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① Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations

Article 1 is to regulate blockchain information service activities, safeguard national security and social public interests, and protect citizens, legal persons and others The legitimate rights and interests of the organization and promote the healthy development of blockchain technology and related services, in accordance with the "Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China", "Measures for the Administration of Internet Information Services" and the "Notice of the State Council on Authorizing the National Internet Information Office to be responsible for the management of Internet information content" 》, formulate these regulations. Article 2 Those engaged in blockchain information services within the territory of the People's Republic of China must comply with these regulations. If laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. The term “blockchain information services” as mentioned in these regulations refers to the provision of information services to the public through Internet websites, applications, etc. based on blockchain technology or systems. The term "blockchain information service provider" as mentioned in these regulations refers to the entities or nodes that provide blockchain information services to the public, as well as the institutions or organizations that provide technical support to the entities of blockchain information services; the term "blockchain" as mentioned in these regulations refers to Chain information service users refer to organizations or individuals who use blockchain information services. Article 3 The Cyberspace Administration of China shall be responsible for the supervision, management and law enforcement of blockchain information services nationwide in accordance with its duties. The Internet Information Offices of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government are responsible for the supervision, management and law enforcement of blockchain information services within their respective administrative regions according to their responsibilities. Article 4 encourages blockchain industry organizations to strengthen industry self-discipline, establish and improve industry self-discipline systems and industry standards, guide blockchain information service providers to establish and improve service specifications, promote the construction of industry credit evaluation systems, and supervise blockchain information service providers Provide services in accordance with the law, accept social supervision, improve the professional quality of blockchain information service practitioners, and promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry. Article 5 Blockchain information service providers shall implement information content security management responsibilities and establish and improve management systems for user registration, information review, emergency response, and security protection. Article 6 Blockchain information service providers shall have technical conditions suitable for their services. For information content prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, they shall have immediate and emergency response capabilities and technical solutions for the release, recording, storage, and dissemination of information content prohibited by laws and administrative regulations. It should comply with relevant national standards and specifications. Article 7 Blockchain information service providers should formulate and disclose management rules and platform conventions, sign service agreements with blockchain information service users, clarify the rights and obligations of both parties, and require them to promise to abide by legal regulations and platform conventions. Article 8 Blockchain information service providers shall, in accordance with the provisions of the "Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China", collect the real identity information of blockchain information service users based on organizational codes, ID number or mobile phone number, etc. Certification. If users do not authenticate their real identity information, blockchain information service providers shall not provide relevant services for them. Article 9 If a blockchain information service provider develops and launches new products, new applications, or new functions, it shall report to the national and provincial, autonomous region, or municipality Internet Information Office for security assessment in accordance with relevant regulations.estimate. Article 10 Blockchain information service providers and users shall not use block chain information services to engage in activities that endanger national security, disrupt social order, infringe upon the legitimate rights and interests of others, or other activities prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, and shall not use block chain information services to produce , copy, publish, and disseminate information content prohibited by laws and administrative regulations. Article 11 Blockchain information service providers shall fill in the name, service category, service form, and application of the service provider through the Blockchain Information Service Registration Management System of the Cyberspace Administration of China within ten working days from the date of provision of services. Domain, server address and other information, and complete the filing procedures. If a blockchain information service provider changes its service items, platform URL, etc., it shall go through the change procedures within five working days from the date of change. If a blockchain information service provider terminates its services, it shall go through the cancellation procedures thirty working days before terminating its services and make appropriate arrangements. Article 12 After receiving the filing materials submitted by the filing party, the national and