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❶ How to understand the definition of blockchain technology

Chongqing Jinwowo analyzed the definition of blockchain technology as follows:
1. Blockchain is a Distributed database (system) placed in a non-secure environment.
2. Blockchain uses cryptography to ensure that existing data cannot be tampered with.
3. The blockchain uses a consensus algorithm to reach consensus on new data.
A system with the above three properties is a blockchain.

❷ What is the meaning of "block" in blockchain?

"Blockchain is equivalent to this ledger, and a block is equivalent to a page of this ledger. A block The information carried in it is the transaction content recorded on this page. The blockchain is piece by piece, and each piece is filled with transaction records. When connected together, a chain is the blockchain."

< p> Taking Bitcoin as an example, there is a "computing power competition" about every ten minutes to compete for the right to keep accounts. It's like saying that your computing power is awesome and you can calculate more, just like your muscles are stronger and you can beat better. Everyone obeys you and lets you keep this account, that is, write a block to the general ledger of the blockchain ( Note that it is not the rights of the content in the block). However, it should be noted that computing power can only determine the probability of winning the competition. It's like saying that there are a total of several lottery tickets. Those with more computing power can buy more to increase the probability of winning. However, those who buy more may not necessarily win in the end.

Blockchain is a chain of data blocks guaranteed by such computing power. Starting from the first block, each block collects data according to certain rules, and then attaches a value to the data so that the result of the formed data block after similar one-way function calculation falls within a certain range. By estimating the computing power of the entire network and controlling the size of the result range, we ensure that data blocks that meet the requirements can be found within a long enough time. This calculation result will be included in the next block, and the chained data structure formed in this way is called a blockchain.

Each small ledger is called a block, and each different blockchain protocol (generating different cryptocurrencies) will specify the size of each block (originally Bitcoin is 1M) and the ledger composition area Blocks form a linked list, and the header of the block contains the hash value of the previous block. This is the blockchain. In this way, no one can modify the content or exchange the order at will. If you do this, it means you need to recalculate all special numbers.

Regulations allow everyone in the world to build blocks. Everyone who creates a new block (finds this special number - the SHA256 value has 30 zeros) can get a reward. For the people (miners) who create the new block:

1. No Sender information, no signature required

2. Each new block will add new virtual (encrypted) currency to the entire currency

3. The process of creating a new block is also called For “mining”: requires a lot of work andNew currency can be injected into the entire economy

4. The job of mining is to: accept transaction information, build blocks, broadcast the blocks, and then get new money as a reward

< p> Each block is like a little lottery for each miner, everyone is trying to guess the number quickly, until one lucky person finds a special number, so that the hash value of the entire block starts with many If you hit zero, you will get a reward. I remember a Zhihu answerer gave a vivid metaphor: Blockchain is like a king with a beautiful and beautiful daughter (Block). Many young people are eagerly looking forward to it, and the king’s method is to create a very beautiful story. A rare question for all young people to calculate (learning changes life), whoever calculates quickly (may also be lucky in the process of calculating the hash value) will be the winner

For those who want to use this system to collect information For payment users, they do not need to listen to all transactions, but only need to listen to the blocks broadcast by the miners, and then update them to their own saved blockchain

"Block" is also It can be imagined as a box. There are some digital currencies and a small note in the block. The small note records the only transaction information that occurred within these ten minutes. For example - "Little A transferred money to "I gave Little B 100 yuan"; of course, this information must have been encrypted to ensure that only Little A and Little B (through the keys in their hands) have the ability to decipher the real content inside.

After this magical block was created, it was quickly buried underground. As for where it was buried? No one does not know that it is possible to find (find an effective proof of work) only after all the computer nodes participate together and dig deep. Obviously, this is an event with a huge workload and random results. However, for the computer node, once the block is dug out from the ground, he will obtain the valuable digital currency in the block, as well as the tip paid by Little A in the process of "Little A transferred 100 yuan to Little B" . At the same time, for this node, only he has the right to actually record the contents of the small note. This is an honor, while other nodes can only use its copy, a copy that is no longer blessed by digital currency. . Of course, there are some other very special features of this magical block.

