区块链书推荐,区块链销售赚钱吗

区块链作为一种新兴的技术，已经被许多行业所采用，并且不断发展壮大。在这个发展过程中，越来越多的人开始投资并参与其中，而有关区块链的书籍也开始被发行，成为了投资者们学习区块链知识的重要资源。那么，有哪些书籍是值得推荐的呢？

《区块链技术指南》是一本介绍区块链技术的书籍，书中详细介绍了区块链技术的基本原理，以及如何应用区块链技术。书中还介绍了一些主流的区块链应用，让读者能够更好地了解区块链技术，并能够从中获取更多的收获。

《区块链原理、设计与应用》是一本关于区块链原理、设计与应用的书籍，书中介绍了区块链的基本原理，以及如何应用区块链技术。书中还对区块链的应用进行了详细的讲解，让读者能够更好地了解区块链技术，并能够更好地利用它。

《区块链技术架构与实现》是一本介绍区块链技术架构和实现的书籍，书中详细介绍了区块链技术的基本原理，以及如何应用区块链技术。书中还详细介绍了区块链技术的架构，以及如何实现区块链技术，让读者能够更好地了解区块链技术，并能够更好地利用它。

除了上述书籍以外，还有许多其他有关区块链的书籍，如《区块链技术与实践》、《区块链技术概论》等。无论是初学者还是专家，都可以从这些书籍中获取有关区块链的知识。

那么，通过销售区块链书籍，能够赚钱吗？答案是肯定的。因为区块链技术正在发展壮大，越来越多的人开始投资并参与其中，而有关区块链的书籍也开始被发行，因此，如果能够抓住这个良机，那么销售区块链书籍也是一个可以赚钱的好机会。

㈠ What disruptions does blockchain bring and why can it become a national strategy?

The disruptive characteristics of blockchain lie in the following four aspects: 1. Transparency. The data records of the blockchain system are transparent to the entire network nodes, and the update operations of the data records are also transparent to the entire network nodes. This is the basis for the trust of the blockchain system. Since the blockchain system uses open source programs, open rules and high participation, blockchain data records and operating rules can be reviewed and traced by nodes throughout the network, with high transparency.
2. Openness. The blockchain system is open. Except for the private information of the parties directly related to the data, which is always encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone (except for blockchain systems with special permission requirements). Anyone or participating nodes can query blockchain data records or develop related applications through public interfaces, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
3. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information of the blockchain system is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be permanently stored and cannot be changed (except for systems such as private blockchains with special change requirements). Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high
4. Decentralization. Decentralization is the most basic feature of blockchain, which means that blockchain no longer relies on central processing nodes and realizes distributed recording, storage and updating of data. In a traditional centralized network, attacking a central node can destroy the entire system. However, in a decentralized blockchain network, attacking a single node cannot control or destroy the entire network or more than 5% of the nodes in the network. It's just the beginning of gaining control. 2019 is the first year of commercial application of blockchain technology, and favorable policy incentives will make the development of blockchain technology more stable.
As the application of blockchain technology gradually penetrates into many fields such as digital finance and the Internet, everyone has a clearer understanding of the value of blockchain.
Blockchain has formed a global competition situation. All countries are seizing development opportunities, and China cannot lag behind; therefore, it is understandable that blockchain has become a national strategy.

㈡ What are the reliable and recommended WeChat public accounts and WeChat groups in the blockchain field?

Contracts, transactions and their records constitute our socio-economic, legal and political systems An important part of. They protect our assets and define the boundaries of the organization. They form and authenticate our personal identities and various historical events. They manage a range of activities between countries, organizations, communities and individuals. They direct all administrative and social activities. But these critical tools, and the bureaucracy that governs them, have not kept pace with the digital transformation of the economy. It's like an F1 car suddenly encountering a big jam. In a digital world, our approach to regulation and administrative control must change.

Blockchain haspotential to solve this problem. As the core supporting technology of Bitcoin and other virtual currencies, blockchain is an open, distributed ledger that can effectively record transaction records between two parties, and is verifiable and permanently saved. The ledger itself can be programmed to automatically trigger transaction completion.

Five basic principles of blockchain technology

1. Distributed database

Blockchain Every party on the network has access to all data and its complete history. No one party controls the data or information. Each party can directly verify the records of all parties to the transaction, without the need for an intermediary.

2. Point-to-point communication

Each independent point can communicate directly without going through a central node. Each node can store information and pass all information to all other nodes.

3. Limited transparency

Users who have access to the system can see each transaction and its value. Each node or user on the blockchain has a unique address consisting of letters and numbers, which can be used as the user's identity. Users can choose to remain anonymous or disclose their identity to others. Transactions occur between addresses on the blockchain.

4. Records cannot be changed

Once the transaction results are entered into the database, the account information will be updated accordingly, and the records cannot be changed, because this information is mutually exclusive with all previous transaction records. Association (this is where the term "chain" comes from). Various computational algorithms and methods are used to ensure that the records in the database are permanent, ordered in chronological order, and visible to everyone else on the network.

5. Computational logic

The digital nature of the ledger means that blockchain transactions can be linked to computational logic and can actually be implemented through programming. All users can set algorithms and rules so that transactions can be automatically triggered between nodes.


With blockchain technology, we can imagine a new world in which contracts are stored in a transparent and shared database in the form of digital programming and will not be deleted or deleted. To tamper with, to be revised. In such a world, every agreement, every process, every task and every payment will have a digital record and digital signature that can be identified, verified, stored and shared. Intermediaries such as lawyers, brokers and bankers are no longer necessary. Individuals, organizations, machines and algorithms are free to interact and transact with each other frictionlessly. This is the endless potential brought by blockchain.

In fact, almost everyone has heard that blockchain will have a revolutionary impact on businesses and will redefine businesses and the economy. While we remain enthusiastic about the potential of blockchain,We also worry about exaggerating the truth. It’s not just security issues (like the collapse of a Bitcoin exchange in 2014 and recent hacks) that worry us. The experience of studying technological innovation tells us that if there is a blockchain revolution in the future, there will be many obstacles - technical, governance, organizational and social obstacles. Reckless application of blockchain technological innovations without a true and thorough understanding of blockchain is likely to lead to a big mistake.