provincial, autonomous region, and municipality Internet Information Offices shall, if the materials are complete, be filed within twenty working days, issue a filing number, and pass the filing through the State Internet Information Office District The blockchain information service filing management system publishes filing information to the public; if the materials are incomplete, the filing will not be granted, and the filing person will be notified within twenty working days and the reasons will be explained. Article 13 Blockchain information service providers that have completed registration shall indicate their registration number in a prominent position on the Internet websites, applications, etc. that provide services to the outside world. Article 14 The Internet Information Office of the state and provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall conduct regular inspections of blockchain information service registration information. Blockchain information service providers shall log in to the blockchain information service registration management system within the specified time and provide relevant information. Article 15 If the blockchain information services provided by a blockchain information service provider have potential information security risks, they must make rectifications and comply with laws, administrative regulations and other relevant provisions and relevant national standards before they can continue to provide information services. Article 16 Blockchain information service providers shall take warning, function restriction, account closure and other disposal measures against blockchain information service users who violate laws, administrative regulations and service agreements in accordance with the law and contract, and deal with illegal information content Take corresponding measures in a timely manner to prevent the spread of information, save relevant records, and report to the relevant competent authorities. Article 17 Blockchain information service providers shall record information such as content and logs released by blockchain information service users, record backups shall be kept for no less than six months, and shall be provided when relevant law enforcement authorities inquire according to law. Article 18 Blockchain information service providers shall cooperate with the supervision and inspection implemented by the cybersecurity and informatization department in accordance with the law, and provide necessary technical support and assistance. Blockchain information service providers should accept social supervision, set up convenient complaint and reporting portals, and handle public complaints and reports in a timely manner. Article 19 Blockchain information service providers violate Article 5, Article 6, Article 7, Article 9, Article 11, Paragraph 2, Article 13, Article 15, Article 10 of these Regulations As stipulated in Articles 7 and 18, the national and provincial, The Internet Information Office of the autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government shall give a warning in accordance with its duties and order it to make corrections within a time limit. The relevant business shall be suspended before making corrections; if it refuses to make corrections or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 5,000 but not more than RMB 30,000 shall be imposed; if a crime is constituted, criminal prosecution shall be pursued in accordance with the law. responsibility. Article 20 If a blockchain information service provider violates the provisions of Articles 8 and 16 of these Regulations, the Internet Information Office of the country and provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, in accordance with their duties and in accordance with the provisions of the Cybersecurity Law of the People's Republic of China, be processed. Article 21 If a blockchain information service provider violates the provisions of Article 10 of these Provisions by producing, copying, publishing, or disseminating information content prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, the Internet Information Office of the country, provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, on the basis of Responsibilities include giving a warning and ordering correction within a time limit, and relevant business should be suspended before correction; if the violation is refused or the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than RMB 20,000 but not more than RMB 30,000 will be imposed; if a crime is constituted, criminal liability shall be pursued in accordance with the law. If users of blockchain information services violate the provisions of Article 10 of these Provisions and produce, copy, publish, or disseminate information content prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, the national and provincial, autonomous region, and municipality Internet Information Offices shall, in accordance with relevant laws and administrative regulations, regulations will be dealt with. Article 22 If a blockchain information service provider violates the provisions of Article 11, Paragraph 1 of these Regulations, fails to perform registration procedures in accordance with these Regulations or fills in false registration information, the Internet Information Office of the country, province, autonomous region, or municipality directly under the Central Government shall In accordance with their duties, they shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; if they refuse to make corrections or the circumstances are serious, they shall be given a warning and fined not less than RMB 10,000 but not more than RMB 30,000. Article 23 Those who engage in blockchain information services before the promulgation of these regulations shall complete relevant procedures in accordance with these regulations within twenty working days from the date when these regulations come into effect. Article 24 These regulations will come into effect on February 15, 2019.

