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Ⅰ What are some professional terms in the currency circle

Explanation of 26 common terms in the blockchain industry

1. Blockchain——Blockchain

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. is a shared distributed ledger where transactions are permanently recorded through appended blocks.

2. Block——Block

In the Bitcoin network, data will be permanently recorded in the form of files. We call these files blocks. A block is a set of records of some or all of the latest Bitcoin transactions that have not been recorded by other previous blocks.

3. Node - A copy of the ledger operated by participants in the blockchain network.

4. Decentralization

Decentralization is a phenomenon or structure that must appear or exist in a system with many nodes or in a group with many individuals. The influence between nodes will form a non-linear causal relationship through the network.

5. Consensus mechanism

The consensus mechanism is to complete the verification and confirmation of transactions in a very short time through the voting of special nodes; for a transaction, if the interests are irrelevant If several nodes can reach a consensus, we can think that the entire network can also reach a consensus on this.

6. Pow - Proof of Work

Proof of Work refers to how much currency you get, depending on the workload you contribute to mining. The better the computer performance, the more money will be allocated to you. There will be more mines.

7. PoS - Proof of Stake

Proof of Stake, a system of interest distribution based on the amount and time of currency you hold. In POS mode, your "mining" The income is proportional to your currency age and has nothing to do with the computing performance of your computer.

8. Smart Contract

Smart contract is a computer protocol designed to spread, verify or execute contracts in an information-based manner. Smart contracts allow trusted transactions to be made without third parties, which are traceable and irreversible.

9. Timestamp

Timestamp refers to a string or encoded information used to identify the recorded time and date. The international standard is ISO 8601.

10. Turing completeness

Turing completeness refers to the ability of a machine to perform any calculation that any other programmable computer can perform.

11. Dapp - decentralized application

It is an open source application that runs automatically and stores its data on the blockchain in the form of cryptocurrency tokens. Form incentives and operate with a protocol that displays proof of value.

12. DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organization

It can be considered as a company that operates without any human intervention and hands over all forms of control toAn unbreakable set of business rules.

13. PrivateKey - Private Key

A private key is a string of data that allows you to access a token in a specific wallet. They, as cryptocurrencies, are hidden except from the owner of the address.

14. PublicKey——Public key

It appears in pairs with the private key. The public key can calculate the address of the currency, so it can be used as a certificate for owning the address of the currency.

15. Mining machine

A computing device or software that attempts to create blocks and add them to the blockchain. In a blockchain network, when a new valid block is created, the system will generally automatically give the block creator (mining machine) a certain number of tokens as a reward.

16. Mining pool

It is a fully automatic mining platform that allows miners to contribute their own computing power to mine together to create blocks and obtain block rewards. And the profits are distributed according to the proportion of computing power contribution (that is, the mining machine is connected to the mining pool - provides computing power - obtains income).

17. Public chain

A completely open blockchain refers to a fully open blockchain that can be read by anyone, anyone can send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed. People around the world can participate in system maintenance, and anyone can read and write data through transactions or mining.

18. Private chain

A blockchain where write permission is only for a certain organization or a specific few objects. Read permissions can be open to the outside world, or restricted to any degree.

19. Alliance chain

The consensus mechanism is a blockchain jointly controlled by a number of designated institutions.

20. Sidechains

Pegged sidechains technology will enable the transfer of Bitcoin and other digital assets between multiple blockchains. This This means that users can access the new cryptocurrency system while using their existing assets.

21. Cross-chain technology

Cross-chain technology can be understood as a bridge connecting various blockchains. Its main application is to realize Atom transactions, asset conversion, and partitioning between blockchains. Information exchange within the blockchain, or solving Oracle problems, etc.

22. Hard fork

The blockchain has a permanent divergence. After the new consensus rules are released, some nodes that have not been upgraded cannot verify the blocks produced by the upgraded nodes. Usually a hard fork happens.

23. Soft fork

When the new consensus rules are released, nodes that have not been upgraded will produce illegal blocks because they do not know the new consensus rules, which will cause Temporary forks.