We believe it will take many years before blockchain can truly transform businesses and governments. Because blockchain is not a "disruptive" technology, disruptive technology can impact traditional business models with low-cost solutions and can quickly replace traditional enterprises. We believe that blockchain is a fundamental technology: one with the potential to create new foundations for our economic and social systems. But its impact is widespread, and it will take decades for blockchain to penetrate economic and social infrastructure. The process of blockchain popularization will be gradual, and this process and its strategic significance will be the focus of this article.

Patterns of Technology Adoption

Before discussing blockchain strategy and investment, let’s recall what we know about technology adoption below process, especially the adoption process of other underlying technologies. One of the most relevant examples is the adoption of distributed computer network technology, namely the TCP/IP protocol, which laid the foundation for the development of the Internet.

TCP/IP first appeared in 1972 and gained widespread attention in a single use case: it emerged as the basis for sending emails between researchers on the ARPAnet, which was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense The predecessor of the commercial Internet. Before TCP/IP, the communication system architecture was based on "circuit switching". The connection between two parties or two machines had to be preset and maintained through a switch. To ensure that any two nodes can communicate, telecom service providers and equipment manufacturers have invested billions of dollars in dedicated lines.

TCP/IP completely changes the above model. The new protocol digitizes information and breaks it into many small packets, each of which includes address information. Once these packets are released into the network, they can take any route to reach the recipient. Data sending and receiving points in the network can decompose the data packets, reassemble the data packets, and interpret the data. This eliminates the need for dedicated lines or large-scale infrastructure. TCP/IP creates an open, shared public network with no central agency or body responsible for maintenance and updates.

Traditional telecommunications companies and related companies are skeptical of TCP/IP. Few imagine that data, information, audio and video can be established under a new system, and few imagine that related systems will be very secure and develop rapidly. But in the late 1980s,In the 1990s, more and more companies, such as Sun, NeXT, HP, and Silicon Graphics, used TCP/IP to develop internal local area networks within the company. In doing so, they developed technologies that transcended email and increasingly replaced traditional LAN technologies and standards. As enterprises adopt these newly developed technologies and tools, their production efficiency has been greatly improved.

In the mid-1990s, the emergence of the World Wide Web made TCP/IP widely used. Newly created high-tech companies began to provide the "tools"—the hardware, software, and related services necessary to connect to and exchange information with today's public networks. Netscape commercialized browsers, web servers, and other tools and components. Sun Corporation promoted the development of application programming language-Java. With the exponential growth of information on the Internet, the emergence of Infoseek, Excite, AltaVista, and Yahoo are all guiding users to use TCP/IP technology.

Once this basic infrastructure is widely accepted, a new generation of businesses can seize the opportunity brought by low-cost Internet access to create more Internet services, which in turn helps to There are alternative business models. CNET brings news online. Amazon sells more books than any brick-and-mortar bookstore. Priceline and Expedia make buying air tickets easier and the entire buying process more transparent. These new entrants are expanding their business at very low costs, causing traditional businesses such as newspapers and physical retail stores to feel unprecedented pressure.

Relying on the widespread presence of the Internet, companies have created novel and revolutionary applications that are enough to fundamentally change traditional business models and create value. These enterprises are built on new P2P architectures and generate value by coordinating users of distributed networks. Consider how eBay transformed online retailing with its auction model, Napster transformed the music industry, Skype transformed telecommunications, and Google transformed web search by leveraging the links users form to provide more precise search results.

Many companies are already using blockchain to track goods along the supply chain. Ultimately, it took more than 30 years for TCP/IP to gain widespread acceptance—used alone, locally, as a replacement, and as a catalyst for transformation—and reshape our economy. Today, more than half of the world's most valuable listed companies have Internet-driven, platform-based business models. The foundations of our economy have fundamentally changed. Physical assets and proprietary intellectual property are no longer guarantees of competitive advantage; companies that lead economic development can play a key role, especially those able to organize, influence, and coordinate extensive networks of communities, users, and organizations.

New System

Blockchain—P on top of the Internet2P network - came into people's view in October 2008 as the core basis of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is a virtual currency system that does not issue currency, transfer ownership and confirm transactions through a central authority. Bitcoin is the first real-world application of blockchain technology.

The similarities between blockchain and TCP/IP are obvious. Just like email allows people to exchange information, Bitcoin allows people to conduct transactions. The development and maintenance of blockchain is open, distributed, and shared—just like TCP/IP. A group of volunteers around the world maintain its core software. Like email, Bitcoin received enthusiastic support from the beginning, but only from a relatively small number of people.

TCP/IP has significantly reduced interconnection costs, thus creating new value for economic development. Likewise, blockchain can significantly reduce transaction costs. Blockchain has the potential to become the system of record for all transactions. If this becomes a reality and new businesses based on blockchain technology will influence and control emerging industries, the economy will once again undergo fundamental changes.

First, let’s take a look at how businesses operate today. Recording transactions is a core task that every business must do. These records track past activities and results and provide guidance for the future. They can provide insight into not only how a business works internally, but also how the business is connected to the outside world. Every business or organization will have its own records, and these records are private and confidential. Many companies do not have a general ledger record of all company activities; instead, all records are scattered within various branches or departments within the company. The problem is that reconciling transactions between individuals and private ledgers takes a lot of time and is also error-prone.

For example, a typical stock trade can be completed in microseconds without human intervention. However, settlement — transferring ownership of the shares — can take up to a week. This is mainly because no party has access to other people’s ledgers, and there is no way to automatically prove the owner of an asset, nor to automatically transfer assets. Instead, many intermediaries are needed to ensure the existence of the asset and to record the transfer of ownership of the asset.

