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❶ How to distinguish real and fake blockchain
There is a special group of people who like all kinds of financial investment projects and are looking for projects all year round, especially in In the field of blockchain, the background of creating huge wealth miracles has also inspired many capital projects under the cloak of blockchain, and these investors looking for projects have naturally become leeks for various complicated projects. If you treat the project as a career, you will end up hurting others and yourself! The reasons are that one is not enough knowledge, and the other is the wrong mentality. You can't always think about getting rich overnight. A truly good career is built down-to-earth through the accumulation of value over time. If you don't have such a correct mentality, you will be like the above. The people mentioned are always looking for projects to do, but in the end they hurt others and themselves; apart from spending money to buy lessons, the best way to improve cognition is of course learning, and the most efficient way to learn is of course to learn systematic knowledge. The Jiguang Community provides such a professional learning platform to popularize structured and systematic blockchain knowledge for free. Here we will first popularize the anti-fraud knowledge.
First, let’s be clear about one fact. There is no truly mature currency circle in China, and most of them are capital projects disguised as blockchains. Therefore, when making a choice, you must understand and be cautious. The key is to protect your principal!
Second, how to distinguish true from false:
Judging from the entry threshold, there is no entry threshold for real blockchain projects. Anyone can participate, regardless of asset size. And it is free to enter and exit without your principal or custody of funds. The assets will always belong to the users.
From the perspective of income distribution, the real income of the blockchain is earned by users through their contributions rather than the so-called pulling. Human heads can truly produce blood and generate value, rather than a zero-sum game
Third, how to distinguish whether it is truly decentralized:
From the product side, all codes must be Open source on the chain; authoritative audit; all data is on the chain, no user data is stored or infringed.
From the governance side, it is initiated and run by the DAO organization; has its own governance group; has its own Proposal Mechanism
❷ Explain blockchain in vernacular
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Recently, various ICO financial scams have been blocked in China, but this does not hinder the vigorous development of blockchain technology. After all, technology is innocent and can bring benefits to people. As for how to use it, it depends on people to operate it. If the operation is good, you can recommend development. If the operation is not good, it is like the major ICO projects. Find some knowledge for Internet celebrities to conduct so-called illegal fund-raising and financial fraud.
After talking for a long time, what is blockchain? When it comes to blockchain, the first thing that comes to mind for many people is Bitcoin. We need to solve a problem. Bitcoin is a blockchain, but blockchain is notIt's Bitcoin. Simply put, blockchain is distributed ledger technology (DLT), not a token. It has many characteristics, such as decentralization, traceability, and difficulty in tampering.
(1) Blockchain is a distributed database
First of all, this is a decentralized distributed architecture system. Therefore, having only one central server or node is not called a blockchain. For example, if you go to Taobao to buy a mobile phone, you and the seller are strangers and have no basis for trust. If you give the money to the seller first, the seller may block you by not delivering the goods, and then your mobile phone money will be gone. If the seller ships first, do you pay? It is possible that you do not pay the seller after receiving the goods, and one party may lose money anyway. At this time, a third-party guarantee is needed to solve the trust problem. Just like Alipay now, you give money to Alipay and the seller will deliver the goods. When you receive the goods, the seller will receive the money.
The above example is a centralized system because all guarantee work is handled by Bora, a third-party payment company. Suppose one day Alipay wants to tamper with data, neither buyers nor sellers can do anything because all authority is in the hands of one company.
At this time, a distributed database is needed. This third party is no longer Alipay, but thousands of monitors. When you buy a mobile phone on Taobao, you will shout to everyone that I am going to XXX to buy a mobile phone, and I paid XXX yuan. The other person will yell like everyone else. I collected XXX’s mobile phone bill and sent it over. In this way, everyone knows about this transaction and everyone is recording this transaction, so it is useless if one or two nodes have problems or malicious behavior, because most nodes have recorded this matter.
(B) Blockchain uses encryption technology to ensure data security
There are two important points here: 1. Crypto-enabled hash function 2. Asymmetric encryption.
If you are interested in specific concepts, you can go online, but people without basic knowledge may not be able to understand it, because these two points are too professional. In fact, if you only know the use of blockchain, you don’t need to have an in-depth understanding of it. It is also a technical concept. All you need to know is that blockchain relies on these technical points to ensure data security and is not easily tampered with. Of course, many people say that these two points can guarantee 100% non-tampering. I want to be a little conservative here. As an author who works in the security industry, I have always been skeptical about 100% security, so it may be more appropriate to call it difficult to be tampered with.
I will briefly introduce these two concepts and try to explain them clearly in plain English.
1. Cryptographic Hash Function
This is mainly used to verify the integrity of information. For example, I sent a message to the company leader saying that I was sick on Friday and needed to take a day off. At this time, a hash value will be generated based on the message I sent, such as: 123456. At this point, when the leader receives this message, a hash value is also generated. Because the content of the message I sent has not changed (it has not been tampered with), the hash value remains unchanged, still: 123456. This is if someone wants to tamper with this news and get sick on Friday and need to take a year off. thisWhen the hash value changes, for example: 123489. That's when we learned our information had been tampered with.
2. Asymmetric encryption
It is mainly used for information encryption and authentication. It is actually two keys, one is called the public key and the other is called the private key. Public key encryption, private key decryption.
A public key is a key that everyone has. You own it, I own it. We can all encrypt with this key, but when decrypting it must be decrypted with my private key. If you don't have my private key, you can't decrypt it.
(C) The blockchain uses a consensus algorithm to reach consensus on new data.
The role of the consensus algorithm is to enable all nodes to reach a consensus on the new block. In other words, everyone must approve the new block.
For a centralized deployment system, this is simple, everything is controlled by the center, but in the distributed system of the blockchain, it is very complicated. For example, there are three nodes. A said he bought a mobile phone from XXX store and paid for it, B said he didn’t pay, and C said he didn’t pay enough. Then who do you listen to? What's more, blockchain technology is not as simple as three nodes, but a huge distributed system.
This is when a solution is needed. There is a corresponding problem in computer science called the "Byzantine Universal Problem" or "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" (BFT). This question was raised not because of Bitcoin, but because of a special background.
Early aircraft had three independent control systems. Why do we need three independent control systems? For example, in an emergency, there is a plane opposite. How to judge whether you should hide? If there is only one system, there is no choice, which is equivalent to centralized deployment. If the system breaks, you're dead. What if one of the two systems breaks? The good ones are said to hide, and the bad ones are said not to hide. The computer cannot judge the final result. Therefore, three independent systems are needed to support it, and the probability of two total failures is still very small. But this only takes into account injuries. What should I do if there is a malicious system? Is three enough? The answer is no, we need four systems to maintain consensus.
