockchain electronic certificates Applications such as "one fish, one code", "one fruit, one code", "one tea, one code" and other applications are driving the global Anti-counterfeiting traceability of agricultural products and upgrading of food safety systems;

l Through the combination of blockchain, big data, and artificial intelligence, the credit "portrait" of an enterprise is more accurate and can be obtained faster and more accurately. Lower-cost financing services;

l Public welfare organizations have put charity funds "on the chain" to form a more transparent and standardized public welfare tracking and management system;

l Relevant cities in China have launched a blockchain-based gas cylinder product traceability management system, and the credibility of the source of gas cylinder file information and the level of gas cylinder safety management have been greatly improved;

l Germany is developing its distributed energy resources Assets establishes a digital registration system based on identity authentication to promote the development and trading of renewable energy and cope with the arrival of the digital energy era...

Among the three types of blockchains (public chain, alliance chain, private chain), alliance chain has been the most widely used. In addition to considerations of technical performance, operational efficiency, operability, expected results, etc., this is mainly because all parties in the alliance already have a certain foundation of trust. It alsoFrom another perspective, it shows that in blockchain applications beyond cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, "multi-centralization" rather than complete "decentralization" is a more realistic option.

In addition, it is undeniable that unlike the proof-of-work mechanism that Bitcoin “mining” relies on, the blockchain cannot completely ensure the integrity of the on-chain data from the source in the actual application process. Authenticity. In other words, a certain alliance member or node may provide false data intentionally or unintentionally. However, with the help of blockchain's non-tampering, traceability, multi-party consensus and other characteristics, the alliance can identify counterfeiting behavior and impose corresponding punishments, such as "kicking" the counterfeiting members from the nodes. Therefore, in a sense, blockchain-based trust largely establishes alliance members’ awe for the authenticity of data and deters data fraud.

If "trust" is the foundation of blockchain applications, data sharing is the core of blockchain applications. Without data sharing, there will be no cooperation, and the practical application of blockchain will be impossible.

l The State Administration of Foreign Exchange's "Cross-border Financial Blockchain Service Platform" pilot has been fully launched, promoting foreign trade exports through information exchange between foreign exchange bureaus, taxation, banks and enterprise-related market entities. Business development;

l The "Insurance/Claims Alliance Chain" jointly established by 11 insurance companies in Taiwan has been put into operation, and each company has achieved "single application and common documents" on this platform;

l Blockchain platforms such as Contour and TradeLens are reshaping the global supply chain and providing impetus for the digital transformation of international trade through data collaboration among enterprises, financial institutions, shipping companies, terminals, customs and other institutions... .

l In China, through data collaboration, various government departments have realized "one data, one source, one source for multiple uses, one network, and full network operation";

l Through The "Judicial Chain" platform enables all types of electronic evidence to be seamlessly connected with judicial institutions such as notarization, arbitration, judicial appraisal, and courts, which improves the efficiency of the judicial system while reducing costs;

l Targeting grassroots nationwide The court's "cross-domain collaboration mechanism for trial auxiliary matters" can realize "cross-domain service and cross-domain evidence collection" between courts in different regions, effectively improving the efficiency of trial auxiliary matters and trial quality and efficiency, and reducing judicial operation costs... ….

l China's "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Combination Port" project was officially launched, which can support the interconnection and interoperability of trade parties among the five major customs jurisdictions of the Greater Bay Area and become the first connected port in the Greater Bay Area , customs, logistics, enterprise, finance and other trade processes, interconnected and shared blockchain network;

l Japan's KDDI Telecom, Hitachi, Kansai Electric Power, Sekisui Construction and other large enterprises have established blocks Chain Alliance NEXCHAIN ​​to form a cross-industry real estate information sharing and management model and promote cross-industry innovation;

l The French Renault Group completed the test of its blockchain project "XCEED" for use in parts supply Sharing compliance information between dealers and automakers and simplifying compliance certification…

Although the above application cases in finance, government affairs and various industries are only a few typical cases, they are enough to illustrate that: on the one hand, data sharing is an inherent requirement of blockchain applications. In terms of specific implementation, everything must start from breaking "data islands" and "information asymmetry"; on the other hand, the application practice of blockchain has in turn promoted cross-level, cross-department, cross-industry, cross-region, and cross- Data sharing and unprecedented cooperation across national borders.

It can also be seen from the above cases that based on the transparency, security, trustworthiness and other characteristics of the blockchain, data sharing allows cooperation that originally seemed impossible to be achieved, and more Open innovation results; data sharing can effectively improve the operating efficiency of business systems, financial systems and social governance systems; various organizations promote their own organizational changes and process changes while sharing and cooperating with external institutions.

Based on trust and sharing, "transaction" is the most intuitive and deepest manifestation of the value of blockchain applications. Currently, blockchain is opening a new chapter in the transformation of transaction models in various industries around the world.