24. Hash——Hash value

Generally translated as "hash", there are also direct transliterations as "hash". Simply put, it is a function that compresses a message of any length into a message digest of a fixed length.

25. MainChain

The term main chain comes from the main network (relative to the test network), which is an officially launched, independent blockchain network.

For those who don’t understand the “jargon” of the currency circle, come and learn it quickly:

1. What is legal currency?

Legal currency is legal tender, issued by the country and the government, and is only guaranteed by government credit, such as RMB, US dollars, etc.

2. What is token?

Token, usually translated as pass. Token is one of the important concepts in the blockchain. It is more commonly known as "token", but in the eyes of professional "chain circle" people, its more accurate translation is "pass", which represents the area. A proof of stake on the blockchain, not a currency.

The three elements of Token

The first is digital proof of rights and interests. The token must be a certificate of rights and interests in digital form, representing a right and an inherent and intrinsic value;

The second is cryptocurrency. The authenticity, tamper resistance, privacy protection and other capabilities of the token are guaranteed by cryptography;

The third is the ability to flow in a network, so that It can be verified anytime and anywhere.

3. What is position building?

Building a position in the currency circle is also called opening a position, which refers to a trader’s new purchase or sale of a certain amount of digital currency.

4. What is stud?

Cryptocurrency stud means investing all the principal.

5. What is an airdrop?

Airdrops are currently a very popular cryptocurrency marketing method. In order to provide potential investors and people who are passionate about cryptocurrency with information about the token, the token team will conduct frequent airdrops.

6. What is lock-up?

Lock position generally means that after investors buy and sell contracts, when the market trend is opposite to their own operations, they open a new position opposite to their original position. Its name is Butterfly Flying Double.

7. What is candy?

Cryptocurrency candies are digital coins that are distributed to users for free when various digital currencies are first issued during ICO. They are a kind of momentum and publicity for the project itself by the issuer of the virtual currency project.

8. What is a break?

Break refers to falling below, and hair refers to the issuance price of digital currency. A currency circle break means that a certain digital currency falls below the issuance price.

9. What is private equity?

Cryptocurrency private placement is a way to invest in cryptocurrency projects, and it is also the best way for cryptocurrency project founders to raise funds for platform operations.

10. How do you look at the K-line chart?

K-line charts (Candlestick Charts) are also called candle charts, Japanese lines, yin-yang lines, stick lines, red and black lines, etc. The commonly used term is "K-line". It is plotted as the opening, high, low and closing prices for each analysis period.

11. What is hedging?

GeneralHedging is to conduct two transactions at the same time that are related to the market, have opposite directions, have equal amounts, and offset profits and losses. In the futures contract market, buy positions of the same quantity but in different directions. When the direction is determined, close the position in the opposite direction and retain the positive direction to gain profits.

12. What is a position?

Position is a market agreement that commits to buying and selling the initial position of a contract. Those who buy the contract are long and are in a position to expect an increase; those who sell the contract are short and are in a position to expect a decrease.

13. What are the benefits?

Good news: It refers to news that a currency has received mainstream media attention, or that a certain technology application has made breakthrough progress, which is conducive to stimulating price increases. This is called good news.

14. What are the disadvantages?

Bad news: news that causes currency prices to fall, such as Bitcoin technical problems, central bank suppression, etc.

15. What is rebound?

The price adjustment phenomenon in which currency prices rebound due to falling too fast in a downward trend. The recovery is smaller than the decline.

16. What is leverage?

Leveraged trading, as the name suggests, is to use small amounts of funds to invest several times the original amount, in the hope of obtaining multiple returns or losses relative to the fluctuations in the investment target.

Ⅱ 10 important terms you need to know about blockchain! It is necessary to take a look

1. Smart contract

A smart contract is a computer protocol designed to spread, verify or execute contracts in an information-based manner. Smart contracts allow trusted transactions to be made without third parties, which are traceable and irreversible.