The use of blockchain is similar, because it is supported by a huge number of nodes, and each node is an independent system without interfering with each other. We can assume that the number of failed nodes and malicious nodes is limited, so it will not cause abnormal consistency of data.
Related questions and answers: What is blockchain? What is the use?
Blockchain is a new computing paradigm and distributed infrastructure that uses fast chain data structures, distributed node consensus algorithms, cryptography and smart contracts based on automated script code to produce, verify, store and transmit data. It can also be said that blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can provide a decentralized trust mechanism in a non-trust environment, allowing multi-party participants to conduct secure and trust-based transactions without intermediaries.
The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize decentralized credit-based transactions in a distributed system where nodes do not need to trust each other by using data encryption, timestamps, distributed consensus and economic incentives. Point-to-point transactions, coordination and collaboration, thereby solving the common problems of high cost and low cost in centralized institutions.Provides solutions to problems such as efficiency and data storage insecurity.
The fields of use of blockchain include digital currency, certificates, finance, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered. It has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.
Related Q&A: Can you explain to me what a blockchain is in an easy-to-understand way?
Er Gazi is my friend since we were young, and we were naked in Hegou together. Later, I came to the city to study and work, and lived a life as a drifter in the north; he farmed at home and did some small business, and now he has a son and a daughter, and his life is safe. He envied my so-called "seen the world", and I envied his simple life without the pressure of mortgage loans. We have completely different and mutually enviable lives??
That day, Gazi came to me on WeChat and asked "District" What is a blockchain?" I was stunned for a moment, how could this idiot care about such an avant-garde word? I pretended to be calm and prepared to talk about the technical principles bit by bit, but I could see the confused expression of that idiot through the screen of my mobile phone. How to explain "what is blockchain" to people who have a little bit of Internet concepts and technical foundation? This seems to be a very thorny problem??
The village commissary interprets the core of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)
The core essence of blockchain is "decentralization", and almost all operating modes of blockchain operate around the concept of "decentralization". Once you understand what "decentralization" is, you can basically explain the question "what is a blockchain?" For Erga, of course, he must perform a version that he can understand.
“I said, Gazi, are you still open that canteen at the east end of the village?” Gazi answered yes. I decided to use this canteen as an example to explain the actual use of blockchain in modern business and financial models. Scenario, so that he can better understand what blockchain is.
"Are there still many villagers who take credit now? By the end of the year, some of the accounts cannot be remembered clearly, and there are still many defaulters or those who refuse to accept their accounts?" At this point, Ergazi got emotional and kept complaining. Nowadays, people's hearts are not as old as before, and business is difficult to do!
"In the past, the operation model of your canteen was a typical centralized one. You granted credit to the villagers and allowed them to take accounts on credit. All accounting was done directly through you and our villagers. You were the center of all accounting affairs." Ergazi said I understand, let me continue.
I said: "If you fail one day, then all the accounts will become dead debts? It will be difficult to get back the IOUs written in black and white, let alone those who remember the accounts verbally, but the block The decentralization of the chain can solve this problem very well. As long as the earth still exists, the blockchain will remember that every account will exist forever." Erga became more energetic after hearing this.
The essence of blockchain is “decentralization”
“The essence of blockchain is decentralization. Once someone takes credit from you, all the neighbors in the village will help you keep accounts. Because of the accounting There are many nodes, so it is not easy to make mistakes and others cannot default on the debt, so everyone reaches a consensus. If someone maliciously fails to pay the debt, the whole village willKnowing his character, no one will be willing to have any financial dealings with him in the future??"
Speaking of this, Gazi was obviously a little excited. It seemed that he was really worried about the credit issue. Look. Gazi became interested, and I felt a sense of accomplishment, so I continued: "Of course, the above is just an analogy. In fact, the blockchain does not really allow villagers to get paper and pen to help you keep accounts, but through the Internet and Completed by computer networking. "
At this time, Gazi was a little confused and asked: "Then what others bought from me, wouldn't everyone in the village know it? Then who would buy things from me? There is really no privacy at all. And you don’t have time to keep accounts here. Last year’s accounts are said to be this year’s. What if you keep procrastinating? "
"Okay, Gazi, your question is on point. "It seems that Gazi is not stupid at all, and he is very shrewd in doing business. I continued to explain: "So, the recording and transmission of this information are all done through encryption. What you see is a picture of numbers and English. String, and each account has a timestamp to record the time of occurrence, which cannot be relied on. "
Gazi had another question: "Is it possible that the people who owe the debt have a good relationship with the villagers, and they join forces to tamper with the accounting? Then you won’t be able to explain clearly at that time??”
“Gazi, that’s all you have, haha. "I understood Gazi's concerns and continued to explain: "The mechanism of the blockchain requires more than 51% of people to agree to tamper with a bill. Everyone has a degree of closeness and distance between them, and it is impossible for everyone to favor the same person. If it were a computer, more than half of the computers on the entire network would need to recalculate. This project would be so huge that it would be almost impossible to complete??"
In this way, through the actual situation of the canteen and combined with some scenes in life, Gazi understood What is in the blockchain: decentralization, distributed accounting, consensus mechanism, encryption mechanism, timestamp, and the characteristics of being difficult to tamper with.
Ergazi was silent for a moment, seeming to be digesting the example I just gave him. I don’t know how much he can understand the example. Not long after, he sent me a voice message on WeChat: “What does blockchain mean? In the past, when I bought goods online and paid, I had to go through Jack Ma’s house. If there is a blockchain, can we directly trade with the seller? Anyway, the accounting is very safe. "
"Okay, Gazi, it's really clear at first glance. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger data cloud. Of course, it can be understood according to your understanding. "I'm very happy that Gazi can roughly appreciate the true charm of the blockchain. Fortunately, my words have not been in vain.
What is Bitcoin? (Picture quoted from the Internet)
"Then Bitcoin What is this thing again? What does it have to do with blockchain? "Gazi asked.
I thought about it briefly and decided to continue to explain to Gazi with the story of the canteen: "In your canteen, the villagers can't keep accounts for you for free all day long. Do you have to carry some during the holidays? This is the reward mechanism of the blockchain, and everyone who participates in bookkeeping may receive rewards. ”
“Then what’s the basis?What about rewards? There has to be a rule, right? "Gazi asked very puzzled.