From a functional architecture point of view, blockchain-based transactions are by no means just a change in the transaction process, but integrate the unique functions of the blockchain, which are the key to anti-counterfeiting traceability, supply and demand docking, and warehousing. Integrated integration of blockchain applications such as logistics, payment/settlement, supply chain financing, insurance, and network security.

In terms of application form, blockchain-based transactions transcend the traditional concept of product or service transactions and represent the realization of the value of a wider range of data in circulation.

From the perspective of application scenarios, transactions based on blockchain involve the upgrading of the physical industry, the digital advancement of the financial industry, and the innovative application of the "token economy".

In the physical industry, take the application of agricultural blockchain as an example: on the one hand, supply chain traceability based on blockchain has become an important barrier to food safety; but on the other hand, for growers or For farmers, the supply chain traceability function is far from enough. How to help them expand the sales of agricultural products and obtain more income as much as possible is the "hard truth" for blockchain technology to continue to promote agricultural development. In other industries, the same applies.

Against the above background, new trading platforms in the global physical industry continue to emerge:

l The Indian government uses blockchain platforms to help farmers in remote areas sell agricultural products to reduce the Get higher income while reducing intermediate expenses;

l Swiss company Cerealia builds a blockchain-based agricultural product trading and financing platform to promote agricultural exports in emerging market countries around the world;

l The world’s largest independent refined sugar producer, Al Khaleej Sugar Company in the United Arab Emirates launched DigitalSugar.io, a blockchain-based sugar product trading platform, to realize spot-based international raw sugar trading;

l Jiangxi Ganzhou launched a blockchain-based international timber electronic transaction The platform will conduct full-process on-chain management of timber transactions, and will provide the timber market with full industry chain services such as cloud warehouse supervision, logistics, finance, and insurance;

l Shandong Province launches Shandong Internet Chinese Medicinal Materials Trading The platform will realize online integrated services of quality control, transaction, payment, settlement and supervision through blockchain and other technologies;

l Weitang Town, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou released Pearl Online based on blockchain The trading platform will upload core parameters and test reports of pearls to the chain for certification, and will also add functions such as supply chain management, trade finance, smart contracts, payment settlement, and incentive mechanisms;

l Honeywell The launch of GoDirect Trade, an online trading platform for new and second-hand aircraft parts, provides a valuable reference for large manufacturers on how to apply blockchain to parts trading and circulation...

In the financial industry, blockchain is promoting the digital advancement of financial transaction business in aspects such as securities trading, asset securitization, trade financing, and cross-border settlement:

l The Australian National Stock Exchange has launched ClearPay, a digital securities trading platform based on distributed ledger technology, which can provide multi-currency, real-time DVP settlement on the same day and will replace the original exchange settlement system;

l Switzerland The company Finka has launched a related securitization token investment platform based on livestock from organic pastures in Bolivia to promote the development of the local livestock industry;

l The American company Securitize has established a Japanese real estate investment platform based on digital securities , aiming to revitalize idle real estate in rural Japan and enhance the vitality of the rural economy;

l China Postal Savings Bank and China Construction Bank completed the first cross-blockchain platform forfaiting transaction, Hua Xia Bank Kunming Branch’s first Realize forfaiting resale business in the secondary market;

l Nanjing Iron and Steel completed blockchain-based iron ore transactions with Rio Tinto of Australia and Vale of Brazil respectively;
< br /> l Baosteel Co., Ltd. and Australia's Rio Tinto completed the first blockchain-based RMB cross-border settlement transaction...

Of course, blockchain promotes the advancement of financial transaction businessAt the same time, dark sides such as hype, scams, money laundering, and cyber attacks related to blockchain and cryptocurrency are everywhere. How to continue to promote financial innovation while also carrying out efficient risk prevention and control and effectively cracking down on illegal crimes is an important issue that requires long-term response. From a global perspective, China has responded with clear attitudes, strict measures, and effective measures in this regard.

The transaction changes realized by the blockchain in the real industry and financial industry are only the initial stage of the blockchain changing the traditional transaction method. The "Token Economy" is the blockchain "transaction" A higher level of functionality.

Under the framework of the "token economy", from electronic certificates to skill certificates, from credit records to public welfare activity participation records, from social media tracks to carbon emission reduction actions, when various data become When an encrypted digital proof of rights is circulated and exchangeable, it is given the function of "token".