In a blockchain system, ledgers can be replicated in many identical databases, each party will have a set of data, and stakeholders will also maintain records. When one party's data changes, all other copies of the ledger are updated at the same time. Whenever a transaction occurs, the asset type and value of the transaction are recorded in all ledgers. No third-party intermediary is required to prove or transfer ownership. If a stock transaction occurs on a blockchain system, its settlement will be completed within seconds, is extremely secure, and can withstand verification. (The vulnerability in the Bitcoin exchange hack was not in the blockchain itself, but in the separate systems that used the blockchain to connect the parties.)

A framework for blockchain to gain widespread acceptance

If Bitcoin is like early email, is it still decades away from blockchain? Fully realize its potential? In our opinion, the answer is yes. We can’t predict exactly how many years it will take for change to occur, but we can guess what applications will emerge first and how widespread blockchain acceptance will eventually become a reality.

How basic technology gains wide acceptance

The popularization of basic technology usually has four stages. Each stage depends on the innovativeness of the application and the complexity of the coordination effort. Less innovative and less complex apps will be accepted first. More innovative and complex applications will take decades to become widely accepted, but they can have a revolutionary impact on the economy. TCP/IP technology, introduced by ARPAnet in 1972, has reached a period of transformation, but blockchain applications are still in the early stages of development.

In our analysis, history shows that there are two dimensions that influence the development of underlying technologies and their application scenarios. The first is its innovativeness—how new an app is to the world. The more innovative it is, the more effort it will take for users to understand its functionality. The second dimension is complexity, represented by the level of ecosystem coordination—how many agents are required to use the technology and how diverse the agents are to co-create value. For example, a social network is useless with only one user; it is valuable only if all your relationships are on the social network. Other users of the application must work together to create value for participants. For many blockchain applications, the principle is the same. And as these applications increase in scale and impact, their adoption will bring about major institutional changes.

We developed a framework to analyze the development of innovation according to the two dimensions mentioned above, integrating it into four quadrants. Each quadrant represents a stage of technology development. Understanding which quadrant blockchain innovation falls in can help company executives understand the challenges faced by blockchain, as well as the level of coordination and consensus required to adopt blockchain technology, as well as the necessary laws and regulations. efforts. It also illustrates what processes and infrastructure are needed to drive widespread adoption of an innovation. Managers can use it to evaluate the status of blockchain development in any industry and evaluate the company's problems with strategic investments in blockchain.

Independent applications

In the first quadrant are applications that are less innovative and less difficult to coordinate and can provide more Well, a lower cost, more professional solution. Email is a low-cost communication method that replaces telephone calls, faxes and traditional letter-writing methods. It is also an independent application mode of TCP/IP technology (even though its value increases with the increase in the number of users). Bitcoin is also in this quadrant. Right nowEven though Bitcoin is in its early stages of development, Bitcoin can only serve as an alternative payment method for a small number of people. (You can think of it as a complex email that transmits not just information, but actual value.) At the end of 2016, the total market value of Bitcoin was expected to reach $92 billion. The overall global payment market size has reached 411 trillion US dollars. The scale of Bitcoin is still very small. However, Bitcoin is developing rapidly and is becoming more and more important in instant payment, foreign exchange and asset transactions. In these areas, the current financial system has limitations. sex.

Partial Application

Innovations in the second quadrant are relatively novel but only require a limited number of users to create value. , so the promotion and popularization of this type of technology is relatively easy. If blockchain follows the development path of network technology, we can expect blockchain innovation to develop local private networks through independent applications, so that multiple organizations can be connected through a distributed ledger.

Many of the initial private blockchain projects basically appeared in the financial field, and there were relatively few companies within the network, so there was not much coordination cost. Nasdaq is partnering with Chain.com, a blockchain infrastructure provider, to provide related technology for processing and confirming financial transactions. Bank of America, JPMorgan Group, the New York Stock Exchange, Fidelity Investments, and Standard Chartered Bank are testing blockchain technology in many areas such as trade finance, foreign exchange, cross-border settlement, securities settlement, etc. in order to replace paper-based manual transaction processing processes. The Bank of Canada is testing a digital currency called CAD Coin for interbank transfer services. We expect private blockchains to continue to evolve and provide specific service functions for various industries.

Alternatives

The third quadrant contains applications that are relatively less innovative but require a lot of coordination because they Involves widespread public use. The purpose of these innovations is to replace traditional business models, so these applications will face many obstacles; not only do such innovations require more coordination, but the processes they are replacing are also very mature and deeply integrated with current enterprises and systems. Examples include cryptocurrencies - a new type of money that originated from the Bitcoin payment technology. The key difference is that cryptocurrencies require all parties to a currency transaction to accept the technology, which challenges governments and mechanisms that have long been under traditional regulatory systems. Consumers will also have to change their behavior and understand how to use cryptocurrencies to realize their potential.

A recent MIT experiment highlights the challenges facing digital currency systems. In 2014, the MIT Bitcoin Club provided $100 in Bitcoin to 4,494 MIT undergraduate students. Interestingly, 30% of students did not even register to receive this free money, and 20% of students who registered to receive it converted their Bitcoins into cash within a few weeks. Even obsessed with technologyIt is also difficult for students of science and technology to understand how and where Bitcoin can be used.

One of the boldest alternative blockchain applications is Stellar, a non-profit project that aims to provide affordable financial services to those who have never had financial services, including banks. Business, micro payment, remittance. Stellar has its own virtual currency, lumens, and also allows users to save other assets on its system, including other currencies, airtime, and digital credits. Stellar initially focused on Africa, especially Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy. There Stellar has gained widespread adoption among its target user groups and at very low cost. But the future will not be smooth sailing because there are many difficulties in industrial chain coordination. While grassroots adoption is proof of Stellar’s ​​vitality, to become a banking standard it will also need to influence government policy and convince central banks and large corporations to use it. This can take years of hard work.