The process by which computer nodes can dig out blocks from the ground is called "mining". As I just said, this is a job. It’s something that involves huge amounts of money, a lot of luck, but huge returns. A node from Zhangheng Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China suddenly jumped out and said excitedly: "I dug the block! The small notes inside are all valid! The reward is mine!". Although the Zhang Heng Road node has obtained the digital currency at this moment, for other computer nodes, because there are other interests involved, they will not choose to believe what the Zhang Heng Road node says by default; based on the mutual distrust of strange nodes In principle, they took the so-called block (copy) mined by the Zhang Heng Road node and began to verify whether the small note information in the block wasWhether it is true and valid, etc. In the blockchain world, nodes verify the accuracy of information on small notes, or indirectly or directly determine whether the node that successfully mined the block is lying. (How to define the authenticity and validity of small note information will be explained later, so I won’t go into details here). During the verification process, each node will directly express its recognition (accuracy) and attitude towards the Zhang Heng Road node through the following two actions: stopping half or even 80% of the mining process; successfully mining the Zhang Heng Road node The outgoing block (copy) is appended to the end of its own blockchain. You may be a little confused: if you stop, you may have performed 80% of the mining activities, so wouldn’t 80% of the previous work have been in vain? ! Then, what the hell is at the end of the blockchain? Regarding the first confusion. I want to say that what you said is absolutely correct, but there is no way. The reality is so cruel. Even if you have done 80% of the work, you have to give up. This 80% of the work can almost be regarded as wasted work and an absolute waste of money and labor. . The second confusion is, what is the blockchain and the end of the blockchain? This is not explained clearly in advance, but you can simply imagine: blocks are periodically generated and mined, and a computer node may have executed "take blocks from others" N times in advance - > The process of "verifying the validity of small notes" must have already stored N blocks on its own node, and these blocks will be neatly arranged in a chain in chronological order. Yes, this chain is the blockchain you have always thought of. If you still don't understand, it doesn't matter. There will be many opportunities to study in depth later in the article.

Enter the microscopic world of the block to find out what the small note is, its origin and its lifelong mission: when initiating a transaction, initiate The person will receive a small note, and he needs to write the transaction record on the paper, such as "Stealing transfer of 40 yuan to Zhang San". Miraculously, the moment you finish writing, the transaction record will be automatically formatted on the back of the note to include at least two important fields: "input value" and "output value"; "input value" is In order to record the valid source of digital currency, the "output value" records the object to which the digital currency is sent. The note just created was immediately marked as an "unconfirmed" note. A small piece of paper that successfully mines a block from the ground and is eventually connected to the blockchain will initially be marked as "valid." If this valid small note is used as the input value of other transactions, then this valid small note will soon be marked as "invalid". For various reasons, blocks are disconnected and discarded from the chain. The small slips of paper that were once marked as "valid" in this block will be re-marked as "unconfirmed". There is no concept of account balance in the blockchain. The digital assets you really own are actually a piece of transaction information; you can know the balance in your digital wallet through simple addition and subtraction operations. The above 1, 2, and 3 are just the knowledge points that are forcefully instilled in you at the beginning of the conclusion. Some of the descriptions may be a bit convoluted and make you feel confused.In the fog, only by understanding the overall blockchain can you fully understand its mysteries.

Block capacity, when Bitcoin was created, or stipulated in the source code, the block capacity was 1M. The reason why it was originally designed as 1M was to prevent DOS attacks. On the other hand, when Satoshi Nakamoto created the blockchain, the capacity was 32M, but he changed the block capacity to 1M through an inconspicuous Commit with the description "Clear up". In order to prevent the blockchain from The volume has grown too fast, adding some mystery to the issue of block capacity. A capacity of 1M means that the maximum number of transactions that Bitcoin can process is about 2,400 (486,882 is very close to the size of block 1,034.39).