I explained: "Zhang San went to your store to borrow a pack of cigarettes on credit, but Li Si knew about it first and helped you keep an account first, and then other people knew about it. Keep accounts, then Li Si will be able to get a small red flower as a reward ~ This small red flower is generated by the blockchain system and has no value in itself, so you do not need to pay any cost for this small red flower??"< p>“Can Bitcoin be spent as money? How is it different from the banknotes we usually spend? "Gazi continued to ask.
"Bitcoin is a digital encrypted virtual currency. In principle, it has no value itself like our banknotes. However, banknotes have a credit guarantee from the state, so they have value. Bitcoin is the value formed by consensus among Bitcoin network users, and it has tradable properties, so it can be used to carry value. "What is said here is a bit profound. I don't know if Gazi can understand it.
I continued to explain: "Banknotes can be printed infinitely. If more are printed, inflation will occur. When we were young, popsicles worth 1 cent were very good. , now you can’t eat with 1 yuan. Of course, there are many factors that affect inflation. The number of Bitcoins is fixed, and there is no possibility of unlimited over-issuance. However, different people have different judgments on their value, and coupled with the influence of supply and demand and investor sentiment, their prices are always fluctuating. ”
What is the difference between Bitcoin price fluctuations and stocks?
“So is speculating in Bitcoin just like speculating in stocks? Can you understand it this way? "Gazi seems to know a lot.
"In fact, there are some similarities, but there are also big differences. "I continued Gazi's topic: "The price of stocks always fluctuates around the valuation of companies, and there is government supervision in the stock market. Bitcoin itself has no value. It is priced entirely based on supply and demand and player valuations. It grows wildly without any government supervision. Therefore, it may have higher risks and higher returns than stocks. "
In the end, Gazi revealed the real purpose of today. He asked me: "Can I invest in blockchain projects? ”
Gazi is a typical example of those who don’t go to the Three Treasures Hall for anything. Although there is a large circle of people who are involved in both blockchain and Bitcoin, in fact, what he really cares about is “blockchain project investment” Is it reliable? "As soon as these words came out, I was extremely shocked. Now the so-called blockchain investment projects have actually reached fourth- and sixth-tier cities and small towns!
As of now, there are only three types of blockchain investments. Situation: Mining, currency speculation, so-called blockchain projects.
Mining and currency speculation are still the main lines of the blockchain (pictures quoted from the Internet)
The so-called mining means mining by purchasing mining machines, etc. Equipment, mine virtual currency, and then sell and realize it to get returns. You can install the mining machine yourself, or you can find a mining pool to host it, but the core keys to profitability are "computing power" and "power consumption" as well as Investment in equipment. With the sharp drop in the price of virtual currencies and the increase in mining difficulty, the current mining returns of many currencies are very unsatisfactory.. Mining is obviously something only a very small number of investors who understand technology can do well, and my childhood friend Gazi obviously can’t do it.
As for "coin speculation", I have just introduced some differences between Bitcoin and stocks in the previous section. In principle, although they are both "buy low and sell high" operations, they are very different. Ordinary investors cannot determine the value of a virtual currency itself. The price is determined entirely by the relationship between supply and demand, which is somewhat similar to what we often call "market makers." On the other hand, the virtual currency trading market is extremely unstandardized, and fraud and hacker attacks often occur. The risk factor is much greater than investing in stocks. For the safety of my friends' funds, I am one of the ten thousand people who disagree with me and come to "speculate in coins"!
The "September Fourth Movement" stipulated that the issuance of virtual currency is illegal
In fact, in my opinion, most of the so-called investment projects in the market are essentially "illegal fund-raising" and "pyramid schemes." Some so-called blockchain investment projects attract investors into the circle through various packaging and inflammatory rhetoric, and then create the illusion of profitability by building a software and hardware ecosystem of issuing new coins + mining + currency speculation, and then finally run away. Our country's laws clearly stipulate that the issuance of virtual currencies is illegal.
Illegal pyramid schemes now wear the cloak of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)
And how to identify some pyramid schemes under the guise of blockchain? In fact, these pyramid schemes are also so-called Ponzi schemes, what we people often call "empty gloves." These so-called "direct sales" or "marketing" activities often have no actual products to circulate, and rely more on developing "downline" to ensure top-level profits. With the rise of the concept of blockchain, this MLM model has shown an intensification trend, and it even deceives people under the banner of state support for new technologies.
When Gazi asked, “Can blockchain projects be invested in?”, I realized the seriousness of the problem. Gazi is a typical young man from a small town, and his pursuit is his wife and children. But when faced with the attraction of "wealth", people often do inappropriate things. Mining and currency speculation are simply not suitable for him, let alone blockchain investment projects that are most likely "illegal financing" or "illegal pyramid schemes"!
I quickly called Gazi and conducted the above analysis carefully??
❸ How to interpret the blockchain in the simplest way
Everyone has been thinking about it every day recently If you can hear the word blockchain, what is blockchain? Explanations such as "distributed, difficult to tamper, and consistent storage" are too technical and dry. Let me give you some popular science here: Blockchain is mainly designed to solve the trust problem between individuals who do not trust each other.
To give a popular example: It is said that Lao Li and Lao Wang live in the same village. Lao Li is a little short of money recently and wants to borrow some money from Lao Wang. As for Lao Wang, he was worried about what would happen if he defaulted on the loan after borrowing money from Lao Li, so he called in the "highly respected" village chief. But thinking about it, the village chief couldn't be trusted either. The village chief had even stolen other people's sweet potatoes in the past! what to do?
The blockchain method is: after Lao Wang borrowed 1,000 yuan from Lao Li,Later, he used a loudspeaker to shout in the village, "I, Lao Wang, borrowed 1,000 yuan from Lao Li today. Everyone should record it quickly." So everyone in the village recorded it in their own account books and kept it carefully. This is good, Lao Li can't rely on him anymore. Even if there are dishonest people in the village, there are still many good people. Lao Li can't find everyone in the village to secretly erase his loan records. In this way, the blockchain solved the trust problem of borrowing money between Lao Wang and Lao Li, who did not trust each other.
Before the emergence of blockchain, how did we solve the problem of trust between individuals who did not trust each other? It's simple, just find a "witness" who is "highly respected" and trusted by both parties, such as the village chief in the story, such as Alipay between the buyer and seller, such as the notary office, etc. However, it is possible that such "witnesses" may not always be honest, so the blockchain simply allows everyone to act as a witness.
