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㈠ What is an exchange and what is its role

What is an exchange and what is its role?
1. What is an exchange? An information platform for trading certain information and items, etc. requires a fixed location called an exchange. The exchange, with the help of the information platform, realizes the sharing of property rights information, off-site transactions, unified coordination, and balances the property rights trading market and various terms.
2. What should you pay attention to when developing an exchange? 1. Choose a safe and reliable company that meets your needs. 2. Open a company and set up a company bank account 3. Apply for or assist in digital asset exchange licenses in operating areas as much as possible.
3. What is the use of blockchain exchanges? Building exchanges can meet the public’s need to make money, and is safe and stable. Blockchain exchanges are different from general trading platforms. Blockchain exchanges have the characteristics of distributed accounting, openness, and non-tampering and deletion. Suppose you keep accounts together, since everyone has written them down, but do they dare to change them? The answer is no, why don’t you dare to change it? Because it is very difficult and risky, unless everyone reaches an agreement and conspires to change the ledger, it will be too difficult. Why everyone keeps accounts at the same time? Because it ensures fairness, openness and disintermediation. The same is true for blockchain. Once the data is imported and the currency is listed on the exchange, it is very difficult and almost impossible to modify it.
4. How exchanges make money 1. Handling fees, this is the basic profit point. Usually both parties to the transaction need to pay a certain proportion of handling fees to the platform during the entire matching transaction process. At present, the main ratio is about one thousandth to five thousandths. '2. Coin listing fees. The role of investment banks is to provide currency issuance and underwriting services for digital currencies. The main method is for investors to use cash to conduct over-the-counter transactions to purchase "fiat currencies" (referring to circulating virtual currencies recognized by exchanges), and then Use fiat currency to purchase tokens of the issued currency. 3. Market makers. Compared with traditional stock exchanges, digital currency exchanges not only match transactions, but also play the role of market makers. The role of the market maker is to increase the liquidity of the market and thereby earn the price difference.
Sha Seng Technology is inspiring to develop blockchain technology, Manager Wang: (15/5) *9043/II31. Successfully mastered the block in 11 years Technology related to chain digital assets. We have been at the forefront of blockchain technology for many years. Currently, we have developed many blockchain systems: blockchain wallets, public chains, alliance chains, private chains, exchanges: OTC transactions, C2C Transactions, currency transactions, etc., quantitative contracts, blockchain IM, blockchain asset interest generation, blockchain BAAS platform, blockchain anti-counterfeiting traceability, blockchain payment, blockchain practical application implementation projects. On the road of blockchain, we have left too many technical footprints. If you want to know more about Sha Seng Technology, please come and cooperate. Build a digital currency exchange, a virtual currency trading platform, and a virtual currency payment system.

㈡ How to use blockchain technology to protect platforms in the copyright field

Recently, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for Cultural Development", which includes fifteen items including "prospering cultural and literary creation and production" and "promoting high-quality development of the cultural industry". main content. Among the fifteen main contents, the State Council attaches great importance to the development of new technologies such as blockchain, copyright protection, and the application and promotion of blockchain technology in strengthening copyright protection. The key keywords of "using blockchain technology and strengthening copyright protection" were highlighted many times.
Improving the copyright protection system. Improve copyright registration and collective management systems, improve copyright protection and trading systems, and strengthen copyright full-chain protection and business development. Strengthen digital copyright protection and encourage qualified institutions and units to build copyright protection platforms based on blockchain technology. Strengthen copyright protection in traditional culture, traditional knowledge and other fields.
Ebaoquan's brand micro-copyright pioneers the "blockchain + judicial + intellectual property protection" model, which can provide work rights confirmation, infringement monitoring, and other services for various industries such as media, photography, design, animation, games, and law firms. One-stop full-chain intellectual property protection services such as network forensics and evidence-based rights protection. Promote and intensify the supervision and crackdown on infringement and piracy, improve the construction of the copyright protection system, ensure the effective implementation of the "Sword Net" special action, increase the enthusiasm of literary and artistic workers for innovation and creation, and prosper cultural and artistic creation and production.
Micro-copyright uses blockchain encryption technology to store data in a multi-node, decentralized manner, and synchronizes the certificates through the blockchain to nodes such as notary offices, judicial appraisal centers, copyright protection centers, and Internet courts, and solidifies them in a timely manner. The content of the certificate is effectively tamper-proof, ensuring that the entire process is traceable, all data is verifiable, and the entire link is credible. Promote the establishment and improvement of a cultural and technological integration innovation system, strengthen the protection and operation development of the entire copyright chain, and promote the high-quality development of the cultural industry!

㈢ How to define blockchain and what are its application scenarios

Many people now think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything, which is somewhat different. Blockchain technology is a myth!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.

Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad

As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.

Blockchain technology features include:

Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can be operated collaboratively in various places is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (a characteristic of centralization). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate in itsmiddle. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).

At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.

At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.

As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.

Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.

Blockchain is a distributed ledger (database) that connects data blocks in an orderly manner and cryptographically ensures that it cannot be tampered with or forged. technology. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can achieve openness, transparency, non-tampering, non-forgery, and traceability of all data information in the system without the need for third-party endorsement. As an underlying protocol or technical solution, blockchain can effectively solve the problem of trust and realize the free transfer of value. It has broad prospects in the fields of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government affairs, and certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services.

Digital currency

After experiencing physical objects, precious metals, banknotes and other forms, digital currency has become the development direction of the digital economy era. Compared with physical currency, digital currency has the characteristics of easy portability and storage, low circulation cost, convenient use, easy anti-counterfeiting and management, breaking geographical restrictions, and better integration.