② Consensus mechanism of blockchain

1. How to confirm and reach consensus on transaction information on the network?

Although the consensus mechanism is often mentioned, the meaning and understanding of the consensus mechanism are not clear. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the relevant concepts, principles and implementation methods of the consensus mechanism.

The transaction information of the blockchain is transmitted to each node in the network through network broadcast. How to confirm the broadcast information and reach a consensus among the entire network nodes and finally write it into the block? If there is no corresponding reliable and secure implementation mechanism, it will be difficult to realize its basic functions. Therefore, the consensus mechanism is a key to the operation of the entire network.

The consensus mechanism solves the problem of how the blockchain can achieve consistency in a distributed scenario. The blockchain can reach a relatively balanced state among many nodes because of the consensus mechanism. So how does the consensus mechanism solve the problem of mutual trust between nodes based on the idea of ​​decentralization?

When the idea of ​​distribution isWhen it was proposed, people began to design consensus algorithms based on the FLP theorem and the CAP theorem. Standardly speaking, the consistency of an ideal distributed system should meet the following three points:

1. Termination: The consistency result can be completed within a limited time.

2. Consensus: The final decision-making results of different nodes should be the same.

3. Validity: The result of the decision must be a proposal put forward by other processes.

However, in actual computer clusters, the following problems may exist:

1. Nodes have different transaction processing capabilities, and the data throughput of network nodes is different

2. The communication channel between nodes may be unsafe

3. There may be malicious nodes

4. When asynchronous processing capabilities reach a high degree of consistency, The scalability of the system will become worse (cannot tolerate the addition of new nodes).

Scientists believe that it is impossible to achieve complete consistency in a distributed scenario. However, engineers can sacrifice part of the cost in exchange for the consistency of distributed scenarios. The above two major theorems also have this idea. Therefore, various formula mechanisms based on blockchain design can be regarded as sacrificing part of the cost in exchange for more adaptability. My idea is to make a flexible transformation on this idea, that is, sacrificing part of the cost at the appropriate time and space in exchange for consistency adapted to the scene at that time, and a flexible blockchain system can be realized that is pluggable. Pull-out blockchain system. Today I will introduce my views and analysis on various consensus mechanisms. Distributed systems with or without malicious nodes are divided into Byzantine fault-tolerant and non-Byzantine fault-tolerant mechanisms.

The FLP theorem is the impossibility of FLP. It proves that in a distributed scenario, no matter any algorithm, even if only one process hangs up, there is an inability to reach consensus for other non-failed processes. possible.

FLP is based on the following assumptions:

Can only be modified once: Each process initially records a value (0 or 1). The process can receive messages, change the value, and send messages. When the process enters the decide state, the value will no longer change. The protocol ends successfully when all non-failed processes enter the decided state. This is relaxed to the extent that some processes enter the decided state, even if the agreement is successful.

Asynchronous communication: The biggest difference from synchronous communication is that there is no clock, no time synchronization, no timeout, no detection failure, and arbitrary messagesDelay, messages can be out of order.

Communication is robust: As long as the process does not fail, the message will be delayed indefinitely, but will eventually be delivered; and the message will only be delivered once (no duplication).

Fail-Stop model: A process failure is like a downtime and no more messages are processed.

Number of failed processes: At most one process fails.

CAP is the most discussed theory in distributed systems, especially in the field of distributed storage. CAP was proposed by Eric Brewer at the PODC meeting in 2000. It was a result of Eric Brewer's research on data consistency (consistency), service availability (availability), and partition fault tolerance (partition- tolerance) conjecture:

Data consistency (consistency): If the system returns success for a write operation, then subsequent read requests must read the new data; if the system returns failure, then all read operations No one can read this data. For the caller, the data has strong consistency (also called atomic and linearizable consistency) [5]

Service availability (availability) : All read and write requests are responded to within a certain period of time, can be terminated, and will not wait forever

Partition-tolerance: In the case of network partitions, the separated nodes can still function normally External services

If AP is satisfied at a certain moment, the separated nodes can provide external services at the same time but cannot communicate with each other, which will lead to inconsistent status, that is, C cannot be satisfied; if CP is satisfied, C will not be achieved in the case of network partitions , the request can only wait forever, that is, A is not satisfied; if CA is to be satisfied, the node status must be consistent within a certain period of time, and network partitions cannot occur, so P cannot be satisfied.

C, A, and P can only satisfy at most two of them. Like the FLP theorem, the CAP theorem also indicates an unreachable result (impossibility result).

③ What is "blockchain"

Blockchain is a public ledger. There is no centralized hardware or management organization and anyone can Automatically verify the authenticity of the ledger and easily detect whether the ledger has been tampered with by others.

In a word, the blockchain is a public ledger that can be verified by everyone.

The concept of being verifiable by everyone is crucial to blockchain.

Bitcoin uses the blockchain to record all transactions, so anyone knows the number of Bitcoins on each account.

So, as a publicly verifiable ledger, what are some use cases for blockchain?

In fact, there are many use cases that can be thought of. Blockchain is suitable for any data that can be recorded on a public ledger. Here are 4 examples:

1. Decentralized domain name server, namely domain currency. The domain name server is actually a ledger that records domain names.