Blockchain, to put it bluntly, is a small notebook for distributed accounting, a tool for accounting, and is based on the technology of cryptography. Once the data is traded Recorded on the blockchain, the data cannot be tampered with or denied. The Internet is the transmission of value, and the blockchain is the transmission of trust. Under the premise of blockchain technology as a credit endorsement, each node in the blockchain changes from a single center to a unified multi-center with multiple parties participating. Transaction transmission can be realized without the participation of third-party institutions, and efficiency is improved.

❸ What are the functions and characteristics of blockchain

Blockchain is starting a revolution in currency. Blockchain should be liquidity with bit characteristics, rather than currency characteristics.
According to the Radcliffe Report, "Only liquidity is the transmission mechanism through which monetary policy affects the economy." People's spending is not limited by the amount of money available, but only by the amount of money people expect they can get. Relevantly, these currencies may be obtained as income, obtained by selling assets, or borrowed. Blockchain marks value through tokens, and all assets can be expressed on the blockchain very simply. The structure and marginal cost of asset exchanges tend to be zero. The Technology Research Department of Maoqiu Technology believes that this is one of the core technologies of the blockchain, and what it brings is an explosion of liquidity in a zero marginal cost scenario.
Only liquidity is the transmission mechanism of blockchain value
The liquidity of currency generally refers to the ability of currency to be liquidated quickly without loss during circulation. As the informatization process intensifies, currency is required to be more simple and fast in transactions. The current liquidity of paper money is far lower than that of electronic money.
In the era of Internet finance, "liquidity" can be completely explained as "the flow of information that transcends the value expressed in the form of banknotes."
We all know that the central bank system cannot survive without controlling the flow of information behind value. Because the essence of the central bank's monetary policy is to control the flow of value information, or simply to deny the "information flow." This is one of the reasons why inflation has increased over the past few years.
The reason why electronic money is gradually becoming more liquid than paper money is that the price of paper moneyBefore the prosperity of the Internet, the reason was that it could provide higher value than information flows such as gold and silver. Therefore, the essence of electronic currency is direct value exchange, and the form carrier is information exchanged through digital signals through the network. This is completely consistent with the characteristics of "liquidity".
Although there was no way to know the situation of blockchain in the last century, based on liquidity analysis, the future value characteristics of currency can still be accurately grasped. Now when it comes to blockchain, most people talk about its technical aspects and rarely touch on its value content.
However, if the central banks' "quantitative easing" is tracked by the blockchain to the flow of benefits, the technology will immediately "reveal" as benefits.
Is the blockchain the general equivalent of distributed, or distributed? Specific use value
Blockchain can record and measure the monetary flow facts of transactions in a distributed manner. In a distributed transaction recording system based on blockchain technology, each node becomes an independent product consumer, and each subject Equal and decentralized decision-making, all transactions are public, transaction nodes can be anonymous, ensuring the security of node accounts, decentralized management does not require a central server, avoiding expensive operation and maintenance costs, and reducing costs.
Although the blockchain is similar in form to currency Than, it is decentralized, but the liquidity it handles is still based on general equivalents.
We all know that the emergence of blockchain is based on the increasingly serious centralization problem. From the perspective of general equivalent theory, the general equivalent It appears because the equivalents in the existing value form cannot meet the growing exchange needs, so a new equivalent is needed to make up for the shortcomings of the existing equivalents.
French biologist Jacques Monod published " "Inevitability and Contingency" mentioned: There is inevitability in the development of things. The reason why the blockchain is designed as a liquidity account book of general equivalents is self-evident. Of course, according to Jiang Qiping, Information Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, " From the perspective of "Blockchain and Monetary Philosophy", blockchain is now just a distributed system designed as a general equivalent. If the characteristics of general equivalents no longer play the leading role in the future, then future liquidity will need to be utilized, used, and serviced. Therefore, the Maoqiu Technology Research Department believes that the future blockchain should not only reflect distribution in technology, but also should be reflected in specific value applications.
Heidegger in his masterpiece "Existence" and Time" put forward the philosophical concept: Dasein. It is best used to describe the blockchain here, that is, God will not be willing to be a accounting method, he will live in the present and the purpose of Dasein. Meaning, block If the chain wants to develop for a long time, it must develop a function of situational use, as a being of existence, rather than a flash in the pan.
If the blockchain is no longer a general equivalent, how to treat liquidity
From Jiang Qiping’s perspective on liquidity, shells, currency, and blockchain are different carriers of liquidity in different historical periods and under different value logics. Currency, as liquidity, ignores the use characteristics of value, which use characteristics fromThe future is concrete, local, and present, and therefore can only be distributed.
The Technology Research Department of Maoqiu Technology believes that when blockchain captures the distributed characteristics of liquidity, although it will be used as a ledger of general equivalents in the early days, it will eventually have to be modified. Negation of negation develops a valuation function corresponding to services.