Bitcoin technically implements an electronic cash system in which both parties to the transaction can directly transfer funds to each other without the need for third-party transfer or arbitration. In June 2019, the Internet giant Facebook also released a white paper on its cryptocurrency Libra. Whether it is Bitcoin or Libra, the underlying technology they rely on is blockchain technology.

my country began the development of central bank digital currency as early as 2014. my country's digital currency DC/EP adopts a two-tier operating system: the central bank does not directly issue digital currency to the public. Instead, the central bank redeems the digital currency to various commercial banks or other legal operating institutions, and then these institutions exchange it for public supply. its use. In early August 2019, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of the year. The meeting called for accelerating the pace of research and development of the national legal digital currency.

Financial asset transaction settlement

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes, and it is causing disruptive changes in the financial industry. In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, multiple market participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. Payment, clearing, and settlement that currently take two or three days can be completed in just a few minutes. tasks, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows. In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complicated. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. Issuers handle issuance on their own through smart contracts, and regulatory authorities With unified review and verification, investors can also bypass intermediaries and conduct direct operations. In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Digital Government Affairs

Blockchain can make data run and greatly streamline the service process. The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and the subsequent steps can be completed in sequence. All approvals and signatures. Blockchain invoice is the earliest application of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion. Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain technology to realize the transparency of poverty alleviation funds.Proper use, precise delivery and efficient management.

Evidence-based anti-counterfeiting

Blockchain can prove the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, and it is open, non-tamperable, and traceable. It provides perfect solutions for judicial forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc. In the field of intellectual property, the digital signature of blockchain technology and on-chain certificates can confirm the rights of text, pictures, audio and video, etc., and create and execute transactions through smart contracts, allowing creators to regain pricing power and preserve data formation in real time. The evidence chain covers the three major scenarios of rights confirmation, transaction and rights protection. In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Data services

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize existing big data applications and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for all data applications such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation. In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and application needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain application scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed. The limelight overshadowed everything. Some people said that this was the arrival of a new era. The past It has become a classic, and some people say that it is all hype and is ultimately a bubble.

In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.

Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.

Take online works rights protection as an example, since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, and does not conduct real-time confirmation of rights during the generation of evidence, the entire rights confirmation process takes a long time, and the evidence collection is difficult and costly. It is extremely difficult to provide evidence and trace the source, and there is no way to satisfy the needs of the network. The works spread quickly and in large quantities.

eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated in the process in real time. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.

Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.

Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.

From a technical perspective, blockchain is not a brand-new technology, but a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, and smart contracts. Specifically, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner.

Due to its advantages such as "decentralization", "distributed data storage", "traceability", "anti-tampering", and "openness and transparency", blockchain technology can effectively solve data problems. By establishing a trustworthy data management environment, we can prevent and avoid various data management problems such as data fraud, tampering, and loss, and promote the efficient sharing and application of data. In the process of practice and exploration, the application scope of blockchain technology continues to expand, especially in the field of public resource transactions, and continues to empower public resource transaction management services.

Promote transaction data sharing and transaction witnessing

Promote transaction data sharing

Currently, the data of different trading centers are not interoperable, and the subject information of different trading centers needs to be repeatedly entered and bidders in the bid evaluation process Problems include difficulty in verifying the off-site performance provided, difficulty in troubleshooting when the same person serves as project manager repeatedly, and low cost of breach of trust by transaction entities. Establishing a cross-regional subject database based on blockchain can well alleviate the above problems.

The distributed ledger feature based on the blockchain can effectively ensure the real-time or quasi-real-time sharing of data, and can reduce the repeated entry of subject information; the use of blockchain information that cannot be tampered with can ensure the data circulation process on the chain. The authenticity of the bidders in the regional alliance is directly obtained from the on-chain data, making it impossible to hide the fake performance. At the same time, the sharing of bidding behavior data through the blockchain provides a data basis for the development of "joint punishment of dishonest enterprises".

Blockchain-based transaction witness

"Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Integration and Sharing of Public Resource Trading Platforms" ( The State Office Letter [2019] No. 41) pointed out the need to optimize services such as witnessing, venues, information, files, and expert extraction. However, at present, public resource transaction process witnessing is mainly based on manual on-site witnessing, which has limited witnessing intensity, high occupation of human resources, and limited witnessing effect. Due to its centralized characteristics, the traditional digital witness system is prone to data tampering, and the data is easily damaged or lost during the storage and migration process, which has certain flaws in terms of security and usability.

Utilize the distributed, difficult to tamper, and traceable characteristics of the blockchain to solidify and store the data generated in each transaction link, and accurately record the data generated through time stamp technology, summary algorithm, and electronic signature technology. Time, content, data source. According to the technical characteristics of the blockchain, simple structured data can be directly saved on the blockchain. For unstructured layout files, videos, audio and other large files, the summary information and original files can be saved through the blockchain. Save via a distributed file storage service. When there are disputes or problems in a transaction, the blockchain can provide a set of credible transaction process data and clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the transaction. Achieve the goals of risk prevention and control in all aspects, traceability of the entire process, and improvement of all-round services.

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

Promote financial services and corporate financing for bidding companies

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

At present, electronic bidding deposit guarantee letters have certain applications in the field of bidding, solving the problem of bidding deposit funds for bidding companies. Occupancy issues. However, because financial institutions currently do not have reliable bidder historical bidding behavior data,The inability to distinguish the default risks of different bidders leads to the adoption of fixed rates for guarantee services charged to bidders, so that the guarantee costs of a small number of bidders with high default risks are allocated to the majority of bidders with low default risks. The guarantee rates for most bidders have been increased to some extent.

At present, it is up to the bidder to choose whether to use an electronic letter of guarantee, and the rate is the main choice basis for the bidder. If the bidder performance records are shared through the blockchain and the performance risks of different bidders are analyzed, it will be Different bidders provide different guarantee rates, which not only reduces the risks of financial institutions, but also reduces the use costs of most bidders and promotes the use of bid guarantees. To a certain extent, it can also encourage bidders to abide by their promises and maintain the order of the bidding market. .