Regardless of the investment/speculation craze of "Non-Fungible Token (NFT)", we can already see many early applications of "token economy" around the world:

l The HotCity project supported by the Austrian government uses a crowdsourcing model combined with blockchain and gamification tokens to encourage residents to submit heating waste heat hotspots to meet urban heating needs more efficiently;< br />
l Ford establishes "Green Miles" for commercial and municipal fleets using hybrid vehicles to help improve urban air quality;

l Weibin District, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, in its In the blockchain industrial park project, tokens are issued based on the points system for merchants and enterprises to establish a new commercial service platform;

l Chengdu released a blockchain-based community governance product "Chain Dynamic Community", Residents can earn "time bank" points on the platform through volunteer services and other activities, and exchange them for benefits and discounts provided by community merchants;

l Global non-profit organization "Mobile Open Blockchain Plan" The Electric Vehicle Charging Network Working Group (EVGI) launches a global standard system for decentralized vehicle charging technology, covering the Tokenized Carbon Credit (TCC) scenario;

l Blockchain reward platform MiL. k cooperates with a Korean retailer to provide blockchain-based points management services to its members. Members can convert existing points into local MLK tokens through the MiL.k platform, or exchange them into other third-party points...

As can be seen from the above cases and more, the "token economy" has several distinctive features:

The "token economy" gives assets to a wider range of data attributes and tradable attributes, and through cross-domain, cross-The mutual trust and circulation of the platform can improve the operating efficiency of the entire social and economic system;

"Token economy" is a new process of value creation and realization, which does not necessarily use currency directly as the medium of transaction. Rather, it is more reflected in the exchange, mutual benefit and reconfiguration of various elements and resources;

"Token economy" is often combined with incentive mechanisms, through the promotion of "good people, good things" and "good companies" " and the incentives of "good institutions" will effectively reshape the social value system and social credit system.

Generally speaking, the "token economy" will spawn new production factors, reshape production relations, and greatly liberate social productivity; the "token economy" represents the direction of the "information Internet" The evolution of the "Internet of Value" indicates the most exciting future of the digital economy; the "token economy" based on the blockchain has begun to take shape and has begun to bring changes to economic operations, social governance, and everyone's lifestyle. Continuously visible change. All types of institutions and individuals should be mentally and physically prepared for this change.

Like other new technologies, in the process of application and popularization, blockchain continues to produce substitution effects in terms of platforms, media, models, methods, etc.: physical documents are replaced by electronic documents, and credit records are replaced by electronic documents. Tokens are replaced, manual review is replaced by data verification, and the city management platform is replaced by the "city brain"...

Such substitutions have become the norm:

l Argentina’s central bank has begun a proof-of-concept for a new blockchain clearing system, which may replace the existing clearing system;< br />
l Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation (KOMSCO) expanded its blockchain digital gift certificate business to replace paper gift certificates and achieved record revenue despite a sharp decline in the issuance of banknotes and coins. Improvement;

l Courts across China have begun to use blockchain electronic seals to replace traditional paper seals in the enforcement of real estate seizures;

l The Shanghai court system is using artificial intelligence , the adoption of new technologies such as blockchain, and explore the use of digital court trial records to replace manual court trial transcripts;

l The Japanese company SUSMED launched a "Clinical Data Monitoring System Demonstration Using Blockchain Technology" pilot, indicating that the drug Or the necessary monitoring process in clinical trials of medical equipment can be replaced by a blockchain system;

l Alipay and Wukong Car Rental have cooperated to launch a "face-swiping" car rental service, which uses blockchain technology and credit-free security mode, tourists can rent a car by simply "swiping their face" and return the vehicle through mobile operations;

l Under the new crown epidemic, local governments in China have intensively launched "non-face-to-face" vehicles that combine blockchain technology , no contact, zero errands” style policyService services have replaced traditional offline service methods, providing a strong guarantee for the smooth progress of remote bidding, "cloud" customs clearance, financial support, resumption of work and production, etc. during the epidemic...

In addition, we can also see that through the use of blockchain technology, various enterprise-level services are also realizing substitution and evolution: from paper contracts to electronic contracts, to program-based, Blockchain contracts that can automatically execute smart contracts. Blockchain is pushing contract signing into the era of "chain signing"; from offline human resources companies to online human resources platforms to the blockchain-based human resources market , global human resources services have experienced continuous changes from the 1.0 era to the 2.0 era, and then to the 3.0 era.

Generally speaking, when the blockchain "invades" various industries, it will "mercilessly" delete all unnecessary links and processes, all unnecessary manual operations, and accelerate the The era of paperless, unmanned and automated is coming.

In the process of our analysis of more than 1,550 blockchain application cases around the world, words like "improve", "accelerate", "shorten", "lower", "reduce", "save", " Words such as "save" appear frequently in front of our eyes. These words show that the improvement of efficiency is the common pursuit of all parties involved in blockchain applications and is also the most direct result of the substitution effect of blockchain.