❹ What are the application prospects of blockchain?

The application prospects of blockchain are mainly in the financial field, the Internet of Things and logistics, public services, digital copyright, and insurance.

1. Blockchain has huge potential application prospects in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection.

2. Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. This field is considered to be a promising application direction of blockchain. Establishing credit resources in the blockchain can double improve the security of transactions and improve the convenience of IoT transactions. Save time and cost for smart logistics model applications.

3. Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields. The decentralized and fully distributed DNS service provided by the blockchain can realize domain name query and resolution through point-to-point data transmission services between various nodes in the network.

4. Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing full life cycle management of digital copyright, and can also be used as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection.

5. In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, there is no need for the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the insurance policy can automatically settle claims.

(4) Extended reading on the reasons for Shuangxing New Materials’ blockchain:

The core technology of blockchain

1. Consensus mechanism, through the voting of special nodes, the verification and confirmation of transactions can be completed in a very short time; for a transaction, if several nodes with unrelated interests can reach a consensus, it can be considered that the entire network can also reach a consensus on it. . The goal of the blockchain consensus mechanism is to enable all honest nodes to maintain a consistent view of the blockchain.

2. Asymmetric encryption requires two keys for encryption and decryption. These two keys are the public key and the private key. The public key corresponds to the private key. When the public key is used in the encryption process of data, it can only be decrypted by using the corresponding private key. On the contrary, when the private key is used in encrypting the data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt the data. Only the corresponding public key can be decrypted.

❺ More than 20 companies were supervised for “taking advantage of” blockchain hotspotsReasons

As the popularity of blockchain persists, it is not uncommon for listed companies to attempt to "take advantage of the hot spots". Among them, many listed companies have attracted the attention of regulators. On March 19, Yinjiang Co., Ltd. issued an announcement stating that it had received a letter of concern from the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, requesting clarification on whether there was any motive for speculating on the hot concept of blockchain to speculate on the stock price.

The relevant regulatory authorities of the Shanghai Stock Exchange attach great importance to this and organize analysis and judgment as soon as possible. According to the analysis of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, some companies are suspected of actively "posting hot topics" and self-announced that the company's business scope involves "blockchain", typical examples are Youjiu Games and Shangying Global.

In response, the Shanghai Stock Exchange adopted a morning emergency suspension of the company's shares and issued a letter of inquiry to the company, requiring the company to explain in detail whether it caters to market hot spots, whether relevant behaviors are in violation of regulations, and to fully warn of risks and verify insider information. trade.

❻ What is the prospect of blockchain technology?

What is the prospect of blockchain technology? The following content is just personal experience and opinion, for reference and learning only.

I have been in contact with the blockchain industry for many years and have my own opinions and understanding from its ups and downs. I personally think blockchain technology is still very good. The reasons are as follows:

1. Blockchain technology is a new technology after the Internet. The Internet is information transmission, while blockchain is value exchange. The development trend of blockchain is similar to that of the Internet;

2. Blockchain has experienced strong winds and waves. After being widely misunderstood, there are still many blockchain explorers in the industry. Make continuous efforts and efforts with practitioners;

3. As the country and various countries attach importance to the blockchain industry, governments across the country have established blockchain development funds to promote the local blockchain industry. The development of the leather industry will occupy the high ground of the blockchain industry;

4. The Internet of Everything is the future development trend. Facing the growing demand for the Internet of Things ecosystem, the computing power of the central server is severely affected. Challenges, decentralization has become the key to solving this problem.