Promote financial services for bidding companies

The bidding behavior of bidders is scattered in various trading centers, and the data is simply aggregated In a centralized information system, there is a risk of data tampering (untrustworthy), and valuable bidder transaction behavior data cannot be gathered and shared safely and reliably. Through blockchain technology, bidders from multiple trading centers are gathered, and historical bidding, winning bids, defaults, violations and other behavioral records provide data support for financial institutions to evaluate the bidders' credit in the bidding sub-sector.

Solving the financing problems of successful bidders

Traditional corporate loans mainly evaluate the company's solvency: collateral, audit There are requirements for accurate financial statements and sustained profitability, but most small and medium-sized enterprises cannot provide these "proofs" at all. Difficulty and expensive financing have become problems faced by many small and medium-sized enterprises in bidding activities. Using the methods of the past will no longer work. To solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can only rely on new technologies and new tools. With the help of the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain, primary business data from multiple trading centers are gathered, and big data analysis technology is combined to build a portrait of a credible bidder. On the one hand, it improves the risk control level of financial institutions and taps high-quality bidding companies. On the other hand, it lowers the loan threshold for bidding companies and optimizes the service experience.

Drawing on the supply chain finance model, the bidder is a core enterprise with good credit in government departments, national enterprises and institutions, and the winning contract obtained by the winning bidder as a supplier is considered by financial institutions to be a high-quality asset. Apply for a loan from a financial institution. Under the traditional paper-based model, there is a risk of order and contract fraud and the process is cumbersome. Centralized information systems require operators to have strong authority. The distributed ledger and difficult-to-tamper characteristics of the blockchain will help solve the above problems. The contract signing between the tenderer and the bidder and the subsequent financial service links will be realized on the blockchain, which not only solves the problem of data trustworthiness but also reduces the risk of corruption. The entire system relies on a centralized authority.

Through further analysis, we found that credit sales are currently prevalent among domestic enterprises, and the upstream suppliers of the successful bidderThe funding gap is large, the credit of the tenderer can only be passed to the winning bidder (the winning contract cannot be split or transferred), and upstream suppliers cannot obtain high-quality loans from financial institutions. If the winning contract is converted into a "pass" on the chain, the "pass" can be split, and the winning bidder holding the "pass" can pay part or all of the voucher to the upstream supplier, making it discountable and financing. The "tokens" on the chain can be split and transferred from first-level suppliers to second-level (and multi-level) suppliers, thereby allowing core enterprise credit to be transferred to multi-level suppliers. The shortage of funds from suppliers due to credit sales has been solved, improving the business environment; through value transfer through the blockchain, the financing cycle has been greatly shortened; the cost of supplier loans has been reduced, which will help reduce the production costs of raw materials or intermediate products, and ultimately Increase bidders' profit margins and indirectly reduce bidders' costs.

Regarding blockchain, we can imagine a decentralized management model and technical processing method.

Let me give you an example. There are five people in your family, and they have never been able to figure out how to arrange work and handle family relationships.

So, you and your family discuss it together and simply use voting to solve the problem.

Then this way of voting to solve problems can be called the most elementary blockchain.

Decentralization solves problems.

What application scenarios can blockchain have?

In fact, many of our families and many organizations use blockchain management forms every day

However, this kind of blockchain application for organizational relationships cannot produce Economic Value.

What are the economic applications of blockchain?

The first type is used for tax deposit certificates, bank transfers, etc.

Make full use of the traceability function of the blockchain so that all records can be retrieved and queried at any time

The second type is applied to enterprise operation and management

Enterprises using blockchain management can better solve the problems of enterprise development and allow enterprises to Able to develop faster and make more money.

Summary: The application scenarios of blockchain include taxation, bank transfers, etc., and can also be applied to business operations.

The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.

Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. becauseDecentralized, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.

In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.

At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.

Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.

The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.

An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since traffic fraud in digital advertising causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud

In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode

What is blockchain

If you explain blockchain in non-technical terms, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone. Therefore, in the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, having such a place will be like a magical treasure land.

What can the blockchain do?

If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:

Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.

If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.

itsThe characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat. The security is greatly improved. The entire transaction network changes from a star to a star. The structure has become a point-to-point P2P structure.

In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.

1. Cloud storage

This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?

Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.

2. Medical aspects

Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.

㈣ Blockchain has officially entered the 3.0 era, and real estate, supply chain, etc. will become key areas of application

With the continuous development of blockchain, blockchain The application scope of blockchain is getting wider and wider. With the improvement of scalability and efficiency, the application scope of blockchain will go beyond finance and expand to fields such as logistics, real estate and the Internet of Things, becoming the lowest level of future society. Agreement, this means that the blockchain will enter the 3.0 era.

The blockchain 1.0 era is represented by BTC (decentralized concept), which plays more of a distributed accounting role, such as BTC, Ripple, BCH, Litecoin, Dogecoin, etc. It is more used for digital currency accounting. Of course, the development in the first stage is not perfect. Bitcoin still has many problems that need to be solved, such as expansion, lightning payments, hard forks, etc.

With further completion, the blockchain has entered the 2.0 era, represented by ETH (smart contract), entering the contract stage.

Blockchain 2.0 represented by ETH is a great progress, but there are still many problems, such as channel congestion, slow transaction speed, and fork risk. High handling fees and so on. ExampleFor example, after the popular CryptoKitties were launched on the Ethereum platform, they occupied about 25% of the Ethereum network at its peak, causing congestion on the entire Ethereum network and seriously affecting the experience of other Ethereum users. The current development is a transition process from the first stage to the second stage.

After bidding farewell to the 1.0 and 2.0 eras, thanks to the continuous development of technology, blockchain has become more practical. This also means that the blockchain will completely break away from the financial attributes of the start-up period and enter practical application scenarios in all walks of life with its decentralization and other characteristics.

This also means that the blockchain has officially opened its 3.0 era - the era of comprehensive application. The blockchain industry structure in the 3.0 era is also more complex. Today I will give you a brief analysis.