Numerous application practices are contributing to this:

l Kenyan company Shamba Records provides blockchain traceability, transaction and financing services to farmers in the country, currently covering more than 6,000 Small farmers and helped them increase their income by at least 40%;

l TradeWaltz, a blockchain trading platform invested by NTT DATA, Mitsubishi and other companies, completed a trial run, and the results showed that the platform can reduce traditional 50% of the workload of the trade process;

l Walmart Canada has significantly reduced invoice disputes with carriers by 97% through the application of the DL Freight blockchain platform;

l The State Grid Corporation of China’s power transaction certificate traceability inquiry platform has been put into operation, automating the entire authenticity review process for registered users and saving 99% of trusted manual review time;

l COSCO Shipping Lines and Shandong Port Group Qingdao Port have cooperated to launch a blockchain paperless import and delivery model, which can save customers nearly 24 hours on average per container;

l Taizhou, Zhejiang uses "materials" The "Internet + Blockchain" recycling system solves the problem of marine pollution control. Compared with traditional processing methods, this recycling system can save 94% of labor costs and 84% of operating costs...

In summary, through trustWith the joint action of mechanism, sharing mechanism and transaction mechanism, blockchain has formed an obvious substitution effect, improved the operational efficiency of finance, government affairs and various industries, and will continue to form systemic changes. This change is reshaping the relationship between people and machines, people and society, and people and the environment, and clearly points to three ultimate goals: efficiency, well-being, and environmental protection.

9. [One of the top ten blockchain government cases] Ant Blockchain-Hangzhou Internet Court Judicial Chain Case

According to Hangzhou Daily, on September 18, 2018, The Hangzhou Internet Court announced that the judicial blockchain was officially launched online, becoming the first court in the country to apply blockchain technology to resolve disputes. The judicial blockchain makes the entire process of electronic data generation, storage, dissemination, and use trustworthy.
Plaintiffs can submit electronic evidence such as contracts, rights protection processes, and service process details online through the online complaint portal, which will be submitted by notary offices, judicial appraisal centers, CA/RA institutions, courts, Ant Financial and other on-chain nodes. Joint witness and joint endorsement provide one-stop service for the prosecutor. The judicial chain has greatly reduced the cost of offline evidence storage and collection, and improved the efficiency of the judgment process, thus enabling many cases that were previously unworthy of prosecution due to the high cost of rights protection to be able to achieve better rights protection through the blockchain; Judicial The chain solves the problem of low judicial service efficiency, realizes the integration and sharing of judicial data, and breaks down data silos; the judicial chain promotes the construction of a social credit system, reduces judicial costs, uses technology as an engine, promotes innovative development, and leads the transformation, upgrading and reduction of judicial services.

Citing the analysis of the "Blockchain Judicial Evidence Application White Paper" from the Trusted Blockchain Promotion Plan, with the rapid advancement of informatization, a large amount of evidence in litigation is presented in the form of electronic data. The specific manifestations of electronic evidence in judicial practice are becoming increasingly diverse, and the frequency of use and data volume of electronic data storage have increased significantly. Different types of electronic evidence are formed in different ways, but they generally have the characteristics of being easy to perish, easily tampered with, and highly dependent on technology. Compared with traditional physical evidence, it is more difficult to determine the authenticity, legality, and relevance of electronic evidence in judicial review. .

In judicial practice, parties generally lack the ability to produce evidence, and the electronic evidence provided to the court is of poor quality. There are a large number of problems such as improper evidence collection procedures, incomplete evidence, and poor pointing to the facts of the case, which directly affects the electronic evidence. The proportion of evidence admitted in litigation.

The traditional storage method of electronic evidence is essentially a centralized storage method, which may easily cause the storage data to be lost or be compromised. .

At the same time, electronic data relies on electronic media for storage. For storage security, multiple backups and other methods are often needed. In addition, electronic media have a long service life, which makes storage costs higher.

(2) Problems in evidence collection

Currently, when some locally generated electronic data is collected for evidence, the original is intelligently retained in the device that generated the electronic data, and the original evidence and the device are inseparable. Once the original evidence leaves the device, it becomes a copy and cannot become the basis for a final verdict. This results in many limitations in litigation cases.

In addition, the Internet software service provider cannot give a definite answer as to whether the so-called original is the real, original and complete data at the time when the time occurred. It is also doubtful whether the evidence obtained is the original.

(3) Problems in demonstration

Electronic data display and fixation are important aspects of data use. Since electronic data exists in the form of electronic information stored in electronic hardware, To obtain its content, you need to use responsive software to read and display it, which makes it difficult to demonstrate. It may also increase the burden of proof on the parties due to the need for notarization, and waste social judicial resources.