2. Timestamp

Timestamp refers to a string or encoded information used to identify the recorded time and date. The international standard is ISO 8601.

3. Turing completeness

Turing completeness refers to the ability of a machine to perform any calculation that any other programmable computer can perform. One example is the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

4. 51% attack

When a single individual or group exceeds half of the computing power, this individual or group can control the entire distributed network, if they have With some malicious ideas, they may issue conflicting transactions that damage the entire network.

5. Dapp - Decentralized Application

It is an open source application that runs automatically and stores its data on block L with cryptographic tokens in the form of incentives and operate on a protocol that displays proof of value.

6. DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organization

It can be thought of as a company that operates without any human intervention and integrates allcontrol over a set of unbreakable business rules.

7. DistributedLedger - Distributed Ledger

Data is stored through a distributed node network. A distributed ledger does not have to have its own token, it may be permissioned and private.

8. DistributedNetwork - Distributed Network

A network in which processing power and data are distributed on nodes rather than having a centralized data center.

9. Oracle

An oracle is a trusted entity that introduces information about the state of the external world through signatures, thereby allowing deterministic smart contracts to respond to uncertainty react to the external world. The oracle machine has the characteristics of non-tampering, stable service, and auditability, and has an economic incentive mechanism to ensure the power of operation.

10. Zero-knowledge proof

Zero-knowledge proof was proposed by S.Goldwasser, S.Micali and C.Rackoff in the early 1980s. It refers to the prover's ability to convince the verifier that a certain assertion is correct without providing any useful information to the verifier.

Ⅲ What are the major characteristics of blockchain technology

The era of blockchain 1.0 is the era of digital currency. The technical basis is:
1. Based on Lianzhuang data block structure in blocks
2. Shared ledger across the entire network
3. Asymmetric encryption
4. Source code open source
Technical foundation of the blockchain 2.0 era:
1. Smart contract; it is an application in the blockchain system. It is a coded business logic that can be run automatically. It usually has its own token and dedicated development language;
2. DAPP: includes users Acceptable applications include but are not limited to various cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum wallets;
3. Virtual machine: used to execute the compiled code of smart contracts. The virtual machine is Turing complete.
With the application and deepening of blockchain technology, the era of blockchain 3.0 has arrived. The model of collaborative operation of blockchain can be seen behind the operation of all walks of life, so blockchain will surely be widespread. It will profoundly change human life style, so the entire life service will enter the blockchain era. In this Internet development process, blockchain + physical industries, blockchain e-commerce, and blockchain community operations can all apply blockchain technology.
Of course, 3.0 was born with the development of modern cryptography. The cryptography used today is the cryptography achievement of 20 years ago. Therefore, blockchain technology must be applied to more participation scenarios, especially on the Internet. In terms of economics and other aspects, whether the existing encryption technology can meet the needs requires moreVerification requires more in-depth integration of cutting-edge cryptography technologies and continuous innovation.

IV Can the blockchain be Turing-complete?

Turing-completeness was originally a concept from computers. It is a variety of code languages ​​written by programmers, plus a Computational rules that can be perfectly operated in a virtual machine such as a Turing machine. Therefore, a logic system, device or programming language that meets such requirements is called Turing complete. Although Bitcoin is safe, complex logic programs cannot be developed on its system, which resulted in very few implementation scenarios and applications of blockchain in the early years. With the development of blockchain, these needs have been constantly put on the agenda, and people have gradually begun to need systems that can support the development and operation of blockchain applications. Therefore, the concept of Turing completeness has been introduced into blockchain.
After Bitcoin, in order to achieve richer functions and usage scenarios, some Turing-complete blockchain systems came into being. This is what a friend of mine at Xuan Ling Technology told me. It’s very good and powerful

IV Blockchain - What is Blockchain? Jindian Currency News Can Understand Blockchain

Area Blockchain - What is Blockchain? Can Jindian Coin News understand the blockchain?

Block Pioneer animation video helps you understand what is blockchain, easy to understand

What is blockchain, does Maobei belong to blockchain?