The blockchain industry in the 3.0 era is divided into three levels: basic layer, service layer and application layer.

(1), Basic layer

The corresponding upstream, middle and downstream of the industrial chain include: upstream underlying technology and infrastructure (core technology, equipment, underlying platform deployment method), the midstream service layer mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology; the downstream application layer includes finance, supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, government enterprises, services, social applications, etc.

Hardware, technology and infrastructure manufacturers mainly provide chips, mining machines, mining pools, hard drives, routers and other infrastructure necessary for blockchain applications.

The underlying platform deployment methods can be divided into public chain, alliance chain, and private chain.

The underlying technology includes core basic components, protocols and algorithms. Based on the underlying core technology components, it provides different functions for different application scenarios, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

The base layer provides the underlying blockchain or distributed ledger technology framework, mainly including Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, FISCO BCOS, etc.

(2) Service layer

The service layer refers to the BaaS (Blockchain as a Service) platform. The main domestic BaaS platforms are Ant Blockchain BaaS platform, Tencent Cloud TBaaS, Ping An One Account BaaS platform, etc.

Mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology, which is based on the underlying technology.Provides productized services such as smart contracts, information security, and data services to improve the convenience and scalability of developers developing applications at the platform layer.

Application and service vendors are responsible for the research and development of general blockchain technology and technology expansion platforms, digital currency education and storage platform construction, etc., and provide technology for the industry application layer. support.

(3) Application layer

The application layer is represented by core application components, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

Refers to the end user or service provider of blockchain. The main application scenarios of blockchain now include cross-border payment, anti-counterfeiting traceability, and supply chain. Finance, trade finance, electronic bills, ABS, etc.

Service objects are divided into two categories: B-side (initial stage): blockchain + (finance, supply chain management, copyright protection, education); C-side (first to land): blockchain+ (sharing economy, pan-entertainment).

The downstream blockchain application field is the combination of blockchain technology and existing industries. Now, Many industries have begun the application era of blockchain 3.0.

(1) Blockchain + supply chain

Blockchain + supply chain enables full-process traceability of product information. The traceability and anti-counterfeiting system of the traditional supply chain has shortcomings such as opaque information, easy data tampering, poor security and relative closure. However, using blockchain technology and Internet of Things technology, the information on the raw material purchasing process, production process and circulation process of goods can be processed. Integration and traceability can truly realize the full-process authentic traceability across brands, channels, retailers, and consumers, down to each item and code, significantly improving user trust experience.

(2), Blockchain + Internet of Things

Build an information exchange network in the era of Internet of Everything. As the number of devices in the Internet of Things grows, the distributed nature of the blockchain provides a way for self-governance of the Internet of Things, which can help devices in the Internet of Things understand each other and understand the correlation between different devices, thereby realizing the distribution of the Internet of Things. type control.

(3), Blockchain + Medical

Ensure the safe sharing of medical data. Using blockchain technology to mathematically encrypt medical data can effectively prevent risks such as malicious modification of medical data. The medical data sharing and exchange system developed using blockchain technology can upload encrypted medical data, allowing data to be transferred quickly and easily between patients and medical institutions.Efficiently and safely share and circulate, effectively simplifying the medical data calling process and providing data guarantee for accurate diagnosis of illness.

(4) Blockchain + Real Estate

There are many potential application scenarios of blockchain in the real estate industry. Common ones include: Real estate transactions. Pain points in the process of buying and selling property include: lack of transparency during and after the transaction, reams of paperwork, potential for fraud, errors in public records, and that’s just to name a few. Blockchain provides a way to achieve the need for paperless and fast transactions. In addition, real estate blockchain applications can help record, trace and transfer title deeds, deeds, liens, etc., and also provide a platform for financial companies, title companies and mortgage companies. Blockchain technology strives to securely preserve files while enhancing transparency and reducing costs. In addition, blockchain is also applied in the field of construction engineering, and many companies are applying this technology in the current urban renewal boom. For example, Shenzhen's Lanfang Chain has proposed a package of solutions such as blockchain + urban renewal/construction engineering/real estate development based on blockchain, which comprehensively serves many fields in the real estate industry. Currently, its official website and mobile applications are online.

In addition, blockchain has already had many applications in supply chain finance, stock trading, banking, etc., so I won’t go into details here.

As one of the important contents of my country’s 14th Five-Year Plan, officials have already proposed to accelerate the promotion of blockchain Technological and industrial innovation and development, and actively promote the integrated development of blockchain and economy and society.

The key to achieving the above two developments lies in the following two points:

1. Breakthrough in the core technology of blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology is currently the technology with the smallest gap between my country and Europe and the United States. Officials particularly emphasize that in this emerging field, my country must be at the forefront of theory, occupy the commanding heights of innovation, and gain new industrial advantages. It is necessary to promote collaborative research, accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies, and provide safe and controllable technical support for the development of blockchain applications.

At present, most of the blockchain technology is still in the conceptual hype stage, and many business scenarios use blockchain purely for the sake of blockchain. So far, no one in our country has been able to solve core technical dilemmas such as the ternary paradox on a global scale. Therefore, we must return to basic theories and core technologies and achieve major breakthroughs through long-term and concentrated research.

In fact, the official has put forward very high requirements for the theoretical technology and subsequent application development of blockchain technology., Doing a good job in basic theoretical research on blockchain, focusing on conquering a number of key core technologies, and truly shouldering the burden of technology research and development are the keys to the current development of blockchain.

2. Enhance international voice and rule-making power.

Different from previous information technologies, blockchain technology is highly scalable, or aggressive. Its rules or right to speak determine its scope of influence, because every business on the chain is Individuals or institutions must obey the rules set by the blockchain, whether at home or abroad. For example, everyone must obey the rules of Windows when using the Windows system, but Windows only stipulates the rules for information interaction for users, which is acceptable to us, while the blockchain stipulates industry governance rules. With its distributed characteristics, the governance rules of the blockchain can quickly transcend national borders and geographical restrictions.