Lao Wang is relieved, but Lao Li has a headache! Lao Li has to wait until everyone in the village has recorded the money before he can get the money lent to him. There is no uncle or aunt in the family who is slower. Therefore, there is still a certain distance between blockchain and application, and efficiency issues need to be significantly improved.
Recall how you usually trade with others: you can choose a beautiful dress in a physical store, confirm that the other party’s clothes are of good quality, and the other party confirms that your money is real money. , then we will pay and receive the goods face to face.
What if we are thousands of miles apart and neither know nor trust each other but still want to trade? Then there needs to be a third party that we all trust, which is the so-called consensus mechanism. For example: you can complete the transaction through a third-party witness guarantee on Taobao. The money is first given to Alipay - Alipay collects the payment and lets the seller deliver the goods - the seller delivers the goods - you confirm receipt - Alipay then gives the money to the seller.
However, what if this centralized organization does evil and Dad Ma tears up the account books and refuses to admit that you gave the money, or joins forces with the seller to defraud you of money?
Or maybe the government lends you 1 million, and finally pays you back by issuing extra currency. The 1 million shrinks to 10,000, and you bear the loss of inflation. What should you do? ?
Is there a third party that is not controlled by any government or organization, can complete arbitration in an open and transparent manner, has records that will not be tampered with, and has no risk of running away?
Don’t worry, our protagonist’s blockchain technology solves this problem - the transactions between you can be witnessed by everyone in this blockchain system, and it will be recorded in everyone’s small ledger. Your deal. If B denies receiving money from A, or if A says that he borrowed 300 yuan, passers-by A, B, B, and D will question him. How exactly is it done?
1) The system issues a small account book to everyone, so that everyone has the right to keep accounts.We call it distributed accounting.
2) In order to encourage everyone to help others keep accounts, the system code is set to reward tokens such as Bitcoin to the keepers. In order to prevent a group of people from being blocked in keeping accounts, the tokens are also set to There are only a limited number of A, B, C and D who need to be calculated through the mechanism specified by the system. Only the fastest and best calculation can obtain the right to keep accounts. After recording, it is broadcast to everyone through the system. Everyone copies the same ledger. This is obtained through calculation. The reward process is called mining, and passers-by A, B, C and D who keep accounts are the miners.
3) One day, A, who originally recorded the transaction, Game Over, but the ledger still exists in other people's ledgers. Neither A nor B can deny it. We have written how to arbitrate and distribute through code, without the need for banks, governments, enterprises and other centralized organizations to serve as third-party witnesses (decentralization), and the direct point-to-point (P2P) transaction method is called decentralization.
4) The system packages multiple transactions into blocks and links them in chronological order to become the final ledger that everyone has. This is the blockchain technology
In fact, the block chain The simple understanding of blockchain as a ledger is only the simplest interpretation. If each of its characteristics is separated, it can be applied in many fields.
Now the traditional financial industry, securities firms, and investment institutions are rushing to enter the Internet of Things, games, storage, copyright, anti-counterfeiting, credit reporting, payment, prediction markets (gambling, etc.), communities and many other fields. The exploration and application of blockchain has already begun.
The Internet allows everything to be connected. Can blockchain make everything connected trustworthy?
Let me explain the blockchain using the natural stones of heaven and earth:
All science, philosophy, morality... heaven and earth are included. Every thing and every culture is related to the Taoism of heaven and earth.
Blockchain naturally cannot escape the fate of heaven and earth: that is, smooth, random, infinite, and impermanent.
It is this strange stone, and the overall data movement on its surface. First, the whole is intangible. Second, the lines and points adhere to a pattern: the path of impermanence. That is to say, every line and every point they pursue is not a closed goal or a limited purpose. I can understand it better when I say this: when a painter paints a chicken, it has a purpose and an ending, while strange rocks, when created by nature, have no ending. Therefore, the phase is not closed, and the line and point data are not terminated. The technology of block connection is this way of destiny. Impermanence is invisible and has no end. (No centralization means formlessness, no closed form, no closed structure, no closed mind... just like "stone" to do things).
Confucius Lingshi Museum in Qufu, Shandong
Hello everyone, I am Pippi. I will use a few life examples to explain to you what blockchain is?
A decentralized, tamper-proof, distributed storage data block linking system that uses encrypted information as the link address is called blockchain
This thing is originally There are many high-tech composite products that cannot be simplified. No matter how simple it is, it takes a long paragraph, and it may not be clear.
The strict definition of blockchain refers to the design based on cryptography technology. Consensus mechanism, a distributed database technology in which multiple nodes in a peer-to-peer network jointly maintain a continuously growing, chained list ledger constructed of timestamps and ordered record data blocks. This technical solution allows any number of nodes participating in the system to calculate and record all information exchange data in the system over a period of time into a data block (block) through cryptographic algorithms, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking ( chain) and check the next data block, all participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true.
Blockchain is a general term for technical solutions similar to NoSQL (non-relational database). It is not a specific technology. Blockchain technology can be implemented through many programming languages and architectures. . There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc.
The concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" by the author who calls himself Satoshi Nakamoto (Satoshi Nakamoto) individual (or group). Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.
[Popular explanation]
No matter how big the system or how small the website, there is usually a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? Under normal circumstances, whoever is responsible for operating the network or system will maintain it. If it is a WeChat database, it must be maintained by Tencent's team, and Taobao's database must be maintained by Alibaba's team. Everyone must think that this approach is natural, but this is not the case with blockchain technology.
If we imagine the database as a ledger: Alipay, for example, is a typical ledger, and any change in data is an accounting type. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple accounting method. In the world of blockchainThis is also the case, everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in bookkeeping. The system will select within a period of time, maybe within ten seconds, or maybe ten minutes, to select the person with the fastest and best accounting during this period. This person will do the accounting, and he will combine the changes in the database during this period with Changes in the ledger are recorded in a block. We can imagine this block as a page of paper. After confirming that the record is correct, the system will link (chain) the data fingerprint of the past ledger to this paper, and then This piece of paper is sent to everyone else in the entire system. Then the cycle starts over and the system looks for the next person who can do the accounting quickly and well, and everyone else in the system gets a copy of the entire ledger. This also means that everyone in this system has exactly the same ledger. This technology is called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology.