Answer: Maobei does not belong to the blockchain, but only uses blockchain technology. The characteristic of the blockchain is that everything that happens will be recorded and cannot be deleted or changed.

Blockchain, what is a block

Comprehensive interpretation of blockchain

When talking about blockchain, people always compare it with Bitcoin. On October 31, 2008, a person named "Satoshi Nakamoto" sent an email to a cryptography email group, claiming, "I have been working on a new electronic cash system, which is completely peer-to-peer and does not require Any trusted third party.” He launched a new system using Bitcoin as the transaction currency.

What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain?

Blockchain is a distributed shared accounting technology. What it wants to do is to allow all parties involved to establish a trust relationship at the technical level.

Blockchain can be roughly divided into two levels. One is the underlying technology of the blockchain; the other is the upper-layer application of the blockchain, that is, transformation based on the blockchain, Optimize or innovate applications.

What is the core meaning of blockchain? Our understanding is that the core meaning of blockchain is to establish data credit among participants, and to create a single transaction under clear regulations through unilateral confrontation. The ecology of all aspects jointly guarantees complete opportunities. This is a system. This establishment can end the problems before the blockchain. Before the blockchain, it was impossible to achieve new sharing when data was shared, even if it was targeted. It just gives you an interface. After the blockchain is established, the participants can realize the sharing of credit.

What are the underlying platforms of blockchain?

Answer: There are mainly the following categories:

1. Bitcoin. The earliest blockchain development was based on the Bitcoin blockchain network. Since Bitcoin is the most widely used and truly decentralized in the world, in terms of blockchain applications, Bitcoin is the most widely used blockchain in the world. A strong anchor with the greatest authority.

2. Ethereum. It can be said that apart from Bitcoin, Ethereum is currently the most eye-catching blockchain platform. Ethereum is a Turing-complete blockchain one-stop development platform that uses multiple programming languages ​​to implement protocols. It uses a client written in Go language as the default client (i.e., the method of interacting with the Ethereum network, and supports many other language client).

3. IBM HyperLedger. Also called fabric, its goal is to build a super ledger that is jointly maintained by the whole society. Fabric originated from IBM. Its original intention was to serve industrial production. IBM open sourced 44,000 lines of code, which is a great contribution and allows us to have The opportunity is so close to explore the principles of blockchain that are different from Bitcoin.

4. LISK. It is a new generation of blockchain platform that allows the development of JavaScript (Javascript technology again, engineers, take note) and distribution-based decentralized applications using an easy-to-use, full-featured ecological blockchain system.

5. Online recording blockchain platform. It is the research and development result of the underlying technology of the Wanglu blockchain and a basic platform capable of commercial delivery. In addition to serving the Wanglu public chain, the Wanglu blockchain platform is also the basic platform for Wanglu to create private chains and alliance chains for customers.

What is blockchain? What is blockchain for digital currencies?

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. Ledger. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses automated scripts to A new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm that uses smart contracts composed of code to program and manipulate data.
Nowadays, mainstream digital currencies are basically developed based on blockchain technology. Blockchain is the underlying technology of digital currency. The domestic tea-based digital currency Puyin was developed based on blockchain technology.

What is blockchain

The essence of blockchain is a decentralized accounting system, and Bitcoin is the currency that "exists in digital form" carried on this system. Blockchain is a system behind Bitcoin that consists of credit records and the settlement of credit records.

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithmNew application models of computer technology such as law. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system [1].
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. The "2014-2016 Global Bitcoin Development Research Report" released by Huobi.com, Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance Internet Finance Laboratory and Sina Technology mentioned the area. Blockchain is the underlying technology and infrastructure of Bitcoin [2]. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block< br /> The evolution of blockchain is:
▪ Blockchain 1.0 - digital currency
▪ Blockchain 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts
▪ Blockchain 3.0— —IFMChain, blockchain officially links mobile terminals

VI What is RSK smart contract

RSK smart contract is a smart contract platform RSK (rootstock) based on the Bitcoin blockchain. It was an impressive development platform when it was concepted. In essence, RSK is to create a decentralized, Turing-complete smart contract platform similar to Ethereum. But RSK is based on the Bitcoin ecosystem rather than an independent blockchain. The specific implementation method is to use side chain technology. This approach has both challenges and great benefits.