In order to achieve the above two points, we must strengthen the construction of the talent team, establish and improve the talent training system, create various forms of high-level talent training platforms, and cultivate a A group of leading figures and a high-level innovation team.

Blockchain, as an architectural innovation technology, has a huge demand for comprehensive talents, requiring practitioners to master a variety of professional and technical knowledge involving cryptography, information science, basic mathematics, etc. To develop blockchain, we must strengthen the construction of a talent team with deep cross-integration of disciplines, and establish a talent cultivation system in a forward-looking and systematic manner from the aspects of basic research, applied research and development, and industrial integration.

Blockchain technology is an important part of the future digital economy and has rich advantages for all walks of life. Although we have entered the 3.0 era, the vertical application of blockchain in various industries has just begun.

What do you think of the future of blockchain?

㈤ What is "Blockchain"

Blockchain technology is a technology that jointly maintains reliable databases through decentralization and elimination of trust. Four keywords can be used to describe blockchain technology: trust reduction, decentralization, collective maintenance and reliable database.

When we talk about the concept of "blockchain", Bitcoin is definitely a topic that will not be ignored. In recent years, Bitcoin has begun to enter the public eye, especially in 2017, which has continued to skyrocket throughout the year, making many people aware of this emerging thing.

Blockchain is actually the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Bitcoin exists because people on the Internet who don’t know each other can move and trade digital currency through the Bitcoin network. And this is driven by blockchain technology. All Bitcoin transactions are recorded on the blockchain ledger. To some extent, in the application of Bitcoin, blocksThe chain plays the role of the underlying database of the bank transaction system. Both are for "keeping accounts". Although it is not very prudent to refer to the blockchain directly as a "database", for the sake of ease of understanding, let's temporarily call it a decentralized, shared and encrypted database. If described in professional terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology.

Blockchain can usually be divided into the following types:

1. Public blockchain. Anyone can access data on a public blockchain, and anyone can issue transactions waiting to be written to the blockchain. Participants in the consensus process (corresponding to miners in Bitcoin at the time) maintain the security of the database through cryptography and built-in economic incentives.

2. Collaborative blockchain. The nodes participating in the blockchain are pre-selected, and there are likely to be good network connections between the nodes. Other consensus algorithms other than proof-of-work can be used on such a blockchain. For example, a blockchain has been established among a hundred financial institutions, and it is stipulated that more than two-thirds of the institutions must agree to reach a consensus. The data on such a blockchain can be either public or shared internally by these node participants.

3. Private blockchain. The participating nodes are only individual users, and the access and use of data are subject to strict permission management. Most of the internally used blockchain technologies announced by some financial institutions recently are vague and may fall into this range.

The blockchain is a public ledger. There is no centralized hardware or management organization. Anyone can automatically verify the authenticity of the ledger and easily discover whether the ledger has been tampered with by others.

In a word, the blockchain is a public ledger that can be verified by everyone.

The concept of being verifiable by everyone is crucial to blockchain.

Bitcoin uses the blockchain to record all transactions, so anyone knows the number of Bitcoins on each account.

So, as a publicly verifiable ledger, what are some use cases for blockchain?

In fact, there are many use cases that can be thought of. Blockchain is suitable for any data that can be recorded on a public ledger. Here are 4 examples:

1. Decentralized domain name server, namely domain currency. The domain name server is actually a ledger that records domain names.

2. Trustless public key encryption, such as https that discards unreliable certification authorities.

3. Ownership records, truthfully record the items and their corresponding owners.

4. Contracts and performance guarantees, the account book truthfully records the parties to the contract and saves the contract text.

But don’t forget that blockchain also has a very important component.

The ledger recorded using blockchain technology will always be updated. New data such as transactions, fieldsName inputs, records, contracts, etc. will be converted into hash values ​​of the same length by the hash algorithm and saved. However, hashing algorithms are not only not free but also very expensive.

Therefore, the ledger itself needs to have a recognition system to recognize the person who enters the block hash value.

In Bitcoin, this system is called mining and is rooted in the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin miners use a hash algorithm to convert transactions waiting for verification into hash values, and charge a certain amount of Bitcoin as a service fee.

Therefore, for non-monetary use cases, blockchain needs to find a way to bear the high cost of hashing algorithms.

I would like to remind everyone that my answer mainly focuses on the possible use cases of blockchain technology, and does not cover all aspects of blockchain, such as why hashing algorithms are so expensive. I'm sure you can find a lot of detailed information about Bitcoin and other blockchain applications online.

Supplement

Although blockchain technology has many advantages, there are still some less than ideal use cases. For example, there is no way to convert Bitcoin into any national currency; a ledger with billions of data entries would take up space and be impractical.

Bitcoin has shown the world that blockchain technology is feasible in principle, and people are also trying to solve these increasingly prominent problems, such as technological transformation of Bitcoin or the introduction of a completely Different blockchain technologies. I think the following two methods are worth trying: one is to split the ledger according to certain standards such as the payer address, and the other is to introduce a main blockchain to verify the sub-blockchain. Blockchain technology is ever-changing and dazzling, and it’s unknown whether someone is already making such an attempt. But Bitcoin is still the world's first currency blockchain, what others call a cryptocurrency.

Whether in the technology circle or the financial circle, blockchain has become the hottest word, no one. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, and can perfectly solve problems such as information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development of the sharing economy, making "individual economy" possible. Based on this, blockchain technology is considered to be the core technology that has the greatest potential to trigger the fifth wave of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology.

In this context, a blockchain craze was born in society, and everyone praised it overwhelmingly. Dialectics tells us that everything has flaws, and only by seeing the pros and cons of things can we make rational decisions. Therefore, in this article, Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, focuses on pouring some cold water on the blockchain.

| What is blockchain

Blockchain, English Blockchain, nameThe word has a rather mysterious technological atmosphere and can be simply broken down into "data blocks" and "links". Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and is encrypted using cryptographic methods; the link means that each block has a link relationship with the next block, thus forming a blockchain.