Since everyone (computer) has exactly the same ledger, and everyone (computer) has exactly the same rights, there will be no problem due to a single person (computer) losing contact or going down. The entire system collapses. Since there are exactly the same ledgers, it means that all data is open and transparent, and everyone can see the digital changes in each account. Its very interesting feature is that the data in it cannot be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will consider the account books with the largest number of the same number as the real account books, and the small number of account books with different numbers as others are false account books. In this case, it makes no sense for anyone to tamper with their own ledger, because unless you can tamper with most of the nodes in the entire system. If the entire system has only five or ten nodes, it may be easy to do, but if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands, and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most of the computers in the world , otherwise it would be unlikely to tamper with such a large blockchain.
[Elements]
Combined with the definition of blockchain, we believe that it must have the following four elements to be called a public blockchain technology. If it only has the first three points elements, which we will consider as private blockchain technology (private chain).
1. Point-to-point peer-to-peer network (peer-to-peer power, physical point-to-point connection)
2. Verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non-tamperable database)
3. Distributed consensus mechanism (solve the Byzantine generals problem and double payment)
4. Nash equilibrium game design (cooperation is an evolutionarily stable strategy)
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[Characteristics]
Combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized, trustless,Collectively maintained (Collectively maintained), reliable database (Reliable Database). And the four characteristics will lead to two other characteristics: open source (Open Source) and privacy protection (Anonymity). If a system does not possess these characteristics, it will not be considered an application based on blockchain technology.
Decentralized: The entire network has no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect it. operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.
Trustless: Each node participating in the entire system does not need to trust each other for data exchange. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also public. , therefore within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.
Collectively maintain: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and these nodes with maintenance functions can be participated by anyone.
Reliable Database: The entire system will be divided into databases so that each participating node can obtain a copy of the complete database. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the entire system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid and cannot affect the data content on other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes and stronger computing power participating in the system, the higher the data security in the system.
Open Source: Since the operating rules of the entire system must be open and transparent, for the program, the entire system must be open source.
Privacy protection (Anonymity): Since nodes do not need to trust each other, there is no need to disclose their identities between nodes. The privacy of each participating node in the system is protected. protected.
[One of the meanings of blockchain: Solving the Byzantine Generals Problem]
The core problem solved by blockchain is not "digital currency", but information asymmetry and inconsistency. Under a certain environment, how to establish a "trust" ecological system that satisfies the occurrence and development of economic activities. This problem is called the "Byzantine Generals Problem", also known as "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" or the "Two Armies Problem". This is a difficult problem faced when information machines interact in a distributed system, that is, any point in the entire network When no node can trust the other party it is communicating with, how to create a consensus basis for secure information exchange without worrying about data tampering. Blockchain uses an algorithmic proof mechanism to ensure the security of the entire network. With it, all nodes in the entire system can automatically and securely exchange data in a trustless environment. For more introduction, please see "Bitcoin and the Byzantine Generals Problem".
[The second meaning of blockchain: realizing cross-border value transfer]
At the beginning of the birth of the Internet, the earliest core problem to be solved was information production and transmission. We can transfer information through the Internet It can be quickly generated and copied to every corner of the world with a network, but it still cannot solve the value transfer and credit transfer. The so-called value transfer here refers to a method that everyone in the network can recognize and confirm, accurately transferring a certain part of the value from a certain address to another address, and it must be ensured that when the value is transferred, the original address is reduced The transferred portion, while the new address increases the value transferred. The value mentioned here can be a monetary asset, or some kind of physical asset or virtual asset (including securities, financial derivatives, etc.). The results of this operation must be recognized by all participating parties, and the results cannot be manipulated by any one party.
There are also various financial systems in the current Internet, and there are also many payment systems provided by government banks or third parties, but they still rely on centralized solutions. The so-called centralized solution is to put all value transfer calculations on a central server (cluster) through the endorsement of a certain company or government credit. Although all calculations are automatically completed by programs, this centralization must be trusted. person or institution. In fact, through centralized credit endorsement, credit can only be limited to certain institutions, regions or countries. It can be seen from this that the fundamental problem that must be solved is credit. Therefore, the core issue of value transfer is transnational credit consensus.
In such a complicated global system, it is difficult to establish a global credit consensus system out of thin air. Due to the different political, economic and cultural conditions of each country, it is difficult for two countries to It is almost impossible for enterprises and governments to completely trust each other. This means that whether it is endorsed by the credit of individuals or corporate governments, even if the value exchange between countries can be completed, there will be huge time and economic costs. But in the long history of mankind, no matter how different the religion, politics and culture of each country are, the only thing that can reach consensus is mathematics (basic science). Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that mathematics (algorithms) is the greatest common denominator of global civilization and the basis for the greatest consensus among human beings around the world. If we use mathematical algorithms (programs) as endorsement, all rules are based on an open and transparent mathematical algorithm (program), which can allow all people with different political and cultural backgrounds to gain consensus.
[Future Development]
The Internet will make global interactions closer and closer, accompanied by a huge trust gap. Currently, the existing mainstream database technology architecture is private and centralized. On this architecture, the problems of value transfer and mutual trust can never be solved. Therefore, blockchain technology may become the next generation database architecture. Through decentralized technology, it will be possible to complete the huge progress of mathematical (algorithm) endorsement and global mutual trust on the basis of big data.
As a specific distributed access data technology, blockchain technology uses multiple nodes participating in calculations in the network to jointly participate in the calculation and recording of data, and mutually verify the validity of their information. (anti-counterfeiting). From this point of view, blockchain technology is also a specific database technology. The Internet has just entered the era of big data, but from the current point of view, big data is still in a very basic stage. But when it enters the blockchain database stage, it will enter the big data era of real strong trust endorsement. All data here has acquired indestructible quality, and no one has the ability or need to question it.
Perhaps we are now at a major turning point - the early stages of a major transition that is almost as profound as the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Not only are new technologies exponential, digital and combined, progress and changes, but more surprises may be ahead of us. In the next 24 months, the planet will grow more computing power and record more data than it has in all of history combined. In the past 24 months, this value increase may have exceeded 1,000 times. This digital data information is growing faster than Moore's Law. Blockchain technology will not only be used in the field of financial payments, but will expand to all current applications, such as decentralized Weibo, WeChat, search, renting, and even taxi-hailing software may appear. Because blockchain will allow humans to collaborate on a large scale in a trustless manner without geographical restrictions.