Change

In the last quadrant are the most innovative applications that, if successful, will change the economic, social and political systems the essence of. This will involve the coordination of many entities, and it will also require unanimous support from large institutions in terms of standards and processes. The widespread adoption of such innovations will require significant changes in social, legal and political institutions.

“Smart contracts” are currently the most revolutionary blockchain application. Payments and transfers of currency or other assets are automatically completed when pre-agreed conditions are met. For example, as long as the goods are delivered, the smart contract will automatically pay the supplier. A company can indicate on the blockchain that a certain type of shipment has been delivered—or that a product has GPS functionality that automatically updates its location, which in turn triggers a payment. We are seeing early pilot projects of this kind of self-enforcing contracts in corporate finance, banking, and digital equity management.

The implications of this are exciting. The company will be built on contracts, from registration to buyer-supplier relationships to employee relationships. If contracts were self-executing, what would happen to traditional corporate structures, business processes, and intermediaries like lawyers and accountants? What will happen to managers? Their roles will fundamentally change. Before we get too excited, we must remember that we are still decades away from widespread adoption of smart contracts. This would not be possible without the support of big business. There is a lot of coordination and explanation required regarding the design, verification, implementation and execution of smart contracts. We believe this will take a long time. And the technical problems, especially the security issues, are also very daunting.

How to guide blockchain investments

How should company executives consider adopting blockchain technology within their enterprises? Our framework helps businesses discover the rightOpportunity.

For many enterprises, the easiest is the independent application model, which minimizes risks because this model is the least innovative and rarely involves third-party coordination issues. One strategy is to use Bitcoin as a payment mechanism. The Bitcoin infrastructure and market are already very mature, and the adoption of virtual currency will also require many functional departments to strengthen their blockchain technology application capabilities, including information technology, finance, accounting, sales and marketing, etc. Another low-risk approach is to use blockchain internally for database applications, such as managing physical and digital assets, recording internal transactions, and verifying identities. This is particularly useful for businesses that want to collaborate between multiple internal databases. Testing stand-alone applications will help companies develop the skills to meet the requirements of more advanced application models in the future. And it is precisely because of the emergence of cloud technology blockchain services from startups and large platforms such as Amazon and Microsoft that testing is becoming increasingly easier.

Localized applications are the natural choice for enterprises in the future. We have also seen that many companies are now investing in private chain networks, and many projects have only a very short-term impact. For example, financial institutions have found that the private chain networks they develop have a limited number of trustworthy counterparties, which can greatly reduce transaction costs.

Enterprises can also use localized applications to solve specific problems in cross-border transactions. For example, many companies are using blockchain to track goods in complex supply chains. This is already used in the diamond industry, where gemstones can be tracked from mine to consumer. This technology already exists.

Developing alternative applications requires careful planning because current solutions are difficult to replace. One approach is to focus on alternative models that do not require end users to change their behavior, proposing alternatives to original expensive and unattractive solutions. At the same time, alternatives must have the same functionality as traditional solutions and be easy for the ecosystem to accept and adopt. The gift card developed by First Data based on blockchain technology is an example of a well-thought-out alternative product. Retail companies that provide gift cards to consumers can use blockchain to track the flow of currency within accounts without relying on external payment processors, which can significantly reduce the cost of each transaction and improve security. These new gift cards even allow balance and transaction privileges to be transferred between merchants.

Blockchain can significantly reduce transaction costs and reshape the economic development model.

Disruptive applications are still far away. But it still makes sense to assess the likelihood of disruptive applications and step up early investments now. Disruptive applications are very influential when combined with new business models in which value creation and capture are different from the current methods. This business model is difficult to adopt, but it can drive the emergence of future companies.

Consider the need for law firms to adopt smartHow can contract technology change? They need to develop new skills in software and blockchain programming. They may also have to rethink their hourly payment model, considering a transaction fee model or a contract custody fee model, just two of the possible models. Whatever approach is taken, company executives must make sure they understand and test the business model implications before making changes.

Transformative scenarios emerge last, but can bring considerable value. They will have a profound impact in two areas: large-scale public identity systems for entry passport control functions, and algorithm-driven decision-making in preventing money laundering and complex financial transactions involving multiple parties. We don’t expect these applications to be widely adopted and popular for at least a decade or even longer.

Transformative applications will also drive the emergence of new platform companies that will orchestrate and manage new ecosystems. These companies will be the next generation of Google and Facebook. This requires patience to achieve. While it's too early to start thinking about large-scale investments, developing the necessary foundations—tools and standards—is still worthwhile.

Conclusion

In addition to providing a reference for the popularization of blockchain, TCP/IP also laid the foundation for the development of blockchain. foundation. TCP/IP is now ubiquitous, and blockchain applications are built on digital data, communication and computing infrastructure, which reduces the cost of experimentation and allows new use cases to emerge quickly.

Using our framework, company executives can figure out where to start preparing their companies for future blockchain adoption. They need to ensure that company employees understand blockchain, can develop company-specific application projects in the four quadrants we built, and invest in blockchain infrastructure.

However, judging from the development path of TCP/IP, time, obstacles to technology adoption, technology complexity, etc., company executives should carefully consider the risks in blockchain testing projects. . To put it more clearly, it is better to start small. But the scale of investment should depend on the current situation of the company and the industry situation. Financial institutions are doing well in adopting blockchain technology. Manufacturing is not ready yet.

No matter what, blockchain is likely to impact your business, the biggest issue is time.

㈢ Internet development trends

Since the 21st century, the Internet is becoming an important factor in promoting the development of human history. In 2021, with the steady advancement of my country's digital construction, a comprehensive digital and intelligent era has arrived. The future industrial Internet will be a future where all industry stakeholders are interconnected, resource-sharing, and complementary in their advantages.

China's Internet is developing rapidly. It currently has 35 data centers, more than 4% of the cloud market, and 8 active exchange centers. However, its business is mainly concentrated in the mainland market.There is a lack of competition in some areas and there are still certain limitations. In terms of resource base, from the perspective of the network underlying framework IPV6 market, China has the highest market share, reaching 8.3%, but its usage efficiency is not as good as that of the United States, which is only 1/2 of that of the United States.