It is generally believed that blockchain has two major characteristics: decentralization and trustlessness. A brief introduction is as follows:

Since each block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a specific period of time, Therefore, each block is equal, and the damage of a single block does not affect the security of the entire system, so the blockchain has decentralized characteristics.

Similarly, since each block contains all the information of the system, the authenticity of the information can be cross-verified. Only by breaking through more than 51% of the nodes can the information be tampered with. In a large enough blockchain system , the cost is extremely high, it can be considered that the information in the blockchain is true, so the blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness.

Most people’s understanding of blockchain begins with Bitcoin. The relationship between the two is that blockchain is the underlying technology and concept, and Bitcoin is only the most popular application of blockchain at present. .

Maybe the above is not popular enough. Finally, let me summarize, what do you think the blockchain is? Is it a disruptive new technology? NO! According to Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, blockchain is not so much a new technology as it is a new ideological concept. The information encryption and other technologies included in the blockchain have been around for a long time, and it is more of a conceptual innovation. This is also the reason why the blockchain has a huge impact. New technologies will be surpassed sooner or later, ranging from one or two years to four to five years; only innovative ideas have enough energy to affect all aspects of the economy and society.

| Blockchain is expected to change the underlying rules of the financial system

In applications in the financial field, blockchain will change the transaction process and record keeping methods, thus significantly reducing transaction costs. It has significantly improved efficiency and is considered to have a broad market environment in digital currency, cross-border payment and clearing, bill trading, securities issuance and trading, property rights transactions, customer credit reporting, anti-fraud, and anti-money laundering.

Such a good technology is naturally sought after by everyone. Like many traditional financial people, Hong Yanweiyu resisted it at first, thinking that this thing was not that great, and did not do any research specifically. Later, as the research on financial technology gradually deepened, it was discovered that blockchain was an obstacle that could not be bypassed, because whether it was robo-advisory, big data risk control or online lending, they were only technological innovations at the financial business level and risk control level. It has not penetrated the bottom layer of the financial system. What is the underlying layer of the financial system? Naturally, it is payment and settlement, transaction rules and system interaction. What the blockchain changes is precisely the underlying rules.

Therefore, throughout the world, financial institutions are the most active in researching blockchain., nothing else, just really scared. After the decentralization and trustless features of the blockchain are fully utilized, what else will the intermediaries of financial institutions do? It is estimated that this is also the first feeling of many people who have a preliminary understanding of blockchain.

In this article, Hong Yanweiyu focuses on pouring cold water on this view.

| Subverting the financial system, blockchain still faces two mountains

Marxist dialectics tells us that everything has two sides. The more prominent the advantages, the more obvious the flaws. It’s just the perspective. Just different. The two major problems with blockchain subverting the financial system lie precisely in the two major advantages of decentralization and trustlessness.

First, let’s talk about decentralization. First, we need to clarify a truth. Does centralization necessarily mean low efficiency? Of course not. Within a specific scope, the concentration of resources brought about by centralization can greatly improve efficiency. This is also the reason why human beings evolve from individuals to villages to tribes and then to countries in the process of evolution. Take UnionPay as an example. UnionPay is the clearing and settlement center for the domestic banking industry. After UnionPay is established, each bank only needs to connect with UnionPay to realize transactions with all banks. If it is decentralized, without UnionPay, each bank will need to When communicating with all counterparties, which one is more efficient? Therefore, there is no need to beat centralization to death with a stick. The decentralization feature of blockchain is destined to only play a role in specific fields (that is, fields that are not suitable for centralization). How can it subvert everything?

Furthermore, it is a matter of trust. There is nothing wrong with detrusting itself, but the technical logic behind it is deeply flawed. Blockchain relies on universal accounting to achieve trustlessness, that is, all transaction information is retained in each block for system cross-verification to identify authenticity. Here comes the problem. Each block retains all transaction information. There is no problem on a small blockchain. However, as more and more information is added, it will inevitably lead to an explosive growth of transaction information and will also bring information. Dramatic increase in storage costs. At the same time, the greater the amount of information, the longer cross-validation takes and the lower the efficiency. Therefore, the blockchain solves the trust problem, but it brings about rising costs and declining efficiency.

Nothing in the world is perfect, and the same is true for blockchain.

As a conclusion, Hongyanweiyu wants to clarify that blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, does have great value and can also have a disruptive impact in specific fields. However, the current one-sided thinking about blockchain is problematic. Eastern wisdom tells us that "the most brilliant and the golden mean", in the face of anything, it is wisest to maintain the golden mean.

(Text/Xue Hongyan, senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute; WeChat public account: Hongyan Weiyu)

As early as a few years ago, the word "mining" came with Bitcoin is well known for its popularity. Many people know about Bitcoin first and then the blockchain, and they even don’t know about the blockchain yet. By definition, blockchain is a chain ofData blocks generated by cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

I am not a computer technology expert. The following introduction to blockchain comes from reading and comments from expert friends and is for reference only.

If you want to use one word to explain blockchain, it is: distributed accounting.

To understand what this word means, you need to first understand that traditional accounting has a center. For example, in a bank, when you withdraw money from a bank deposit or lend money to others through the bank, the bank is the center, and all these transactions are based on the bank's credit. What if the bank cheats? Or is it more serious, is the country cheating? The Kuomintang's indiscriminate issuance of gold yuan coupons at the end of its rule in mainland China, as well as the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany and Zimbabwe, which made the currency less valuable than toilet paper, are very famous examples.

Golden Yuan Coupons

This is the problem that blockchain is aimed at. They believe that decentralized accounting is non-modifiable and non-repudiable. How to achieve decentralized accounting? The basic idea is that all users store all transaction records, making it very difficult to illegally modify the ledger through mathematical methods. In this way, the reliability of the ledger is guaranteed.