Blockchain is a technology based on which many applications have been produced, including all industry businesses related to data and information. Bitcoin is one of the most well-known applications. The popular explanation of blockchain is that if you buy a lipstick online, you first find the product you like and place an order with the seller. You first give the money to the intermediary platform. After the seller ships the goods and the buyer confirms receipt, the intermediary platform then transfers the money. Transfer it to the seller, because of the trust issue, both buyers and sellers rely on the intermediate platform, and the blockchain, as a decentralized distributed ledger database, focuses on removing this intermediate platform while solving the trust issue at the same time. In the blockchain, everyone has their own ledger to record everything that happens. If a seller takes money but does not deliver the goods during the transaction, this record will exist permanently and cannot be modified, and there is no need to interact with each other. To exchange information, the blockchain world will choose the fastest and best quality record at the same time node.That person's ledger is copied, sent and concatenated, and finally the stack becomes thicker and thicker to form a block.
When everyone talks about virtual currencies, they often cannot do without the concept of blockchain. So what is the magic of blockchain?
Blockchain is an underlying technology, essentially a decentralized distributed ledger database. It sounds very high-end and out of reach, but it is actually very easy to understand.
For example, if you want to buy something on Taobao, the first thing you usually have to do is to open Taobao, find the product you want, place an order and pay the money to Taobao, which is the transaction intermediary. Taobao will pay the seller after receiving the goods and confirming receipt. This was originally just a transaction between me and the seller, but it has an additional "center", namely Taobao.
During the transaction process, this "center" has unlimited power and can even modify the bill at will. Therefore, the “center” often needs a strong backend to endorse it.
So, a man named Satoshi Nakamoto wanted to get rid of this center with infinite power. He wanted to create a decentralized system in which everyone is the center and everyone is the center. Have the authority to keep accounts. So, he created Bitcoin.
In the Bitcoin system, everyone has a small ledger to record every transaction that occurs. A transaction is only valid after being confirmed by a majority of people. If the seller doesn't deliver the goods, everyone's little ledger will record it, leaving him nowhere to escape.
At this time, you may have questions. Since it is just a public ledger, why is it called a blockchain? This involves the issue of consensus. The blockchain system is a system composed of many "centers". The entire blockchain belongs to all individuals participating in accounting. At this time, new problems arise. A system must be in order to survive in the long term. If the bookkeeper can act recklessly regardless of the cost, it may happen that he originally just bought a mobile phone, but received a Tesla instead.
So, Satoshi Nakamoto invented a consensus method called PoW. This method increases the cost of bookkeeping for bookkeepers and prevents them from doing evil easily. PoW uses cryptography to require bookkeepers to compete for computing power to obtain accounting rights. The first bookkeeper to calculate the result can obtain the accounting rights of a block packaged from several transactions. At the same time, you will receive certain tokens as rewards. This is what we commonly call "mining".
Now that the bookkeeper has recorded a block containing several transactions, the system needs to be organized and sorted, and it is impossible to have countless blocks distributed in the system in an orderly manner. So it is necessary to link all blocks end to end in chronological order. At this time, the blockchain was born. The core of blockchainIt's technology.
❹ How to define blockchain and what are the application scenarios of blockchain?
Nowadays, many people think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything, which is somewhat different. Blockchain technology is a myth!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.
Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad
As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.
Blockchain technology features include:
Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can be operated collaboratively in various places is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (a characteristic of centralization). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).
At the same time, those who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.
At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.
As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was worth more than 20,000 US dollars, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times. This has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.
Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.
Blockchain is a method that connects data blocks in an orderly manner and cryptographically ensures that they cannot beTamper-proof and unforgeable distributed ledger (database) technology. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can achieve openness, transparency, non-tampering, non-forgery, and traceability of all data information in the system without the need for third-party endorsement. As an underlying protocol or technical solution, blockchain can effectively solve the problem of trust and realize the free transfer of value. It has broad prospects in the fields of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government affairs, and certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services.
Digital currency
After experiencing physical objects, precious metals, banknotes and other forms, digital currency has become the development direction of the digital economy era. Compared with physical currency, digital currency has the characteristics of easy portability and storage, low circulation cost, convenient use, easy anti-counterfeiting and management, breaking geographical restrictions, and better integration.
Bitcoin technically implements an electronic cash system in which both parties to the transaction can directly transfer funds to each other without the need for third-party transfer or arbitration. In June 2019, the Internet giant Facebook also released a white paper on its cryptocurrency Libra. Whether it is Bitcoin or Libra, the underlying technology they rely on is blockchain technology.
my country began the development of central bank digital currency as early as 2014. my country's digital currency DC/EP adopts a two-tier operating system: the central bank does not directly issue digital currency to the public. Instead, the central bank redeems the digital currency to various commercial banks or other legal operating institutions, and then these institutions exchange it for public supply. its use. In early August 2019, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of the year. The meeting called for accelerating the pace of research and development of the national legal digital currency.
Financial asset transaction settlement
Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes, and it is causing disruptive changes in the financial industry. In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, multiple market participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. Payment, clearing, and settlement that currently take two or three days can be completed in just a few minutes. tasks, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track on-chain transactions and quickly locate high-risk capital flows. In terms of securities issuance transactions, traditional stock issuance processes are long, costly and complex. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. Issuers handle issuance on their own through smart contracts, and regulatory authorities With unified review and verification, investors can also bypass intermediaries and conduct direct operations. In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprisesindustries, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. Core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. The bills can be transferred between suppliers after being digitized on the chain. Each level of supplier can realize the corresponding quota with the digital bill certificate financing.
Digital Government Affairs
Blockchain can make data run and greatly streamline the service process. The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to concentrate on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and the subsequent steps can be completed in sequence. All approvals and signatures. Blockchain invoice is the earliest application of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion. Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.
Evidence-based anti-counterfeiting
Blockchain can prove the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, and it is open, non-tamperable, and traceable. It provides perfect solutions for judicial forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc. In the field of intellectual property, the digital signature of blockchain technology and on-chain certificates can confirm the rights of text, pictures, audio and video, etc., and create and execute transactions through smart contracts, allowing creators to regain pricing power and preserve data formation in real time. The evidence chain covers the three major scenarios of rights confirmation, transaction and rights protection. In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.
Data services
Blockchain technology will greatly optimize existing big data applications and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for all data applications such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation. In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and application needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing willEffectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain application scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.
The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed. The limelight overshadowed everything. Some people said that this was the arrival of a new era. The past It has become a classic, and some people say that it is all hype and is ultimately a bubble.
In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.
Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.
Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.
eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated in the process in real time. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.
Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.
Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. “Smart contracts cannot simply be understood asElectronic contract refers to a process, from contract conclusion to confirmation to final execution. "Jin Hongzhou explained.
From a technical perspective, blockchain is not a brand-new technology, but an integration of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, smart contract and other computer technologies. New application model. Specifically, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner.
Due to the characteristics of "decentralization" and "distribution" With advantages such as "automatic data storage", "traceability", "tamper resistance", and "openness and transparency", blockchain technology can effectively solve the problems of data authenticity, security and openness in the data field. A data management environment to prevent and avoid various data management problems such as data fraud, tampering, and loss, and promote efficient sharing and application of data. In the process of practical exploration, the application scope of blockchain technology continues to expand, especially in the field of public resource transactions. Empower public resource transaction management services.
Promote transaction data sharing and transaction witness
Promote transaction data sharing
Currently, the data of different trading centers are not interoperable, and the subject information of different trading centers needs to be entered repeatedly. During the bid evaluation process, it is difficult to verify the off-site performance provided by the bidders, and the same personnel are duplicated. Problems such as difficulty in troubleshooting as a project manager and low cost of breach of trust by transaction entities. Establishing a cross-regional entity database based on blockchain can well alleviate the above problems.
The distributed ledger features based on blockchain can Effectively guaranteeing the real-time or quasi-real-time sharing of data, it can reduce repeated entry operations of subject information; the use of blockchain information that cannot be tampered with can ensure the authenticity of the data flow process on the chain. The performance of bidders in the regional alliance is directly taken from the data on the chain. This makes it impossible to hide false performance. At the same time, the sharing of bidding behavior data through the blockchain provides a data basis for the development of "joint punishment of dishonest enterprises".
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Blockchain-based transaction witness
The document "Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Integration and Sharing of Public Resource Trading Platforms" (State Office Letter [2019] No. 41) points out the need to optimize witness, venue, Information, archives, expert extraction and other services. However, at present, public resource transaction process witnessing is mainly based on manual on-site witnessing, which has limited witnessing strength, high occupation of human resources, and limited witnessing effect. Due to its centralized characteristics, the traditional digital witnessing system is easy to collect data afterwards Be tampered with, and the data is easily damaged or lost during the storage and migration process, which has certain flaws in terms of security and usability.
Utilize the distributed, difficult to tamper, and traceable characteristics of the blockchain to verify each transaction The data generated in the link are solidified and stored as evidence, using time stamp technology and summaryAlgorithms and electronic signature technology accurately record the time, content and data source of data generation. According to the technical characteristics of the blockchain, simple structured data can be directly saved on the blockchain. For unstructured layout files, videos, audio and other large files, the summary information and original files can be saved through the blockchain. Save via a distributed file storage service. When there are disputes or problems in a transaction, the blockchain can provide a set of credible transaction process data and clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the transaction. Achieve the goals of risk prevention and control in all aspects, traceability of the entire process, and improvement of all-round services.
Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates
Promote financial services and corporate financing for bidding enterprises
Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates
At present, electronic bidding deposit guarantee letters have certain applications in the field of bidding, solving the problem of bidding deposit funds for bidding companies. Occupancy issues. However, because financial institutions currently do not have reliable historical bidding behavior data of bidders, they are unable to judge the default risks of different bidders. As a result, the guarantee services charged to bidders adopt fixed rates, which makes a small number of bids with high default risks The cost of personal guarantee is allocated to most bidders with low default risk, which increases the guarantee rates for most bidders to a certain extent.
At present, it is up to the bidder to choose whether to use an electronic letter of guarantee, and the rate is the main choice basis for the bidder. If the bidder performance records are shared through the blockchain and the performance risks of different bidders are analyzed, it will be Different bidders provide different guarantee rates, which not only reduces the risks of financial institutions, but also reduces the use costs of most bidders and promotes the use of bid guarantees. To a certain extent, it can also encourage bidders to abide by their promises and maintain the order of the bidding market. .
Promote financial services for bidding companies
The bidding behavior of bidders is scattered in various trading centers, and the data is simply aggregated In a centralized information system, there is a risk of data tampering (untrustworthy), and valuable bidder transaction behavior data cannot be gathered and shared safely and reliably. Through blockchain technology, bidders from multiple trading centers are gathered, and historical bidding, winning bids, defaults, violations and other behavioral records provide data support for financial institutions to evaluate the bidders' credit in the bidding sub-sector.
Solving the financing problems of successful bidders
Traditional corporate loans mainly evaluate the company's solvency: collateral, audit There are requirements for accurate financial statements and sustainable profitability, but most small and medium-sized enterprises cannot produce these "proofs" at all. Financing is difficult and expensive, which has become a problem for many small and medium-sized enterprises in bidding activities.the problem we are facing. Using the methods of the past will no longer work. To solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can only rely on new technologies and new tools. With the help of the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain, primary business data from multiple trading centers are gathered, and big data analysis technology is combined to build a portrait of a credible bidder. On the one hand, it improves the risk control level of financial institutions and taps high-quality bidding companies. On the other hand, it lowers the loan threshold for bidding companies and optimizes the service experience.
Drawing on the supply chain finance model, the bidder is a core enterprise with good credit in government departments, national enterprises and institutions, and the winning contract obtained by the winning bidder as a supplier is considered by financial institutions to be a high-quality asset. Apply for a loan from a financial institution. Under the traditional paper-based model, there is a risk of order and contract fraud and the process is cumbersome. Centralized information systems require operators to have strong authority. The distributed ledger and difficult-to-tamper characteristics of the blockchain will help solve the above problems. The contract signing between the tenderer and the bidder and the subsequent financial service links will be realized on the blockchain, which not only solves the problem of data trustworthiness but also reduces the risk of corruption. The entire system relies on a centralized authority.
Through further analysis, we found that credit sales are currently prevalent among domestic enterprises, and the upstream suppliers of the winning bidder have a large funding gap. The credit of the bidder can only be passed to the winning bidder (the winning contract cannot be split or transferred), and the upstream suppliers Business owners are unable to obtain high-quality loans from financial institutions. If the winning contract is converted into a "pass" on the chain, the "pass" can be split, and the winning bidder holding the "pass" can pay part or all of the voucher to the upstream supplier, making it discountable and financing. The "tokens" on the chain can be split and transferred from first-level suppliers to second-level (and multi-level) suppliers, thereby allowing core enterprise credit to be transferred to multi-level suppliers. The shortage of funds from suppliers due to credit sales has been solved, improving the business environment; through value transfer through the blockchain, the financing cycle has been greatly shortened; the cost of supplier loans has been reduced, which will help reduce the production costs of raw materials or intermediate products, and ultimately Increase bidders' profit margins and indirectly reduce bidders' costs.
