作为一个愿景，Web3似乎是区块链行业所有项目的营销点，但很多人说他们的项目将通过Web3，但很少有人能说出Web3是什么。
前两个互联网时代。
从20世纪80年代到2000年代初，互联网的第一个时代——所有的互联网服务都是基于开放协议，并由社区控制。
因此，雅虎、谷歌、亚马逊、Facebook、YouTube等大型互联网公司应运而生，而美国在线等传统集中平台的影响力却大大降低。
在互联网的第二个时代——从2000年代中期到现在，科技公司(如谷歌、苹果、Facebook和亚马逊)为盈利目的而构建的软件和服务迅速超出了开放协议的能力。
而且，智能手机的爆炸性增长加速了这一趋势——用户从开放式服务迁移到更复杂、更集中的移动应用。
数十亿人免费获得了令人惊叹的技术，这是好消息。
坏消息是，集中的平台控制着一切，他们担心创业者会剥夺他们的用户和利润，从而限制后来者扩大互联网的影响力。
这样得互联网变得不那么有趣和充满活力。
Web3：第三个互联网时代。
对上述现象的反应是，政府像电话、广播、电视等传统通信网络一样，主动监管大型互联网公司。
但过去的通信网络是基于硬件的，而互联网是基于软件的，这是根本不同的。
一旦建立了基于硬件的网络，它几乎是不可能重建的。然而，通过创业、创新和市场力量，可以重建基于软件的网络。
互联网是一个基于软件的终极网络——一个相对简单的核心层，它将数十亿台完全可编程的计算机连接到边缘。连接到互联网的计算机可以免费运行用户选择的任何软件，而该软件是人类思想的编码，可以是任何梦想的东西，因此它有几乎无限的设计空间。
互联网仍处于发展的早期阶段：核心互联网服务可能在未来几十年内几乎完全重新建立，这将通过区块链实现-
结合前两个互联网时代的最佳特征：社区治理的去中心化网络，其功能最终将超越最先进的集中化服务。
为什么要去中心化？
一个被误解的概念是去中心化。
比如有人说，为了抵制政府审查，区块链提倡去中心化，这并不是权力下放的主要原因。
首先让我们来看一下中心化平台的问题。
可以预测中心化平台的生命周期。
一开始，为了使平台尽快达到多边网络效应，他们会尽力吸引用户、开发者和各种合作伙伴参与。
当他们到达S曲线的顶部时，他们与生态参与者的关系从正和转变为零和，平台的影响力稳步增长。
此时，平台持续增长的最简单方式就是从用户那里提取数据，与生态第三方合作伙伴就用户和利润进行竞争，即卸磨杀驴。
这种行为的严重后果是，有远见的企业家、开发商和投资者往往过于谨慎地投资于集中平台——毕竟，他们有可能被阻止。
此外，集中平台的用户在一定程度上放弃了自己的隐私，并且放弃了对自己数据的控制，这是很容易出现安全问题的。
在未来，上述问题可能会变得更加明显。
走进区块链
在互联网上建立区块链网络。
它利用区块链等共识机制来维持和更新状态，并利用加密货币来激励共识参与者(矿工/验证者)和其他网络参与者。
以太坊是一个通用的编程平台，几乎可以用于任何目的。其他公共链条也有特殊用途。例如，比特币主要用于存储价值，filecoin主要用于分布式文件存储。
早期的互联网协议是由工作组或非营利组织创建的技术规范，它们依赖于互联网社区的利益。区块链提供经济激励，以代币的形式解决这些问题。
为了确保网络参与者共同努力，区块链采用多种机制，共同努力——网络的发展和代币的升值。
但是必须承认，今天的区块链并不能真正挑战现在的中心化平台巨头。
其核心在于性能和可扩展性，这些限制将在未来几年内得到解决，并建立完善的堆栈基础设施层。
在那之后，大部分能量将转向构建应用程序的基础设施。
如何取胜，去中心化。
说去中心化网络应该赢是一回事，说他们会赢是另外一回事。但是我们对此保持乐观。
由开发者构建的软件和Web服务。
世界上有数以百万计的高技能开发者，只有少数人在大型科技公司工作，只有少数人从事新产品开发——经常由初创公司或独立开发人员社区创建的历史上最重要的软件项目。
大多数最聪明的人都是为他人工作，不管你是谁。
由于赢得第一个时代的原因，去中心化网络可以赢得互联网的第三个时代：赢得企业家和开发者的心。
2000年代维基百科与其中心化竞争对手(如Encarta)之间的竞争是一个解释性类比。
如果你在2000年代早期比较这两种产品，那么很明显，encarta是一个更好的产品，有更广泛的主题覆盖范围和更高的准确性。但是维基百科的改进要快得多，因为它有一个活跃的志愿者社区，他们被其分布式和社区驱动的精神所吸引。
在2005年，维基百科是2009年关闭的互联网上最受欢迎的参考网站。
当你比较集中的系统和分布式系统时，我们可以得到的教训是，你需要动态地将它们视为一个过程，而不是一个静态的刚性产品。
集中系统通常在一开始就完全成熟，但只有在公司员工的改进下才会变得更好。虽然分布式系统一开始还不成熟，但它们将呈指数级增长，因为它们吸引了新的贡献者。
就区块链而言，正如我们在比特币和以太坊看到的那样，存在多个复合反馈周期、涉及核心协议的开发者、补充开发者、第三方dapp开发者和运营网络的服务提供商，这些反馈周期将通过代币的激励进一步扩大，可以加速加密社区的发展（有时会导致负面结果）。
谁将构建最引人注目的产品可以归结为谁将获得更多高质量的开发会赢得下一个互联网时代的问题——这可以理解为谁将获得更多高质量的开发者和企业家。
毫无疑问，包括现金储备、庞大的用户群和运营基础设施在内的谷歌、苹果等中心化巨头都有很大的优势。
而且中心平台在发布时通常与引人注目的应用程序联系在一起:Facebook有其核心社交功能，而iPhone有许多关键应用。
相比之下，去中心化平台通常是半生不熟，没有明确的案例。
所以，他们需要经历两个阶段的产品和市场匹配：
1.搭配开发者/企业家，即产品与市场的第一阶段匹配，搭建完善的平台；
2.允许平台/生态系统匹配终端用户，即产品与市场匹配的第二阶段。
这两个阶段的过程将非常艰难，导致许多人(包括经验丰富的技术人员)低估了去中心化平台的潜力。
下一个互联网时代。
在互联网上，去中心化网络并不是解决所有问题的灵丹妙药，但它们提供了比中心化系统更好的方法。
比如Twitter的垃圾邮件问题。
自从twitter关闭第三方开发者的网络以来，twitter本身是处理twiter垃圾邮件的唯一公司。相比之下，数百家公司试图通过数十亿美元的风险投资和企业资本打击垃圾邮件。然而，垃圾邮件有得到有效的解决。
然而，如果电子邮件协议是分散的，第三方开发者可以在这个基础上建立业务，而不用担心推特修改游戏规则，使业务不再存在。
区块链是开发社区拥有的网络，为第三方开发者、创作者和企业提供公平竞争环境的有力途径。