In terms of website resources, Google search engine ranks first among the top 100 websites in the world with more than 60 billion monthly views, and Chinese Internet websites rank fourth with more than 9.7 billion monthly views.

At present, the development trend of China's Internet industry is mainly reflected in the important progress made in emerging technology fields and the steady advancement of industrial applications. Our country is developing rapidly in information technology fields such as quantum information technology, space-to-earth communications, brain-inspired computing, AR/VR/MR, artificial intelligence, blockchain, supercomputers, and industrial Internet.

The Internet will show the following development trends:

1. Under the trend of increasing industry integration and industrial concentration, the trend of market monopoly will become more obvious

At present, China's economy has entered the era of monopoly economy, and the trend of industrial agglomeration has become increasingly obvious. Industrial concentration, also known as market concentration, refers to the degree of dominance of a certain industry by a few companies in the market in terms of production volume, sales volume, total assets, etc. It is generally measured by a certain number of these companies. An indicator (in most cases, the sales indicator) is expressed as a percentage of the total industry volume.

The market concentration of a company indicates its position in the market and its ability to dominate the market. It is an important symbol of the company's image.

Chinese Internet companies ushered in a year of rapid growth in 2020. Although the stock prices of some companies fell due to the impact of antitrust policies at the end of the year, Bilibili, Pinduoduo and Weimob SaaS platforms such as the Group and China Youzan quickly broke through during this period, and their stock prices increased several times.

1. Large platforms have led to a situation where the strong are always strong in the market, with rising stars catching up and competition becoming increasingly fierce

After experiencing a surge in 2020, Chinese Internet companies The valuation gap with FAANG has further narrowed. Currently, Chinese Internet companies account for half of the top 10 Internet companies in China and the United States by market value. Among them, Tencent’s market value is very close to Facebook.

Alibaba, ranked second, has experienced a downward trend in its stock price caused by antitrust, but its market value still exceeds HK$5 trillion, leaving companies such as Netflix far behind. The third echelon of China's leading Internet companies, such as Meituan and Pinduoduo, are catching up at a rapid pace.

2. Large products further enhance brand concentration

At present, China’s Internet has delineated its respective spheres of influence in the domestic market according to product classification, namely, Tencent, Byte system, Alibaba system, Internet system, Kuaishou system. In terms of user scale and penetrationIn terms of rate, the user base of Tencent, Alibaba, and Internet has basically covered the entire network of users, and the growth rate has slowed down. Driven by short video products, the user penetration rate of Toutiao and Kuaishou has accelerated.

In terms of user time, the competition among Internet giants has intensified. Toutiao and Kuaishou products are showing an "offensive trend", while Tencent, Alibaba and Internet products have declined to varying degrees.

2. Internet giants increase investment and strive to seize structural growth opportunities

In 2021, against the backdrop of exhaustion of traffic dividends and national anti-monopoly policies, leading Internet companies will Companies have increased investment, making competition for market stock increasingly fierce.

The future development direction of Alibaba’s domestic Internet business is local services, new retail, globalization, and cloud services. In response to this core business field, Alibaba established the MMC business group, whose mission is to target the 6 million mom-and-pop shops that are undergoing digital upgrades.

MMC is a digital upgrade and transformation of the mom-and-pop store, realizing the distribution of goods and people, and adopting the C2B2M model. In addition, after more than 10 years of investment, Alibaba has now entered the profit stage and plans to further expand investment in the future.

Tencent will develop and invest in servers, network equipment, and other start-up companies. This year, we continued to increase investment in servers and network equipment, and at the same time continued Tencent's consistent investment in start-up companies. This investment is not a single merger and acquisition method, but a diversified investment method. Support and help these companies grow rapidly through investment.

Meituan’s new business investment projects include community group buying, bicycle hailing, and Kuailu. Although its bicycles (including motorcycles) have experienced large losses due to seasonality and new vehicle launches, they will continue to invest in the future because of their long-term investment value.

JD.com has comprehensively laid out the supply chain and logistics network for the Jingxi Group formed by the integration of Jingxi Pinpin, Jingxi Tong, and Jingxi E-commerce. Among them, Jingxi Pinpin is a community group buying business. Jingxitong is a convenience store business and has established a B2B supply chain. Jingxi is an e-commerce business that provides services to users in first-tier cities. It has initially achieved the diversion of Jingxi users to Jingxi Pinpin.

3. Ecological enterprises represent the future development trend. Internet giants have established enterprise ecosystems through cross-border integration.
4. Competition for online traffic on the Internet has accelerated the commercialization of platforms. Internet content is being upgraded from graphics and text to video. Platform competition is concentrated in monetization capabilities

Market survey reports show that in attention In an era of scarce power, compared to pictures and texts, video media is more suitable for the current reading habits of the public. Industry insiders predict that the market size of short videos will reach the order of 200 billion in 2021. In fact, the Internet is facing an upgrade in the form of content expression from pictures and texts to videos.

㈣Do you have any recommendations for good blockchain books?

"New Economic Blueprint and Introduction"

Published: 2016

Recommendation: This book is mainly for programmers. Combined with API programming, it tells you the principles and usage of cryptocurrency, and how to develop related software. For non-programmer readers, the first few chapters of this book are still applicable as an in-depth introduction to Bitcoin.

㈤ What is the value of blockchain technology services in the real industry

1. Think about using blockchain in enterprise applications to provide more flexible, secure and efficient services Processes and distributed, independent markets. Blockchain allows asset owners to track and trade things of value, such as outstanding invoices, on a transaction “chain” that is more secure, transparent, private and self-coordinating. This capability increases the speed and flexibility of cash and asset management. For example, you are afraid of buying fake goods because one manufacturer transfers production to several middlemen, and then you buy it through the middlemen, not the manufacturer. If all data was decentralized, peer-to-peer, and transparent, then you could buy and pay directly from the manufacturer.