Specifically, all users exhaustively enumerate random number variables, and the first user to obtain a specific required hash function value (Hash) will have the right to record this round of transactions and obtain the corresponding Bitcoins award. It is transmitted in the form of data blocks, and the data blocks are connected into a chain by appending at the end, so it is called a block chain.

After listening to the introduction, you may feel that this idea is interesting, but it is not as exciting or revolutionary as advertised. Your feeling is right. In fact, the basic logic of blockchain has some unavoidable problems.

For example, the current size of the complete Bitcoin public ledger has exceeded 150 G, and is rapidly increasing at a rate of tens of G per year - just to support 5 million users and 30 million transactions per year. If its processing volume is one day comparable to that of Alipay, the size of the Bitcoin ledger will increase by more than 500 terabytes per year. This is equivalent to backing up the Alipay server's storage data on all users' personal computers. Do you think this is a good idea?

For another example, in the traditional banking system, if you lose your password, it is no big deal. Just report it to the system in time, and your wealth will not disappear. But in the blockchain system, if you lose your password, it will be a huge trouble, and your currency will not be recovered. Not happy? Is it surprising?

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensusMechanisms, encryption algorithms and other new application models of computer technology. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system

In layman’s terms, it is to play mahjong. Four people can take turns to be the banker, and each other can shoot four people. They all have their own ledger records, but if you want to modify the ledger, you must have more than 50% of the modification rights, so the cost of cheating on the ledger is very high.

In the future, blockchain will be used more in finance to combat money laundering and fraud, because all information can be traced, and in culture it can be used for copyright protection, etc.

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I have seen a lot of people’s explanations of blockchain in official terms, and some may not even be clear to the person explaining it. I will explain blockchain in vernacular below to ensure that everyone can read it. Gotta understand.

What is blockchain? Let me give an analogy. In 50 years, you can buy an electric fan from the supermarket. This electric fan will automatically mine coins for you when it is blowing. You can mine coins automatically while using the electric fan. When you use this electric fan, When the fan breaks down, you can use the mined coins to repair the electric fan. Of course, you can also use the mined coins to buy a new electric fan. Many people think wrongly! Wouldn’t the profits of merchants be less? Let me tell you about a certain brand. When the products of this brand are sold to you, the products themselves may even be sold to you at a loss. However, once the number of users becomes large and the users become more sticky, they can be paid through membership fees or service fees. Such small fees or other ways to make profits. Just like this, the mined coins can be purchased and repaired. Although the merchant's profit may be reduced, the merchant has gained more users and greater user stickiness. By this time, it only takes a minute for the merchant to make money.

And the electric fan you bought is equivalent to winding it up for you. What is winding up? If you put your electric fan on the street now, and 10 people come to snatch it, you have no way to prove that the ownership of this electric fan is yours. Once you put it on the chain, it is equivalent to being tied to you. Once it’s settled, you can prove it.

Therefore, the essence of blockchain is to help make people’s lives more convenient. It is equivalent to upgrading on the basis of the Internet, making it safer and more convenient. This is blockchain! It's that simple.

The security of the blockchain is reflected in its irreversibility and the data cannot be tampered with. We all know that in today's society, any data can be modified and conquered by hackers, but the data in the blockchain is impossible to change. Once generated, it cannot be modified unless all users in the blockchain work together. Agree to modify the data, but this is unlikely to happen.

At present, the blockchain is still very immature, just like 200Just like the Internet bubble burst in 2000, when the bubble bursts, truly valuable blockchain Internet companies will be hatched.

The wheel of history will not go backwards. Many people are unwilling to accept blockchain. Just like telling you that you can shop online 20 years ago, this is the same ridiculous thing. Time will eventually prove it. .

1. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.

2. Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.

3. Everyone works on the same blockchain, everyone publicly shares the current state of the blockchain, everyone agrees on the rules for new data submission and tampering with the blockchain is prohibited. It is difficult to operate in terms of computing power.

If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database is an accounting behavior:

Anyone can verify this public ledger, but there is no single The user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.

(1) Accounting, the system will find the person with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time, let this person do the accounting, and then broadcast the information on this page of the account book to everyone else on the entire network. node, which is equivalent to changing the database record; (consensus mechanism, cryptography)

(2) Verification, other valid nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting, and stamp the time Stamp to confirm that the block is legal; (timestamp, mathematics)

(3) Form a single chain, that is, compete for the next block after the previous legal block; (smart contract, encryption technology)

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(4) Storage, the account book is stored in blocks. As transactions increase, new data blocks will be appended to the existing chain to form a chain structure; (distributed structure, information technology) < /p>

(5) Backup, every participating trader is a node of the block network, and each node has a complete backup of the public account book, which is a distributed ledger.

Features

1. The blockchain has no administrator and is completely centerless. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. Without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. In order to ensure the trustworthiness of the data: the technology of blockchain makes it impossible to tamper with the data once it is written.

2. Close to zero trust costBook.

The cycle time required for Internet companies to build their credit is extremely long. For example, Taobao often takes several years to build its credit. In the blockchain, everyone trusts the code, algorithm and rules, so the cost of trust is extremely low.

3. The marginal cost of constructing and trading assets approaches zero.

If traditional assets are to be used for trading, they need to rely heavily on third parties, such as investment banks, banks, securities firms, etc., for packaging and endorsement, and the fees and thresholds are extremely high. With blockchain, these will not be a problem, and the cost is extremely low.

The value transfer attribute of the blockchain also naturally solves the payment problem, and has the genes to support global payments.