As a vision, Web3 seems to be the marketing point for all projects in the blockchain industry, but many people say that their projects will pass Web3, but few can tell what Web3 is.
The first two Internet eras.
From the 1980s to the early 2000s, the first era of the Internet - all Internet services were based on open protocols and controlled by the community.
As a result, large Internet companies such as Yahoo, Google, Amazon, Facebook, and YouTube emerged at the historic moment, while the influence of traditional centralized platforms such as America Online has been greatly reduced.
In the second era of the Internet, from the mid-2000s to the present, software and services built for profit by technology companies (such as Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon) have rapidly exceeded the capabilities of open protocols.
Moreover, the explosive growth of smartphones has accelerated this trend - users are migrating from open services to more complex and focused mobile applications.
Billions of people have access to amazing technology for free, and that’s great news.
The bad news is that centralized platforms control everything, and they worry that entrepreneurs will deprive them of users and profits, thereby limiting the influence of latecomers from expanding the Internet.
This makes the Internet less interesting and vibrant.
Web3: The third Internet era.
In response to the above phenomenon, the government actively regulates large Internet companies like traditional communication networks such as telephone, radio, and television.
But communication networks in the past were based on hardware, while the Internet was based on software, which is fundamentally different.
Once a hardware-based network is established, it is nearly impossible to rebuild. However, through entrepreneurship, innovation, and market forces, software-based networks can be rebuilt.
The Internet is the ultimate software-based network—a relatively simple core layer that connects billions of fully programmable computers to the edge. A computer connected to the Internet is free to run any software the user chooses, and that software is the encoding of the human mind and can be anything dreamed up, so it has almost unlimited design space.
The Internet is still in the early stages of development: core Internet services are likely to be almost completely re-established in the coming decades, and this will be enabled by blockchain -
Combining the best features of the two previous Internet eras: community A decentralized network of governance whose capabilities will eventually surpass those of state-of-the-art centralized services.
Why decentralize?
A misunderstood concept is decentralization.
For example, some people say that in order to resist government censorship, blockchain promotes decentralization. This is not the main reason for decentralization.