2. The automated market for other assets will be diversified. In essence, blockchain-based transactions can reduce the need for third-party supervision because the software itself is a controlled open architecture and is visible to all parties involved in the transaction. If a company can publish valuable information to multiple potential buyers, and its content can be trusted and authentic to all buyers, and sellers cannot resell, then there will be open and transparent competition when making purchases. environment, sellers can also get better prices.

3. Reduce business transaction friction. Managing expenses is a challenge for most organizations. But blockchain can enable companies to create self-managed networks for suppliers and partners, enabling contract automation, instant payments, tracking of cargo shipments, and visibility of the entire supply chain. For example, if a company transports perishable goods in refrigerated containers, IoT sensors on the truck might call a smart contract on the blockchain when the container temperature exceeds a certain threshold. This will cause the corresponding order to be cancelled, and it will also be able to automatically create a new order so that a second batch of goods can be sent immediately, and the truck with the faulty refrigeration equipment can also be sent to the maintenance department for repair.

4. This type of network reduces transaction errors and information omissions by reducing or eliminating human-computer interaction. And, by connecting buyers directly with sellers, transactions become faster. Manage and secure decentralized private records. Traditional industry practice has been to rely on third parties to secure their shared information databases using firewalls and restricted access. Frequent data breaches show that this approach is not ideal. A fundamental advantage of blockchain is that each individual data record or element is protected by the key of a blockchain memberEncrypted. Cybercriminals may need to obtain every key of every member to gain access to all blockchain data. This is not to say that blockchain can guarantee 100% security of all data and help reduce the possibility of large amounts of private records being exposed.

5. A logical application would be employee or student records, where employers, educational institutions and even industry accreditation bodies can add new qualifications, grades or work locations if necessary. Imagine giving employees a key that can access all of their employee records as part of a secure blockchain that encompasses human resources. Individuals can securely share their college transcripts or employment history with other companies or educational institutions without having to rely on unreliable and easily forged faxes. Trace the origin of products and ingredients. Blockchain can help ensure product quality and safety by simplifying how products and ingredients are tracked and located in use. For example, suppose an automobile manufacturer forms a quality-centric blockchain that includes parts suppliers, component assemblers, quality control suppliers, and public regulatory agencies (such as the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). Then the recall process for defective parts will be handled faster. This realization makes perfect sense when you consider that thousands of lives are lost every year due to defective car parts.

6. Verify identity and verify published information and data. Create better user control mechanisms. User information today can easily be manipulated, distributed to third parties, and even sold, creating revenue streams for social media platform owners that are never shared with the users of the information. Blockchain can disrupt all of these activities. It gives users control over their own information, and exactly where it resides. No platform is accessible without permission. Users can decide who can access their information. They can deal directly with advertisers and third parties as they choose, rather than like others. Furthermore, users can choose to share their information with advertisers on any platform and receive fees.

In summary, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses automated scripts to A new distributed infrastructure and computing method (reference network) that uses smart contracts composed of codes to program and operate data

Applications in finance

Blockchain technology three Big applications

Application of blockchain technology in the field of asset securitization

In recent years, the domestic asset securitization (hereinafter referred to as "ABS") industry has developed rapidly. At the same time, asset cash flow management Problems such as the transparency and efficiency of underlying asset supervision need to be improved, the low efficiency of asset transaction settlement, and the high cost of credit enhancement are also graduallygradually exposed. To apply blockchain technology in the ABS field, participants first need to build an ABS blockchain alliance, which consists of asset parties, Pre-ABS investors, SPV (trust), custodian banks, managers, intermediaries, and ABS investors. , exchanges are jointly composed. Its core business includes fund transaction reconciliation, transaction document management, data interaction interface, information release and sharing, underlying asset management, intelligent ABS workflow, etc. Blockchain applications can empower the ABS industry in at least the following five aspects.

1. Improve the cash flow management of ABS.
2. It is conducive to penetrating supervision.
3. It can improve the efficiency of sales and settlement of financial assets.
Four. The efficiency and transparency of securities transactions will be greatly enhanced.
5. It can reduce the transfer cost in the credit enhancement process.

2. Application of blockchain technology in the insurance field

The insurance industry has grown rapidly in recent years. However, as regulatory policies for short- and medium-term survival products continue to tighten, the scale of universal insurance business has declined significantly. In the insurance product design process, blockchain is conducive to promoting the breakthrough of bottlenecks and rapid development of insurance categories with strong customized attributes, such as agricultural insurance, product quality insurance, etc.

Quality insurance can endorse the reputation of a company and protect the rights and interests of consumers at the same time. However, insurance companies underwriting quality insurance require comprehensive assessments of companies and products, but these data are often difficult to collect truly and effectively, thus restricting the development of quality insurance. The establishment of a product traceability and anti-counterfeiting application platform based on the underlying technology of blockchain can help insurance companies easily trace information in all aspects of product production, processing, sales, purchase, complaints, etc. through the platform, thereby effectively judging the incidence of quality defects in related products and formulating Insurance products promote consumption upgrading and industrial upgrading.

In the insurance sales process, the application of blockchain technology can simplify the sales process, save sales costs, and achieve traceability of insurance sales. From the perspective of an insurance company, a willing policy holder purchases a policy through a channel, and the channel provider uniformly sends the policy holder's information to the blockchain platform. The platform determines whether the willing policy holder is in the whitelist based on the distributed and stored information. If it meets the standards, then Accepting purchase requests eliminates the previous tedious processes of manual transmission, acceptance, review, and feedback. From a consumer perspective, blockchain technology can realize the traceability of insurance sales behavior and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. The insurance sales market has always been full of chaos, and the phenomenon of false advertising of insurance products through deception, concealment or inducement is repeated. Blockchain technology can put key actions in all aspects of insurance sales on the chain and realize the traceability of sales actions throughout the entire process, thereby standardizing insurance sales behavior and promoting the sustained, healthy and stable development of the industry.