(4) Issues in Evidence

In litigation, both parties will submit their own electronic data as evidence. When the parties individually control their own data, it is easy for the evidence submitted by both parties to be inconsistent or even contradictory. In the absence of other supporting evidence, it is very difficult to determine the authenticity of the evidence, and the electronic data submitted by both parties cannot be used as the basis for deciding the case. In this situation where the facts of the case cannot be determined, the judge is likely to have to rely on assigning the burden of proof to decide the case. The general principle of allocating the burden of proof is that whoever makes the claim must provide evidence. If he cannot provide evidence, he will bear the consequences of losing the case. In this case, a party that actively tamperes with its own data can benefit from this burden of proof arrangement.

(5) Problems in evidence identification

All evidence "must be verified to be true before it can be used as the basis for finalizing a case", which is the most important and universal evidence in the world. One of the principles of justice. The identification of evidence is usually a process of identifying the "three properties" of evidence, namely the authenticity, legality and relevance of the evidence. Electronic data used as evidence also needs to pass the "three characteristics" judgment. Due to the large amount of data, strong real-time nature of electronic data, high storage costs, and difficulty in identifying the originals, it is still difficult to identify the "three properties" of evidence. Electronic data often cannot support the case because it is difficult to identify, which is detrimental to the case. Both the judge and the parties caused greater pressure.

Quoting from the sharing by Li Zhiguo, head of Ant Financial’s judicial evidence deposit products, titled “Ant Blockchain’s Exploration in the Field of Judicial Evidence”, he believes that in the past 20 years, the Internet industry has The key word is connection. In the PC Internet era, terminals were connected through PC interconnection. At that time, companies that discovered this trend seized huge business opportunities such as portals and search engines. In 2013, we entered the mobile Internet era. In this era, many smart terminals and personal devices are connected together through the mobile Internet.The number and online time have been greatly improved. Those who seized the opportunity at this stage created super applications such as Weibo, WeChat, and Alipay. A very important change that we are currently paying attention to is that as the changes in connections continue to expand, the quality of connections has also changed greatly. This is called the second curve. The original object of connection was information, but now it is likely to become assets.

So what is the difference between assets and information? There are three main differences.

First, assets are unique, while information can be copied infinitely. In the Internet era, the cost of information transmission can be minimized through copying. However, when the connected object is an asset, a fatal flaw arises, that is, it cannot be transmitted through copying. After the asset is given to a person, It cannot be given to anyone else.

The second point is that assets are more fragile and precious than information. Assets are money. In the process of information digitization, it is easy to put information on the Internet, but for assets, this does not work, because behind the assets are real interests.

The third point: Compared with assets and information, assets have very high security requirements, and many problems must be faced, including attacks by hackers, competitors, fraud, etc. These are all linked assets. issues that need resolving. This is the third difference between assets and information. If there is a dispute over assets, they need to be resolved. In reality, it can be resolved by the court, but if it is on the Internet, it is difficult to deal with it.

The three characteristics of assets mentioned above are difficult to solve through traditional Internet methods. At the same time, the development of the Internet has made people lazier and lazier. If 10 years ago, many people could accept that asset connection would take a long time, but now it is difficult for people to accept it. For example, in order to sign a contract, it takes two to three days. It takes weeks to mail, and it costs a lot to go in and out of many traditional institutions frequently in order to make a cross-border payment. And compared with the connection method 20 years ago, the current Internet connection has become much more difficult, because many people find that after information is connected, the data becomes very valuable. What to do if it is valuable? The only way is to sink the value. When it sinks, it becomes a deep well of value. The larger the scale, the deeper the value. At the same time, another problem will be formed called data island. These issues need to be considered and resolved by the judicial chain.

Now, the court is standing at a historical opportunity node and has the opportunity to become a basic component of data generation and completion of connections. Disputes will inevitably occur over assets, and after a dispute occurs, the court will conduct a full-link review. This is a unique value, the value of the last mile of the Internet. By connecting assets, breaking data islands and value wells, this is the real value completion. This model is actuallyBelonging to small and medium-sized enterprises, including individual users, the above is the value basis of the judicial chain.

If there is an island of value and it needs to be connected, there must be various connection methods. There are four main ways to connect.

The first is not to connect. , put it in a bank safe;

The second way is a bad connection, that is, through technological leadership and inequality, depriving the ownership of data assets through hacking technology, when there is no legal When connecting, bad connections must exist;

The third type is a connection that seems to be a good connection, but is actually a fragile connection. Nowadays, there are many ways to connect. When the market situation is relatively good, it is a bubble. It has a certain market when it is relatively large, but once it encounters real value, it breaks down;

The fourth type is the judicial chain, which can be summarized in 15 words, that is, the whole process record, the whole chain The road is trustworthy and witnessed by all nodes.

How can the judicial chain be technically credible and institutionally credible at a low cost?