First let’s look at the centerplatform issues.
The life cycle of centralized platforms can be predicted.
At the beginning, in order to enable the platform to achieve multi-sided network effects as soon as possible, they will try their best to attract users, developers and various partners to participate.
When they reach the top of the S-curve, their relationship with ecological participants changes from positive sum to zero sum, and the platform’s influence grows steadily.
At this time, the easiest way for the platform to continue to grow is to extract data from users and compete with ecological third-party partners for users and profits.
A serious consequence of this behavior is that far-sighted entrepreneurs, developers and investors are often too cautious about investing in centralized platforms – after all, they risk being blocked.
In addition, users of centralized platforms have given up their privacy and control over their data to a certain extent, which is prone to security issues.
In the future, the above problems may become more obvious.
Into the blockchain
Build a blockchain network on the Internet.
It utilizes consensus mechanisms such as blockchain to maintain and update status, and utilizes cryptocurrencies to incentivize consensus participants (miners/validators) and other network participants.
Ethereum is a universal programming platform that can be used for almost any purpose. Other public chains also have special uses. For example, Bitcoin is mainly used to store value, and Filecoin is mainly used for distributed file storage.
Early Internet protocols were technical specifications created by working groups or non-profit organizations that relied on the interests of the Internet community. Blockchain provides economic incentives in the form of tokens to solve these problems.
To ensure that network participants work together, blockchain uses a variety of mechanisms to work together - the development of the network and the appreciation of the tokens.
However, it must be admitted that today’s blockchain cannot really challenge the current centralized platform giants.
At its core is performance and scalability, and these limitations will be addressed over the next few years and a sound stack infrastructure layer established.
After that, most of the energy will shift toward building the infrastructure for the application.
How to win, decentralize.
It’s one thing to say that decentralized networks should win, it’s another thing to say that they will win. But we remain optimistic.
Software and web services built by developers.
There are millions of highly skilled developers in the world, only a handful work at large tech companies, and only a handful are engaged in new product development - often the most historically significant created by startups or independent developer communities. software projects.
Most of the smartest people work for other people, no matter who you are.
Decentralized networks can win the third era of the Internet for the same reason they won the first era: winningWin the hearts of entrepreneurs and developers.
The competition between Wikipedia and its centralized competitors such as Encarta in the 2000s is an illustrative analogy.
If you compared these two products in the early 2000s, it was clear that encarta was a better product, with broader topic coverage and greater accuracy. But Wikipedia improves much faster because it has an active community of volunteers who are attracted to its distributed and community-driven ethos.
In 2005, Wikipedia was the most popular reference site on the Internet, which closed in 2009.
The lesson we can take away when you compare centralized systems to distributed systems is that you need to dynamically view them as a process rather than a static rigid product.
Centralized systems are often fully mature at the outset, but only get better with improvements from the company's employees. Although distributed systems are immature at the beginning, they will grow exponentially as they attract new contributors.
In the case of blockchains, as we have seen with Bitcoin and Ethereum, there are multiple compound feedback cycles involving core protocol developers, supplemental developers, third-party dapp developers, and operating networks For service providers, these feedback cycles will be further amplified by the incentives of the token, which can accelerate the development of the crypto community (sometimes leading to negative consequences).
Who will build the most compelling products boils down to the question of who will get more high-quality developers and who will win the next Internet era - which can be understood as who will get more high-quality developers and entrepreneur.
There is no doubt that centralized giants such as Google and Apple have great advantages, including cash reserves, large user bases and operational infrastructure.
And central platforms are often associated with compelling apps at launch: Facebook has its core social features, and the iPhone has many key apps.
In contrast, decentralized platforms are often half-baked and without clear examples.
So, they need to go through two stages of product and market matching:
1. Match developers/entrepreneurs, that is, the first stage of matching product and market, and building a complete platform;
2. Allow the platform/ecosystem to match end users, which is the second stage of product-market matching.
The process of these two stages will be very difficult, causing many people (including experienced technical personnel) to underestimate the potential of decentralized platforms.
The next Internet era.
Decentralized networks are not a panacea for all problems on the Internet, but they offer a better approach than centralized systems.
For example, Twitter’s spam problem.
Since twitter shut down the network for third-party developers, twitterter itself is the only company that handles twitter spam. By contrast, hundreds of companies are trying to fight spam with billions of dollars in venture capital and corporate capital. However, spam has been effectively addressed.
However, if the email protocol is decentralized, third-party developers can build businesses on top of it without worrying about Twitter changing the rules of the game so that the business no longer exists.
Blockchain is a development community-owned network that provides a powerful way to level the playing field for third-party developers, creators, and businesses.