In the insurance claims process, the application of blockchain technology can improve claims efficiency and enhance customer experience. The claims and loss handling process is an important process in the insurance market. Complex claims processes increase costs, reduce claims efficiency, and affect customer experience. Smart contract technology canTo simplify the claim submission process, reduce the need for manual review, and shorten the processing cycle. At the same time, suspicious behavior can be more easily identified through historical claims and asset provenance records in the distributed ledger.
In the field of insurance anti-fraud, the application of blockchain technology can effectively prevent the occurrence of insurance fraud incidents. Insurance fraud not only erodes the profits of insurance companies, but also damages the legitimate rights and interests of other insurance consumers. Although various insurance companies have made great efforts to combat insurance fraud, the reality is still grim. Blockchain technology can help the insurance industry alleviate or even resolve this stubborn problem in at least the following two aspects. The first is to establish an anti-fraud sharing platform to reduce fraud and strengthen assessment through historical claim information; the second is to establish "uniquely identifiable identity information" through the use of trustworthy data sources and coded business rules to prevent identity fraud.

3. Application of blockchain technology in the field of asset custody
In recent years, the global asset custody industry has entered a fast lane of rapid development, with the scale of assets under custody and major custody products maintaining rapid growth. , but there is still a certain gap between this scale and international advanced peers, and there is still a large room for development in my country's asset custody industry.

The application of smart contract technology in the blockchain can effectively solve the operational risks in the asset custody business. The business process of asset custody can be optimized from the following aspects: First, it realizes the automation of the entire process, encapsulates business instruction judgment and execution rules into smart contracts, and uses intelligence to execute contracts and provide risk warnings; second, it improves process efficiency , the real-time sharing of asset changes, transaction details and other information between asset entrusting parties, managers, custodians and agents, eliminating the need for repeated verification and confirmation of rights; third, it ensures the security of contract performance and the authenticity of transactions. By setting keys to ensure the formality of participant information, the limited visibility of ledger information, and the verifiability of transactions; fourth, it ensures that the information cannot be tampered with, and the compliance verification requirements of the investment plan are placed on the blockchain to ensure that each Every transaction is completed on the basis of consensus.

For now, the one most closely related to blockchain is Bitcoin. If you want to know more and some news about the Bitcoin blockchain, you can follow some new media. For example, Sohu, Baijiahao, Mustard Circle and so on. Foreign websites such as CCN and CoinDesk have huge sources of information, which will be of great help to you if you want to understand blockchain and finance. The above content is half handwritten and half quoted. If you still have doubts, you can take a look at the TED talk on blockchain applications linked below, which has Chinese subtitles. Hope it helps you!

㈥ What is blockchain technology and what areas it may be used for in the future

The development of technology is often beyond your imagination, from the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution Then to the information revolution, up to now the blockchain revolution has begun. Reaching the height of the cognitive revolution should be regarded as a relatively big proposition. Why did the previous emergence of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence, etc. not mention the cognitive revolution, and the blockchaincan?

How to quickly enter the blockchain industry?

1. Find the top experts in this industry and learn or communicate with them, such as Li Xiaolai, such as Uncle Cai

2. You can buy some books. News books are not as mixed as Taobao. There are only a few classics, choose a few and read them through

3. You can search for more related articles, public accounts, Zhihu or other, which are very informative. You can find yourself after reading 30 high-quality articles. Article, you are basically getting started.

WeChat public account: Workplace Cheese Pie, tell you about things in the workplace

㈦ Can you introduce some books about Bitcoin and blockchain

1. "Bitcoin White Paper: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", author Satoshi Nakamoto. Read this white paper first before considering other content.
2 "Fortran95 Programming", the author is Peng Guolun.
3 "Introduction to Fortran 77 and 90/95 Programming", the author is Ding Zejun.
4. "Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Society and Economy"
5. "Inevitability", written by Kevin Kelly, mentioned 12 inevitable trends in the next 20 years.
6. "Mastering Bitcoin", this book will provide you with the necessary knowledge and guide you into the world of Bitcoin.
7. "Blockchain Revolution" tells how the underlying technology of Bitcoin changes money, business and the world. The authors are Don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott
8 ."Blockchain New Economic Blueprint and Introduction", author Melanie Swann
9. "Blockchain: Quantum Wealth Concept", author Han Feng/Zhang Xiaomei
10. "The Logic of Finance" ", the author is Chen Zhiwu. The work starts from the cultural and institutional genes of wealth in an in-depth and simple way, thereby telling readers what the logic of finance is.
Relevant books include "Principles of Economics", "Blockchain: Technology-driven Finance", "Blockchain Revolution: How Bitcoin's underlying technology changes currency, business and the world", "Blockchain Technology Guide", "Illustration Area" Blockchain" "How Blockchain Will Redefine the World" "Digital Currency: Bitcoin Data Reporting and Operation Guide" "Blockchain: From Digital Currency to Credit Society" "Intelligent Era" etc. To be honest, blockchain As a hot resource, there are quite a few. The main thing is judgment (whether it is valuable) and action (enter early).
I also recommend a blockchain-related APP called Golden Finance and a public account called Quanke Online. The article is rich in information;

㈧ Briefly discuss the major applications of blockchain and which ones are pitfalls

What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential application prospects are very broad and will be disrupted in the future.covering every aspect of our lives.

The Internet is an information network, with 0s and 1s flowing in it. Blockchain is a value network, and its role is to transmit value, unlike the Internet for data transmission.

Speaking of value transfer, there is a very simple scenario, such as payment, I have 100 yuan in hand, and I want to transfer it to the group. I can use WeChat red envelopes or WeChat transfers. Here During the transaction process, a third party is required to participate, and the transmission method of the blockchain is point-to-point transmission, which does not require any intermediate node. This is a very big difference between the blockchain and our existing architecture.

When it comes to peer-to-peer payments, many people will think of Bitcoin, because most people know blockchain from Bitcoin. What is the difference between blockchain and Bitcoin?