❼ A popular explanation of what blockchain is

A popular explanation of what blockchain is

A popular explanation of what blockchain is, blockchain is a hot topic right now The topic of blockchain is developing faster and faster in China, but many people still don’t know what blockchain is? Now I will give you an easy-to-understand explanation of what blockchain is!

Popular explanation of what blockchain is 1

Generally speaking, blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger database. The advantage of this distributed ledger is that buyers and sellers can trade directly. There is no need for any intermediary, everyone has a backup, even if your copy is lost, it will not be affected.

Suppose you have a ledger at home, and your parents give you your salary and let youRecord it in the ledger. You misappropriated more than ten yuan privately because of your greed, and no one else knew about it. But the way to solve the problem with blockchain is to keep accounts with the whole family. Not only you are keeping accounts, but your father, mother, brother, sister, younger brother, sister, etc. are all keeping accounts. They can all see the general ledger, and you It cannot be changed, and neither can others.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Blockchain technology has been widely used in different industries. Such as product traceability, copyright protection and transactions, payment and settlement, Internet of Things, digital marketing, medical care, etc.

Popular explanation of what blockchain is 2

Common questions in blockchain engineer interviews

What do you think the block in blockchain technology means?

The blockchain consists of information about all financial transactions. A block is nothing more than a list of records. When these lists are combined together, they are called a blockchain. For example, if an organization has 100 ledgers, their combination is called a blockchain, and a single ledger will be considered a single block.

Why is blockchain a trustworthy approach?

There are many reasons to trust blockchain. The first reason is that it is compatible with other business applications because it is open source. Secondly, it is secure because it was developed for online transactions, so the developers pay special attention to its data synchronization while keeping it safe. Because the type of business it holds is unrelated, it is easy to consider distinguishing chains when choosing.

How much do you know about blockchain?

This is a technology that was actually designed for Bitcoin and later heavily promoted for the multiple benefits of monitoring and recording all financial transactions on the network. This is a trusted method that is currently being used by many organizations. Since everything is secure and open source, it is easy to gain trust in the long run.

Utilizing blockchain in an organization, if there are specific technical requirements for that network?

No specific conditions of use. However, the network must be a peer-to-peer network under the relevant protocol. It literally just validates new blocks and helps organizations stay in sync without having to invest in third-party applications.

What is encryption? What is its role in blockchain?

Data security is always very important. Encryption is basically a way to help organizations keep their data secure. In this technique, data is encoded or altered to some extent by the sender before being sent to the network. Only the receiver can know how to decode it. This practice is very useful in blockchain because it increases the overall security and authenticity of the block and helps ensure that the block is secure.

What types of records can be saved in blocksChain ? Are there any restrictions?

There are no restrictions on any type of records in the blockchain approach. Currently, many organizations around the world are using this approach, and the fact is that medical transaction records, organization-related events, administrative activities, transaction processing, identity management, document records are all common record types that can use blockchain. And record keeping is not limited to these applications..

What is double spending?

This is one of the main issues related to digital currencies. In practice, this is a condition of passing a digital certificate, since the card can be used multiple times through a digital file that is often easily cloned. It only leads to inflation and the organization has to bear huge losses. A major technical goal of blockchain is to eliminate this approach as much as possible.

Explain the importance of blind signatures and how they are useful?

It is actually a form of digital signature, an important part of cryptography, where all information is blinded until it is actually considered or signed. This is a proven method often considered in different privacy-related agreements between the author and the signatory. Digital currency design is one of the most common examples.

What is key sharing? Are there any benefits to blockchain technology?

As we all know, security issues in digital transactions are very important. Key sharing is a similar approach. In blockchain technology, this is a method of dividing keys or personal information into different units and sending them to network users. The original information can only be merged if the participant who distributed the key agrees to be merged with other participants. It can provide various security-related benefits in blockchain technology.