Smart contract platform:

Smart contracts are a hot topic in current research. Nick Szabo came up with the idea 20 years ago. Generally speaking, it is an electronic contract that can be automatically executed based on trigger conditions. Smart contracts are the next generation of products that realize automated execution in various business environments and have the potential to subvert existing business models. For example, the on-demand economy, such as an insurance contract customized for each trip, reaches the set end of the trip or writes a program to determine, and then The insurance contract is terminated. This insurance model can even be connected to the P2P model, rendering traditional insurance companies useless. These simple examples are all possible through the RSK smart contract platform.

Benefits of RSK:

RSK has many innovations. The first is the Turing-complete virtual machine, which is compatible with the Ethereum virtual machine. Ethereum contracts can run on the RSK virtual machine. RSK aims to achieve a block time of 20 seconds and 300 transfer transactions per second (tps) when launched, which can be expanded to 1,000 tps. Fully reaching Paypal levels, but not yet reaching credit card network throughput. Compared with other platforms, the biggest advantage of RSK is that it is a Bitcoin merged mining, and the security level is equivalent to the Bitcoin network. But this also requires convincing miners to implement it. RSK reveals they will let minersThe workers are profitable, and the transaction fees for executing the contract will make the miners huge profits. It is very likely that the RSK platform will become very popular and contract execution volume will reach a stable level.

VII What are the characteristics of blockchain

The characteristics of blockchain are:

1. It cannot be tampered

The most easily understood feature of blockchain is that it cannot be tampered with. Immutability is based on the unique ledger of "block + chain": blocks containing transactions are continuously added to the end of the chain in chronological order. To modify the data in a block, all blocks after it need to be regenerated.

2. Uniqueness required to express value

Whether it is an interchangeable token (ERC20), a non-interchangeable token (ERC721), or other proposals The token standards and Ethereum tokens all demonstrate an important feature of the blockchain: the uniqueness required to represent value. In the digital world, the most basic unit is a bit, and the fundamental characteristic of a bit is that it can be copied. But the value cannot be copied, the value must be unique.

3. Smart contracts

From Bitcoin to Ethereum, the biggest change in the blockchain is the "smart contract". The Bitcoin system is designed for a digital currency, and its UTXOs and scripts can also handle some complex transactions, but they have significant limitations. When Vitalik created the Ethereum blockchain, his core goals revolved around smart contracts: a Turing-complete scripting language, a virtual machine (EVM) to run smart contracts, and a series of subsequent developments. Standardized smart contracts for different types of tokens, etc.

4. Decentralized self-organization

The fourth major feature of the blockchain is decentralized self-organization. So far, the organization and operations of major blockchain projects have been closely tied to this characteristic. Many people’s ideal expectation for blockchain projects is that they become a community or ecosystem that operates autonomously.

5. Openness.

The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the parties to the transaction being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data through the public interface. and develop related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent.

Ⅷ You have to know the operating principles and development of blockchain!