Blockchain is the technology behind Bitcoin; blockchain is a basic technical architecture that designs and implements an autonomous system with multi-party participation through a specific data structure and consensus algorithm.

The specific data structure is actually the name blockchain itself, that is, its data is placed in data blocks one by one, and then these data blocks are connected and implemented using a chain. "Consensus algorithm" is a very important concept in blockchain. Without synchronic algorithm, there would be no meaning of blockchain.

Introduction to Bubi Blockchain

Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the R&D and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment, and has a number of core technologies. It has made substantial innovations in many aspects and formed a number of core technical achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and heterogeneous ledger technology. Construct interconnection technology between blockchains, etc. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.

Having said that, let’s analyze the difference between blockchain and Bitcoin?

1. Essential difference. For the world, Bitcoin is a digital currency based on cryptography, while blockchain, as we just said, is a value transfer protocol. There is an essential difference between the two, because one is a digital currency. , one is a value transfer protocol.

2. Algorithm. Bitcoin’s consensus algorithm is based on a work algorithm called Proof of Work, or POW.There are many different consensus algorithms in the blockchain, including the Bitcoin POW algorithm, the POS algorithm, and the DPS algorithm.

3. Transaction speed. Bitcoin is limited to a maximum of seven transactions per second. Please note that what is mentioned here is the maximum and not the average, because this is a very strict definition. For the blockchain, the number of transactions per second can actually reach tens of thousands or more, so this is also One major difference between blockchain and Bitcoin. Because many people will be confused and say that the transaction speed of the blockchain is seven transactions per second. This is wrong. This is a limitation of Bitcoin. The blockchain can reach very high speeds based on its different consensus algorithms and linking methods. Transaction speed.

4. Link form. Bitcoin is a blockchain based on the Internet, which means we call it a public chain. The blockchain can be in the form of a public chain, a private chain, or a consortium chain.

5. Limitations. It is recommended that everyone not touch some digital currencies related to blockchain. What's the reason? Bitcoin is a digital currency. Although it has very good and different characteristics, it does not comply with financial supervision. In other words, these 21 million Bitcoins were issued without national authorization and without national credit as a multiple. was released below. The blockchain also has some limitations. Although it is just a protocol and a technology, it is still a new technology in its infancy.

To summarize, blockchain is a relatively low-level protocol and a technical infrastructure, on which there are various consensus algorithms. If the blockchain is 1, the consensus algorithm may be 10 to 20, but the applications based on it may be one thousand or two thousand, or more. In other words, Bitcoin is only one of many blockchain applications. A realization. Therefore, Bitcoin and blockchain cannot be equated. Bitcoin is only a very elementary implementation of blockchain.

What can blockchain do? Blockchain problem? In the bill market, digital bills based on blockchain technology can become a safer, smarter, and more convenient bill form. Point-to-point transactions realized with the help of blockchain can break the existing functions of bill intermediaries and realize the disintermediation of bill value transfer; the construction and data storage of digital bill systems do not require a central server, eliminating the need for the development of central applications and access systems. costs, reducing the maintenance and optimization costs of the system under the traditional model, and reducing the risks caused by system centralization; based on the non-tamperability of information on the blockchain, once the transaction is completed, there will be no default, thereby avoiding "one Behaviors such as "selling too many tickets" and out-of-synchronization of payment and endorsement effectively prevent risks in the bill market. The securities trading market is also an area where blockchain technology has great potential. The current traditional securities trading model has the shortcomings of long transaction processes, low transaction efficiency, and high comprehensive costs. In addition, there are strong intermediaries and regulatory agencies, and the rights of financial consumers are constantly changing.Often not guaranteed. Applying blockchain technology, buyers and sellers can be directly matched through smart contracts, and the efficiency of transaction execution can be greatly improved. Settlement and delivery can be automatically realized through a distributed digital registration system. Since the data entered into the block is irreversible and can be copied to each data block within a short period of time, the information entered into the blockchain actually has a publicity effect, so the occurrence of the transaction and the confirmation of ownership will not occur. dispute.

What can blockchain do? Blockchain problem? Although there is no mature underlying blockchain technology platform solution currently, technical problems such as capacity scalability, privacy protection, inability to settle on a net basis, and non-recourse after the fact also need to be solved, and large-scale application of blockchain Technology also requires redesigning IT architecture and reengineering business processes, but these are only technical issues. The real test of blockchain technology taking root and growing in the financial field is the ontology of regulatory agencies and financial institutions. Will the inherent "deregulation" and "decentralization" characteristics of blockchain make market entities have no motivation to drive technology? Innovation. However, since the blockchain is a technology based on mathematical algorithms, the establishment of a trust relationship between transaction parties does not require the use of intermediaries or authoritative centers at all, and the cost of establishing a trust relationship is almost zero (when the blockchain financial infrastructure and ancillary infrastructure are established (under the premise), and the blockchain code is open source and open, without geographical restrictions, and the network pattern is distributed and interconnected, laying a technical foundation for the establishment and development of inclusive finance and shared finance in the future, and creating material conditions for global financial integration and unification. From this point of view alone, blockchain technology will surely establish a core position in future financial development, and it will rely on and complement each other to win the future.

㈨ What are some blockchain books that you can recommend?

There are more and more books in the blockchain field, and the quality of many of them is actually not high. I I recommend two better books that I have actually read and summarized.

A book is "Book Blockchain".

This book is characterized by using interesting and vivid comics to express some principles and applications of blockchain.

This book is especially suitable for newcomers who have just come into contact with blockchain, because the principles in it are analyzed using more real-life cases, which is relatively easy to understand and involves blockchain. Technical knowledge is relatively low.

And this book is not thick, so you can finish it quickly. After all, everyone is very busy at work now. If you read a very thick book, it is indeed difficult to read. This book happens to be more It is thin and light and can easily cultivate your interest in learning knowledge in the blockchain field.

WeChat public account: Shenzhen Blockchain Community