First of all, the first problem is that assets are fragile, so when connecting assets, they must have the basic characteristics of real security. Security includes privacy protection, which is not a simple matter. The first day Alipay was born started with secured transactions, solving the problem of the authenticity of previous transactions between buyers and sellers. Later, based on Alipay, Sesame Credit was proposed, and many Everyone has Zhima Credit points, and through past credit records, big data and artificial intelligence are provided as a reference for whether the user can fulfill the contract, making real security a step further. Next comes the blockchain. The blockchain provides a very important capability, that is, the truth cannot be tampered with, which makes trust a big step forward in the level of real security. Therefore, the first problem solved by the judicial chain is to ensure that the bottom connector is real and safe when connecting assets. This real safety is not something you talk about in words, nor is it a technology in a laboratory, but a technology in a laboratory. It has been recognized by users, tested by the market and tested by large-scale business volume.

The second question is very critical. When everyone is connected through a real and secure connector, once the data assets are compromised, how to deal with disputes? The judicial blockchain has been moving in this direction in the past two years. By bringing notary offices, judicial appraisal centers, and courts to the bottom of the judicial chain, the data is authenticated accordingly, ensuring that once a dispute arises about data assets, it can be dealt with fairly and effectively. This is a very powerful system, which is the fundamental reason why the judicial chain is the real solution to the last mile problem of the Internet. So far, the judicial chain has ensured technical credibility and institutional credibility.

The third problem is that in the interconnection of assets, the cost of connection cannot be too high. Users have developed a little bitThe habit of getting countless information at the click of a mouse or a search button. Blockchain has been popular for many years, but so far there are less than 20 million real users, and the daily activity is very low. The first reason is that it is too difficult to use, and the second reason is that the cost of use is too high. Therefore, when connecting assets, it must be very simple, very easy to use, and low cost. Just like when Alipay first implemented real-name authentication, it could quickly complete user payments through face scanning, and at the same time, the security level was very high. Therefore, real connectors must have the characteristics of low cost and high applicability.

The judicial chain has achieved technical credibility and institutional credibility, and the cost of connection is not high, opening a new era of blockchain for asset connection.

The Hangzhou Internet Court’s judicial blockchain makes the entire process of electronic data generation, storage, dissemination, and use trustworthy. Through the overall complete structure, it can solve the entire life cycle of electronic data generation, storage, dissemination, and use on the Internet, especially the whole-process trust issue at the generation end.

The blockchain consists of a three-layer structure:

1). The first is the blockchain program. Users can directly record the entire process of operation behavior in the blockchain through the program. , such as online submission of electronic evidence such as electronic contracts, rights protection processes, service process details;

2), The second is the full-link capability layer of the blockchain, which mainly provides real-name authentication, electronic signature, time Stamping, data storage and trusted services throughout the blockchain process;

3), the third is the judicial alliance layer, which uses blockchain technology to integrate notary offices, CA/RA institutions, forensic identification centers and The courts are connected together in the alliance chain, and each unit becomes a node on the chain.

The electronic evidence platform launched on the judicial chain of Hangzhou Internet Court directly establishes a special data channel between evidence and trial, making the collection, fixation, transmission and use of evidence more convenient and efficient.

In the past, when going to the Internet Court for litigation, evidence was submitted electronically and then uploaded to the "Hangzhou Internet Court Litigation Platform" (www.netcourt.gov.cn). For example, notarized documents are usually uploaded by scanning. The electronic evidence platform launched today first has a long "tentacle", and it can achieve seamless connection with other electronic data, such as notary offices. Then the notarized documents can be uploaded to the electronic evidence platform with one click and used directly as litigation evidence. For example, in transaction disputes involving e-commerce platforms such as Taobao and JD.com, mutual financial platforms, and wealth management platforms, third-party data service providers (such as operator platforms, electronic contracting platforms, and certificate depository institution platforms) can also directly transmit electronic data. The electronic evidence platform effectively solves the difficulties faced by parties in collecting electronic data evidence on their own and greatly saves the economic and energy costs of producing and cross-examining evidence in court trials.

Originally just by scanning or typingThe "electronic" evidence is truly transformed into "electronic evidence". Through the third-party storage platform, it breaks the curse of "electronic data" being easily lost and tampered with, forming the only "data ID card" that cannot be tampered with. , and synchronize the backup to the electronic evidence platform in real time. After entering the litigation process, the "data ID card" that has been saved on the electronic evidence platform will be automatically compared with the original electronic data to determine whether the electronic evidence has been tampered with later, thus ensuring the authenticity of the electronic evidence.

These electronic data have coded ID cards, which become the "elements" of each case. The platform classifies these elements and then matches them to each case. In this way, the system automatically matches The key element is to import electronic evidence into each case to form a system that automatically files cases without a judge. We can imagine that we will soon be able to achieve a case filing speed of tens or hundreds per minute.