1. Why is there innovation in blockchain?
The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network. Open code. However, the impact of such an uncomplicated innovation on mankind is epoch-making. It has programmed, agreed, and enforced the basic values ​​required by a unified global market: "freedom, equality, and fraternity." Then the STMP email protocol, HTTP domain name protocol, etc. were derived, achieving low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner. Just like Alibaba vice presidentPresident Gao Hongbing said:
"The Internet is to eliminate the (information) supply chain with very low value and high cost - it is open, interconnected, peer-to-peer, globalized and decentralized."
We know: The essence of the market is also decentralized. It automatically executes decentralized protocols that are "equivalent exchanges." Just as Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase summed up: "The market economy is based on two profound cognitions. Basics: admitting ignorance and tolerating uncertainty." Adam Smith also described the market as: "the invisible hand"! Therefore, the market must require the low-cost flow of information decentralization, and the Internet is adapted to the formation of a global unified market Under the great climate, something unexpected happened.
However, the first generation of Internet decentralized solved the problem of low-cost and efficient transmission of information, but it did not solve the problem of credit of information. Therefore, what the second-generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner so that value transfer can be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency.
So what are the problems with the original centralized credit system? As we all know: centralized credit, such as the legal currencies of various countries, has different credit values, and the clearing systems are also incompatible, which adds a lot of cost to global trade. The current global credit system centered on the US dollar has a "Triffin Paradox" in its mechanism (the essence is that a country's legal currency cannot simultaneously resolve the conflict between its own economic interests and global economic needs). Therefore, in 2009, the Governor of the Central Bank of China, Zhou Ogawa called for the creation of a super-sovereign storage currency. In the same year, Satoshi Nakamoto disclosed the first-generation blockchain source code-"Bitcoin" online.
2. How does the blockchain system operate?
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto knew very well that establishing a credit system for payment must solve the problem of preventing "duplicate payments", that is, no counterfeit currency can be created. The centralized credit system relies on state machinery to prevent counterfeit currency. What about "Bitcoin"? Satoshi Nakamoto's great innovation is to "timestamp" every transaction. There is a block (block: equivalent to a network account book) every ten minutes, and all network transactions for these ten minutes are correctly timestamped. The question is who will cover it? Satoshi Nakamoto did not assume that everyone on the Internet is Lei Feng. He agreed with Adam Smith: people in the market are greedy. He asked the so-called "miners" to compete for the accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks. The rules of the competition were to correctly record the accounting and at the same time solve the SHA256 problem. Who can prove that their computer has the fastest computing power (the so-called PROOF OF WORK mechanism), he can compete for the legal accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks and get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins. This is the so-called "mining" process. It is actually a decentralized credit process that establishes a network-wide ledger - the blockchain. Therefore, the more essential function of miners is "bookkeepers"!
Satoshi Nakamoto is here In its Bitcoin white paper, the process of establishing this credit system is described in detail:
Step 1: In order for the entire network to recognize it as valid, each transaction must be broadcast to each node (node: that is, the miner);
Step 2: Each miner node must correctly timestamp each transaction in these ten minutes and record it in that block;
Step 3: Each miner node must pass the solution SHA256 puzzle to compete for the legal accounting rights of this ten-minute block, and strive to get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins (fifty bitcoins every ten minutes for the first four years, decreasing by half every four years);
Step 4: If a miner node solves the SHA256 puzzle of these ten minutes, it will publish all the timestamped transactions recorded in its ten-minute blocks to the entire network, and they will be checked by other miner nodes in the entire network;
Step 5: Other miner nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting (because they are also stamping the accounting at the same time, but they have not competed for the legal block accounting rights, so there is no reward). If there is no error, they The next block will be competed after the legal block, thus forming a single chain of legal accounting blocks, which is the general ledger of the Bitcoin payment system - the blockchain.
Generally speaking, each transaction must undergo six block confirmations, that is, six ten-minute accounting, before it can finally be recognized as a legal transaction on the blockchain. The following is the accounting format of Bitcoin:
So the so-called "Bitcoin" is such a billing system: it includes the owner electronically signing with the private key and paying to the next owner, and then the entire network's "miners" "Time stamp the account and form a blockchain.
3. What are the innovations in Bitcoin’s blockchain finance?