Regarding blockchain, we can imagine a decentralized management model and technical processing method.
Let me give you an example. There are five people in your family, and they have never been able to figure out how to arrange work and handle family relationships.
So, you and your family discuss it together and simply use voting to solve the problem.
Then this way of voting to solve problems can be called the most elementary blockchain.
Decentralization solves problems.
What application scenarios can blockchain have?
In fact, many of our families and many organizations use blockchain management forms every day
However, this kind of blockchain application for organizational relationships cannot produce Economic Value.
Blockchain can be economicallyWhat are the applications?
The first type is used for tax deposit certificates, bank transfers, etc.
Make full use of the traceability function of the blockchain so that all records can be retrieved and queried at any time
The second type is applied to enterprise operation and management
Enterprises using blockchain management can better solve the problems of enterprise development and allow enterprises to Able to develop faster and make more money.
Summary: The application scenarios of blockchain include taxation, bank transfers, etc., and can also be applied to business operations.
The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.
Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.
In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.
At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.
Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.
The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.
An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since digital advertising traffic fraud causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud
In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode
What is blockchain If you explain blockchain in non-technical terms, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone. So in the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, how can there be such aA place will be like a magical treasure land.
If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:
Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.
If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.
The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.
Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.
In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.
1. Cloud storage
This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?
Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.
2. Medical aspects
Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.
❺ How to identify CX blockchain projects and which are better formal blockchain projects
CProject X is used to collect money in the name of blockchain. Project CX is not a real blockchain. The token cannot be checked in the block and there is no physical application. If you want to invest in blockchain, you can pay attention to Super Energy ees.
❻ How to identify and prevent online financial "blockchain, virtual currency" fraud and MLM schemes
According to incomplete statistics, there are more than a thousand MLM platforms in my country that use the blockchain concept. It can be said that from the "highbrow" to "the mud and sand", this kind of "old wine in a new pot" online fraud MLM has been enduring for a long time and is thought-provoking.
To sum up, these blockchain frauds are nothing more than these two common methods:
One is to "sell dog meat under the guise of a sheep's head" and conduct pyramid schemes in the name of "virtual currency" The truth. For example, investors believe that the FT coin on the Fcoin exchange can maintain this trading dividend model. However, once no new people enter the market to buy it, it will be enough to cause it to collapse.
The other is the so-called "export to domestic sales". For example, in the "OneCoin" case involving a total amount of 1.6 billion yuan, the organization's MLM website and marketing model were established by a Bulgarian organization, and the server was located in Denmark. After my country banned ICOs and closed domestic virtual currency exchanges in accordance with the law, fraud organizations continued to defraud under the slogan of "export to domestic sales".
❼ Blockchain Entrepreneurship Project Evaluation Guide: How to judge whether a project is reliable
The key to the implementation of blockchain technology in the real economy should be based on The pain points of an industry must have a foundation and application scenarios, rather than artificially creating a new application scenario. In fact, issuing a currency and upgrading a main chain cannot be called implementation. The real implementation should be integrated with the real economy, creating added value, moving away from the virtual to the real, serving the real economy, and improving the efficiency of various social activities. Efficiency is the right thing.
So, how to judge whether blockchain technology is reliable or not depends on two main points.
First, there must be a real application scenario. It doesn’t matter how small the application scenario is, but it must be valuable.
Whether blockchain technology can finally be implemented depends on many complex factors, one of which is the key point is the application scenario. To find the corresponding application scenario, we must start from the technical characteristics of the blockchain itself, distinguish Blockchain technology can provide decentralized, non-tamperable, safe and reliable features without introducing third-party intermediaries.
Second, the application of blockchain technology must be able to solve problems rather than create them.
There are real application scenarios and the pain points in the industry have been hit, but these are not enough for blockchain technology to truly land in the real economy and achieve integration with the real economy. Because the most critical point depends on whether the problem can be solved after applying blockchain technology.
After using blockchain technology, combined with the assistance of some Internet of Things devices, investors can query real-time and dynamic data of the project at any time, and can directly monitor the progress of the project without leaving home.degree.
Using blockchain technology to solve problems that were originally difficult to solve, combined with real application scenarios, it has become a natural thing for blockchain technology to be implemented in the real economy.
❽ How to classify blockchains
What are the characteristics of public chains, private chains and consortium chains? Blockchains are divided into three categories based on access mechanisms: public chains, private chains and alliance chains. Other types of blockchains may be born in the future. The public chain is open and transparent. Any individual or group in the world can send transactions on the public chain, and the transactions can be effectively confirmed by the blockchain. Everyone can compete for accounting rights. The Bitcoin blockchain is a typical representative of the public chain. The alliance chain is semi-public. It is a blockchain used within a certain group or organization. Several nodes need to be pre-designated as bookkeepers. The generation of each block is jointly decided by all pre-selected bookkeepers. Other nodes can trade, but do not have bookkeeping rights. Private chains are completely closed. Only blockchain technology is used for accounting. The accounting rights are not public, and only internal transactions are recorded, which is exclusive to the company or individual.
❾ How to identify the formal blockchain platforms in China
Formal trading platforms have supervision, customer funds are handed over to banks for custody, etc. You can collect some platforms in the area Check all aspects of the regulatory information online. There are also blacklists on the platform. In short, you must choose a formal platform and trade with caution.
❿ How to analyze blockchain in a simple and easy-to-understand way
For many people, when they see such lofty vocabulary and such obscure technical explanations, Then I measured my knowledge reserve and was scared to step back a little.
In a word, it is a special distributed database. First of all, the main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database. Secondly, anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
Blockchain
The biggest feature of blockchain: distributed databases are not a new invention, and such products have long been on the market. However, blockchain has a revolutionary feature. The blockchain has no administrators and is completely centerless. Other databases have administrators, but blockchain does not. If one wanted to add auditing to the blockchain, it would not be possible because it is designed to prevent the emergence of a central authority. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. Otherwise, once big companies and large groups control the management, they will control the entire platform, and other users will have to take orders from them. However, without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. How can we ensure that the data isIs the evidence credible? What should I do if I am changed by a bad person? Please read on, this is the wonderful place of blockchain.
The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo" launched by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. "Innovation Workstation" is the only approved "blockchain technology professional" pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.
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