What organizations can use blockchain technology?

This method can be considered as commercial class without strict upper limit. In fact, almost all businesses are doing or online financial transactions that require them to successfully complete the implementation process. Large enterprises, financial institutions, private enterprises, government departments, and even defense agencies can easily trust this technology.

What is the difference between a blockchain ledger and a general ledger?

First of all, the main difference is that blockchain is a digital ledger that can be easily decentralized. This method is far less likely to go wrong than a regular ledger. Normal books are written by hand or by hand, blockchain does all the tasks automatically. You just need to configure it the right way and follow all the guidelines.

What is a soft fork?

Blocks in the ledger are included in a way that builds the longest chain, i.e. the chain with the greatest cumulative difficulty. A fork is a situation where there are two candidate blocks competing to form the longest blockchain, and two miners discover a working problem and fail to synchronize with each other within a short period of time. Causes network fragmentation because some nodes get blocks from miner #1 and others getGo to miner #2. Forks are usually resolved in one block because the probability of this happening again becomes very low as the next block comes out so soon there is a new longest chain that will be considered primary.

❽ What is Blockchain

In the simplest terms, a blockchain is a distributed ledger.

To understand what this means, we first have to look at its opposite: a centralized ledger. Because blockchain technology started with finance, we will also introduce it below using banks as an example.

The following is our process for using bank debit card transactions:

You can swipe your card to purchase goods in stores.

The merchant sends a statement to your bank for the agreed upon amount.

Your bank will verify that you may have authorized the purchase.

The bank sends the money to the merchant.

Finally, the bank records this information in its ledger.

There’s a lot of technology involved here, but that’s basically it. The last step is important - the bank records all transactions made by the customer. This ledger goes all the way back to the first transaction the bank made.

This ledger is kept, maintained and regulated by the bank. You can read it in your online bank account, but you can't change it. The bank has complete control. If it decides to make a change, there's nothing you can do about it.

Crucially, if hackers were able to access a bank’s ledger, that could cause a lot of problems. They can change the account balance to make it look like certain transactions never occurred, etc.

This is why distributed ledgers are so cool.

Blockchain Network Visualization

If a bank operates on a distributed ledger, each member of the bank will have a copy of the ledger, and whenever any member of the bank When they make a purchase, they tell every other member of the bank.

Each member will validate the transaction and add it to the ledger (the added records are called "blocks"). This has some important benefits, as there is no centralized authority that can manipulate records. Hackers accessing one ledger won't be a big problem because other ledgers can easily verify it.

On the other hand, it requires a lot of work. In short, the second system is blockchain (at least in financial scenarios).

As mentioned above, blockchain is a decentralized list of transactions. If I send Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins, I send a message to everyone in the network saying "I am sending Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins" and they all record the transaction.

The future of blockchain, how will it change our lives?

An important thing to note about blockchain is that it is a public resource and no one really owns it because everyone owns it.

Blockchain is not just science fiction. We don’t need to understand the mechanism behind this technology, but you do need to understand that it may completely change our lives in the next 20 years.

This may sound bold, but remember, 20 years ago we were browsing the Internet on Netscape, using state-of-the-art Motorola flip phones, and buying our first DVD players. At that time, if we imagined that a computer could be held in our hands and that we could buy cars, make payments, and watch movies, it would have been considered a fantasy.

Although the impact of blockchain may not be as obvious as the Internet, nor as tangible as mobile phones, blockchain will effectively solve many worries in daily life. Such as intermediaries cheating people, transaction delays, etc. In our current lives, middlemen are everywhere and we take them for granted as a part of life. If one day these intermediaries cease to exist, you will find that the world will become a different place.

Imagine that by 2040, blockchain may become a mature and widely used technology. When one day you can't live without the blockchain just like you can't live without the Internet now, you will be surprised to find that this decentralized accounting technology has simplified the complexity and become a part of your lifestyle