Blockchain, simply put, is the underlying technology that supports ICO (virtual currency). The popular Bitcoin is an application of ICO. In other words, the connotation of blockchain is richer, and its main features are:

1. Blockchain is equivalent to digital trust. Both parties to the transaction can independently enter into digital contracts, and companies providing blockchain services are equivalent to Digital trust company;

2. The purpose and characteristics of blockchain are "3 de-intermediaries" - de-intermediation, de-currency, de-sovereignty; yes

3. Bitcoin is An application of blockchain, Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, and all blockchains apply digital encryption technology;

4. The "3 Go" feature is targeted at the financial industry, and only when high frequency is required Blockchain is only needed in the financial field of transactions;

5. Large platforms with a user base are more suitable for applying blockchain, and small companies’ participation is of little value, so Zuckerberg’s 2018 New Year’s wish includes To study digital cryptocurrency. Kodak also launched a digital currency, sending its stock price soaring.

Furthermore, when it comes to Bitcoin, it can be cashed out and exchanged into the currencies of most countries. Users can use Bitcoin to purchase some virtual items, and they can also use Bitcoin to purchase real-life items. In this sense, Bitcoin is similar to the world's currency, close to gold.

Peter Thiel, co-founder of PayPal and an early investor in Facebook, believes that Bitcoin is "undervalued" by people and compares it to gold. He said: "If one day Bitcoin becomes the online equivalent of gold, then it will have room for appreciation."

But on January 3, the "People's Daily" published an article saying, "Whether it is from The increase can still be seen from the value of the currency itself. There is a bubble in the price of Bitcoin. This is an issue that needs no discussion." Data show that in the past 2017, Bitcoin has skyrocketed and plummeted: within a year, the price skyrocketed about 20 times, and in one day It fell more than 40% within the period.

Indeed, Bitcoin has risks. However, blockchain with richer connotations obviously still has greater room for development.

Last night, screenshots of Xu Xiaoping, founder of ZhenFund, encouraging the embrace of the blockchain revolution in an internal group were posted online. In his view, the blockchain revolution has indeed arrived. “I strongly encourage everyone internally to embrace the blockchain revolution and learn blockchain technology. This is my understanding after long-term observation and thinking. I feel responsible to tell our entrepreneurs. I don’t want my understanding of blockchain The views have been misunderstood as views on ICO."

However, in the context of Internet companies and investment institutions collectively entering the market, the government will definitely take measures.

Recently, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has expressed concerns about this and shelved the proposal of two U.S. companies to launch a Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF).

In fact, this is only a matter of time. Because the "three-go" feature of blockchain is inherently contradictory to government centralization.

㈥ Is Wenbantong legal?

Is Wenbantong legal. Wenbantong is a new system platform transformed by Shenzhen Cultural Property Rights Exchange using blockchain technology based on the Cultural Property Mall. It uses blockchain technology to record information such as the confirmation of rights, price, authenticity, and certainty of cultural assets. Through Blockchain smart contracts and distributed storage realize full-node storage of information about cultural assets, ensuring that the circulation of cultural assets is orderly, irreversible, and cannot be tampered with.
Platform functions include:
1. Uploading asset confirmation information to the chain: using blockchain technology to create a trusted ledger to realize the confirmation and traceability of copyright assets to solve the long-term problem of artwork expropriation that has plagued the development of the industry. The problem of trust;
2. On-chain issuance and circulation of assets: By deploying smart contracts, the project party is constructed to issue a version corresponding to the asset, and complete the combination of assets and version blockchain technology.
The social significance is that the realization of cultural assets on the chain through blockchain technology will greatly promote the credit of cultural assets, improve the information transparency between the supply side and consumers, and promote the financing of my country's cultural enterprises and the consumption of cultural industries.
Article 30 of the "Cultural Industry Promotion Law of the People's Republic of China" [State-owned Enterprises and State-owned Assets] State-owned cultural enterprises shall be based on their main business, consolidate and develop their advantages in content production and main communication channels, and play a leading and leading role in the development of the cultural industry. .
The state establishes and improves a state-owned cultural assets management system that is unified in the management of people, affairs, and assets, improves the comprehensive assessment and evaluation mechanism of social and economic benefits of state-owned cultural enterprises, establishes a system linking assessment results with salary distribution, etc., and improves state-owned cultural assets Asset utilization efficiency ensures the safety and integrity of state-owned cultural assets.
Article 33 [Land Use Support] People's governments at or above the county level shall, based on the needs of cultural industry development, incorporate cultural industry land into land spatial planning to effectively guarantee the land needs for cultural industry facilities and projects.
The state encourages the use of idle facilities and revitalization of existing construction land to develop cultural industries.
The natural resources department of the State Council should improve the types of land used for cultural facilities and increase constructionComposite land use requirements ensure the development of cultural industries.

㈦ How to use new technologies such as blockchain to explore new models for digital protection of intellectual property rights

Using new technologies such as blockchain to explore new models for digital protection of intellectual property rights New model to achieve more efficient, safer and more convenient intellectual property management and maintenance. The following are some possible directions for exploration:

Application of blockchain technology in intellectual property registration and transactions: Use blockchain technology to establish a distributed ledger to ensure the uniqueness and non-tamperability of intellectual property; At the same time, transaction information such as intellectual property transfer and licensing is recorded on the blockchain to improve transaction transparency and market efficiency.

The application of blockchain technology in the authorization management of intellectual property rights: using smart contract technology to realize automated authorization and revenue distribution, reducing the cost and time in the authorization process; at the same time, with the help of The reliable identity verification mechanism of blockchain technology strengthens the supervision and management of users of intellectual property rights.

Application of artificial intelligence technology in monitoring intellectual property infringement: Use artificial intelligence technology to conduct extensive monitoring of networks, markets and other environments, quickly discover and deal with infringements of intellectual property rights, and improve supervision efficiency and accuracy.

The application of big data technology in intellectual property value assessment: By collecting and analyzing a large amount of intellectual property-related data, we can conduct a comprehensive assessment and prediction of intellectual property rights to help enterprises make scientific decisions and optimize intellectual property management.

It should be noted that the application of new technologies in the digital protection of intellectual property involves complex information systems and standards, and requires the collaborative cooperation of high-level talents and resources in multiple fields. , to achieve the coordinated development of the entire intellectual property protection ecosystem.