Similar to gold, trying to establish decentralized credit on the global Internet may allow value to flow across the entire network at high speed and at low rates (currently each transfer The transfer rate is one ten thousandth);
The total amount of currency is agreed upon by the cryptographic protocol;
Compared to gold, digital currency is infinitely divisible;
The value of currency can be based on a large number of P2P transactions ;
Full transparency in financial management (every transaction can be traced on the blockchain).
Bitcoin’s blockchain-wide accounting system has established a market value of US$10 billion, the highest on the global Internet. Therefore, Wu Xiaoling, dean of Tsinghua PBC School of Finance, pointed out: The blockchain experiment established distributed credit, which is an upgraded version of Internet TCP/IP, upgrading from information transmission to value transmission;
4. Bitcoin’s blocks What are the inherent flaws of the chain system?
Bitcoin’s blockchain system has had successes since it was open sourced on the Internet in 2009, but it also shows some inherent flaws that are difficult to overcome:
The total amount cannot be adjusted at any time As the market situation changes, it will inevitably rise and fall sharply;
Mining is high-carbon. Only less than 1% of miners can compete for the accounting rights of blocks of less than ten minutes, and more than 99% of other miners participating in the competition have the computing power. Waste;
The annual inflation of about 10% has greatly increased the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecology, and even threatened her survival;
As a decentralized self-organizing DAC system, the operating costs of the accounting and issuance functions are too high high.
As a global payment system, its efficiency is far from that of a global payment system.actual requirements for global trade. The Bitcoin network currently confirms a maximum of 7 transactions per second. In comparison, Visa's network system can process 10,000 transactions per second at the fastest, and Alipay's record is 80,000 transactions per second on Singles' Day in 2014!
5. Block The development of chain technology 2.0:
As the 2.0 upgrade and development of blockchain, it first focuses on solving the high-carbon mining of Bitcoin accounting:
When we discuss how to overcome the high carbon of Bitcoin mining and accounting Professor Liu Taoxiong from the Tsinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining competition relies on computing power. In the end, only one company competes for the legal accounting rights, and the other 99% of the miner nodes are mined for nothing, which is a waste of resources. It is obviously unreasonable. If The whole network transparently knows the legal accounting rights of the next block, and it is randomly generated in the entire network, which eliminates the high carbon cost of competitive accounting! After hearing this, we all praised Professor Liu for his brilliant idea, because the second generation is now more successful. Coin NXT has this mechanism. Their white paper is called "Transparent Forging". However, the probability of the accounting rights going to someone is directly proportional to the NXT token holdings in each miner node wallet. This is called the proof of equity mechanism ( PROOF OF STOCK). Of course, this also triggered a debate about the unfairness of NXT’s distribution of tokens to early investment developers!
RIPPLE is a semi-decentralized blockchain solution that uses “trusted gateways” to conduct block operations. The credibility of chain accounting is based on the consensus ledger protocol that these gateways will not do evil at the same time.
The most ambitious attempt is Ethereum, which combines blockchain technology with Turing completeness, hoping to develop a basic platform that can support the construction of various blockchain systems in the future. The development of various credit currencies, digital assets, smart protocols and even financial derivatives. The system design is to unify blockchain accounting on the ETHERUM platform and be used by all developers. Maybe their official version will be released in the near future.
6. Possible applications of blockchain innovation in other fields:
Now, blockchain’s attempts to establish decentralized credit are no longer limited to the financial world, but have attracted attention from all fields of society, especially in At present, some of China's central credit institutions, such as the "Red Cross", are in a "collapse" situation. Blockchain can provide a new way of thinking and technical options for social management. The following are some new developments and related discussions we have learned about:
The combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things unifies digital assets and atomic assets, smooths the difference between consumer assets and cash assets, expands public credit, and accelerates value circulation; (IBM-Samsung)
Built on the blockchain Intellectual property protection system, accounting for the use of intellectual property across the entire network, and establishing a global advertising market;
Whether blockchain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-based cryptographic currencies by emerging economies along the Belt and Road;
Block Chain + cloud computing can develop into a decentralized self-media and community system;
Blockchain canTo build a decentralized equity crowdfunding system, innovative projects can enter the circulation field in advance;
Blockchain can develop a fully transparent financial management system;
Blockchain supports the establishment of global decentralized corporate organizations.
In short, in this era when credit has become a scarce resource, the technological innovation of blockchain, as a distributed credit model, provides new opportunities for finance, social management, talent evaluation and decentralized organization construction in the global market. All provide a broad development prospect.