Finally, when these evidences become electronic data and are stored on the platform, in addition to the Hangzhou Internet Court, which can carry out judicial use on the platform during the trial of the case, other relevant institutions (such as other people with permission) Courts, judicial appraisal agencies, notary agencies, filing agencies) can all retrieve relevant evidence from the platform in accordance with procedures, and the co-construction and sharing of resource data will also be achieved.

Taking the Shanghai Pudong Notary Office’s data storage platform that has opened up the Hangzhou Mutual Judicial Chain as an example, we will introduce the complete closed-loop process from the data protection platform to judicial litigation.

1. Register the business platform and perform real-name authentication

Enterprise A, a design company, opens the Shanghai Pudong Notary Office data storage platform page and completes real-name identity authentication after registration.

2. Original data storage

When design company A completes the design of a work and archives the original work data, it initiates a remote storage call through its own business system Interface, call the RESTful API of the notary office's data storage platform to complete the storage of the design work file HASH and related elements. The deposit certificate will also be sent to the Judicial Blockchain, Pudong Notary Chain and China Time Service Center simultaneously. After all are successful, a certificate of deposit with the corresponding LOGO will be obtained. The HASH fingerprint data of the work files that are completely consistent on each chain and platform shows the validity and non-tamperability of this certificate.

5. Log in to Hanghu Court to submit a complaint and verify the legality of the evidence

The judicial chain is a specific application case of Ant Blockchain BaaS. Ant Blockchain BaaS (Blockchain as a Service) is an open "blockchain as a service" platform based on the Ant Financial Alliance blockchain technology and Alibaba Cloud. It uses blockchain as aA variety of cloud service outputs support numerous business scenarios and on-chain data traffic, and are the foundation of industry blockchain solutions. Ant Blockchain BaaS is committed to building an open and collaborative platform to provide convenient services to enterprises and individuals around the world.

The above picture is the product map of Ant Blockchain, in which the technical architecture of BaaS is mainly divided into three layers:

1. The bottom layer is BaaS Core

The BaaS Core layer is based on a cloud resource management platform that provides flexible support for hosts and containers, enabling convenient cross-platform operation and deployment. For trusted hardware, Alibaba Cloud's Shenlong server provides corresponding hardware services and can provide a trusted execution environment with high reliability and high privacy protection. In addition to the certificate deposit platform and smart contract platform, heterogeneous chain cross-chain services will be launched soon on the basis of homogeneous chain cross-chain services. In the current market, a single chain or a single chain has its own limitations. In the future, cross-chain technology will become a very important part of establishing trust infrastructure and a mutual trust ecosystem. At present, the BaaS platform has achieved internal interconnection through cross-chain services. It can also access trusted data sources on the external Internet through smart contracts and cross-chain services. In addition, BaaS Core has corresponding functions and support for other basic capabilities, such as alliance management, security and privacy, certificate key management, etc. While providing the self-developed Ant blockchain system, the BaaS platform also supports open source systems to better meet the diverse needs of customers, including enterprise Ethereum Quorum and Hyperledger Fabric.

2. The upper layer is BaaS Plus

The BaaS Plus layer encapsulates and services the underlying services and capabilities, and opens them into standardized interfaces to provide partners with access and use. This can greatly reduce customers' investment in basic resources and significantly shorten the time it takes to access services. So far, the platform has launched services such as trusted certificates, universal traceability, real person certification, and enterprise certification, and will gradually launch more services in the future.

3. The top layer is the BaaS Marketplace and solutions

Ant’s many partners can provide their capabilities in the marketplace. At the same time, practical applications implemented in different scenarios will precipitate a set of standard application solution templates, making it easier for customers to learn from the platform capabilities of other similar scenarios in their own applications. The Pudong Notary Office data storage platform can become a member of the BaaS Marketplace.

1. Account system

All transaction operations of Ant Blockchain are carried out around the account system.OK, so before sending and executing the transaction, you need to make sure that you have created a corresponding account on the Ant Blockchain. Then you can use the created account to submit the transaction, and you can also complete modifications to the relevant account configuration based on the account structure.

The specific account data structure model fields and descriptions are as follows:

Among them, accounts contain three types of keys:

Ant Blockchain adopts the account It is implemented in a decoupled manner from the key, which to a certain extent prevents security risks such as data loss on the chain caused by key loss. The main account operations supported by Ant Blockchain include:

2. Privacy protection

Ant Blockchain supports the privacy protection capabilities of sensitive account information data by introducing some features of cryptography. , by extending the relevant command functions at the smart contract level to realize the encrypted storage and addition and subtraction operations of the amount in the smart contract. Only individuals who obtain a valid key can decrypt the sensitive data in the smart contract and view the original amount information.

At present, the cryptographic features introduced by Ant Blockchain include zero-knowledge proof, that is, by introducing zero-knowledge proof, the legality of the transfer amount can be proved under the condition of encrypted ciphertext.

3. Cross-chain services

Ant Blockchain cross-chain service is an on-chain data service provided for smart contracts. This service deploys cross-chain services in the customer's blockchain environment. Contract/chain code, and provides an API interface for user contracts/chain codes to call and use. The cross-link service currently provides two types of services: ledger data access and contract message push, and their corresponding API interfaces. The ledger data access service can help user smart contracts obtain data on other blockchain ledgers, including but not limited to block headers, complete blocks, transactions, etc. The contract message push service can help communicate messages between smart contracts on different blockchains that have deployed cross-chain data services, satisfying scenarios such as cross-chain business association processing.

On May 22, 2019, Shanghai No. 1 Intermediate People's Court, Hangzhou Internet Court, Hefei Intermediate People's Court, Suzhou Intermediate People's Court, and Wuhu, Anhui Province jointly signed a letter of intent for cooperation, and will use the Hangzhou Internet Relying on the court's judicial blockchain platform, the four places are interconnected and jointly build the Yangtze River Delta judicial chain, creating a judicial-level trust mechanism with "full process records, full link credibility, and full node witness" to jointly promote judicial integration in the Yangtze River Delta region. develop. It was introduced at the meeting that the judicial blockchain operating mechanism of the Hangzhou Internet Court has become increasingly mature, and has collected 390 million pieces of electronic data. The dismissal rate of relevant cases has reached more than 96%. In intellectual property protection, financial risk prevention, agricultural product traceability, credit system construction, etc. played an important role.
The technology provider of the judicial chain of Hangzhou Internet Court is Ant Financial Blockchain, which has the world's leading core patented technology, 20,000 TPS high-performance certificate storage capabilities, extremely high privacy security protection capabilities, and top-level security Prevention and control capabilities safeguard the judicial chainconvoy. Its Ant Blockchain trusted certificate storage platform supports third parties to access the judicial chain.

For example, in terms of specific aspects, the judicial chain has greatly improved the effect of users' rights protection. For example, in China, copyright protection is very backward. For example, only 5% of the pictures are genuine, and the rest are pirated. However, from the filing of the case to the trial, the first instance takes 8 months, and the compensation received is only 500. -600 yuan, but the time cost and economic cost far exceed the compensation amount. However, the emergence of the judicial chain can reduce the cost of rights protection by one to two orders of magnitude. Secondly, the judicial chain can enhance the trust of the brand. On the one hand, it enables enterprises to stand together with the judicial chain and the brands and platforms recognized by the government. On the other hand, it allows enterprises to clearly and transparently tell their business models through trust connection. users, giving users a very strong sense of trust. Entrepreneurs, in particular, can have huge traffic in the early stages. Finally, the judicial chain solves the problem of the last mile of the Internet, which greatly reduces the user's cost of use. Therefore, using the judicial chain model really upgrades the traditional business model into a trust business model.

Contributor Wang Denghui introduced:
Copyright chain/notarization chain project CTO of Hangzhou Xiabi Youshen Technology Company,
Shanghai partner of HiBlock technology community,
Focusing on "blockchain +" industrial implementation and implementation plan, hoping to preach blockchain together with industry practitioners.

10. What are the application examples of blockchain?

1. Judicial evidence storage

On September 18, 2018, the Hangzhou Internet Court was officially launched on the chain. , becoming the first court in the world to use blockchain for trial.

It is understood that the complainant can submit electronic evidence such as the contract, rights protection process, service process details, etc. online through the online complaint portal to nodes on the chain such as notary offices, judicial appraisal centers, CA/RA institutions, and courts. Come and witness and endorse together to provide one-stop service for the prosecutor. The Internet Court of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province made a public judgment on a dispute over infringement of the right to disseminate work information online, and for the first time confirmed the legal validity of electronic data stored using blockchain technology.

2. Logistics field

In early 2018, Cainiao and Tmall International jointly announced that they have used blockchain technology to track, upload, and verify the logistics of cross-border imported goods. Link information.

After all nodes in the logistics chain are connected to the blockchain, the goods will be traceable from the manufacturer to the consumer, forming a complete chain; the more links the goods are missing, the more fake they will be exposed. Product probability is greater.

3. Electronic invoices

On August 10, 2018, Shenzhen Guomao Revolving Restaurant issued the country’s first blockchain electronic invoice. It is understood that this issued block The chain electronic invoice is led by the Shenzhen Municipal Taxation Bureau and Tencent provides underlying technology and capabilities.

Different from traditional electronic invoices and simple electronic invoices uploaded to the chain, this blockchain electronic invoice combines "fund flow and invoice flow" into one, combines invoice issuance with online payment, and opens up invoice application. , the whole process of invoicing, reimbursement and tax filing.

There are many practical applications of blockchain, you can learn more about the relevant information.