2. Trustless public key encryption, such as https that discards unreliable certification authorities.

3. Ownership records, truthfully record the items and their corresponding owners.

4. Contracts and performance guarantees, the account book truthfully records the parties to the contract and saves the contract text.

But don’t forget that blockchain also has a very important component.

The ledger recorded using blockchain technology will always be updated. New data such as transactions, domain name inputs, records and contracts will be converted into hash values ​​of the same length by the hash algorithm and saved. However, hashing algorithms are not only not free but also very expensive.

Therefore, the ledger itself needs to have a recognition system to recognize the person who enters the block hash value.

In Bitcoin, this system is called mining and is rooted in the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin miners use a hash algorithm to convert transactions waiting for verification into hash values, and charge a certain amount of Bitcoin as a service fee.

Therefore, for non-monetary use cases, blockchain needs to find a way to bear the high cost of hashing algorithms.

I would like to remind everyone that my answer mainly focuses on the possible use cases of blockchain technology, and does not cover all aspects of blockchain, such as why hashing algorithms are so expensive. I'm sure you can find a lot of detailed information about Bitcoin and other blockchain applications online.

Supplement

Although blockchain technology has many advantages, there are still some less than ideal use cases. For example, there is no way to convert Bitcoin into any national currency; a ledger with billions of data entries would take up space and be impractical.

Bitcoin has shown the world that blockchain technology is feasible in principle, and people are also trying to solve these increasingly prominent problems, such as technological transformation of Bitcoin or the introduction of a completely Different blockchain technologies. I think the following two methods are worth trying: one is to split the ledger according to certain standards such as the payer address, and the other is to introduce a main blockchain to verify the sub-blockchain. Blockchain technology is ever-changing and dazzling, saysIt is unknown whether someone has already made such an attempt. But Bitcoin is still the world's first currency blockchain, what others call a cryptocurrency.

Whether in the technology circle or the financial circle, blockchain has become the hottest word, no one. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, and can perfectly solve problems such as information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development of the sharing economy, making "individual economy" possible. Based on this, blockchain technology is considered to be the core technology that has the greatest potential to trigger the fifth wave of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology.

In this context, a blockchain craze was born in society, and everyone praised it overwhelmingly. Dialectics tells us that everything has flaws, and only by seeing the pros and cons of things can we make rational decisions. Therefore, in this article, Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, focuses on pouring some cold water on the blockchain.

| What is Blockchain

Blockchain, English Blockchain, has a rather mysterious technological flavor in its name, and can be simply broken down into "data blocks" and "links". Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and is encrypted using cryptographic methods; the link means that each block has a link relationship with the next block, thus forming a blockchain.

It is generally believed that blockchain has two major characteristics: decentralization and trustlessness. A brief introduction is as follows:

Since each block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a specific period of time, Therefore, each block is equal, and the damage of a single block does not affect the security of the entire system, so the blockchain has decentralized characteristics.

Similarly, since each block contains all the information of the system, the authenticity of the information can be cross-verified. Only by breaking through more than 51% of the nodes can the information be tampered with. In a large enough blockchain system , the cost is extremely high, it can be considered that the information in the blockchain is true, so the blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness.

Most people’s understanding of blockchain begins with Bitcoin. The relationship between the two is that blockchain is the underlying technology and concept, and Bitcoin is only the most popular application of blockchain at present. .

Maybe the above is not popular enough. Finally, let me summarize, what do you think the blockchain is? Is it a disruptive new technology? NO! According to Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, blockchain is not so much a new technology as it is a new ideological concept. The information encryption and other technologies included in the blockchain have been around for a long time, and it is more of a conceptual innovation. This is also the reason why the blockchain has a huge impact. New technologies will be surpassed sooner or later, at least in one or two years, and at most in four or five years; andOnly innovative ideas have enough energy to affect all aspects of the economy and society.

| Blockchain is expected to change the underlying rules of the financial system

In applications in the financial field, blockchain will change the transaction process and record keeping methods, thus significantly reducing transaction costs. It has significantly improved efficiency and is considered to have a broad market environment in digital currency, cross-border payment and clearing, bill trading, securities issuance and trading, property rights transactions, customer credit reporting, anti-fraud, and anti-money laundering.

Such a good technology is naturally sought after by everyone. Like many traditional financial people, Hong Yanweiyu resisted it at first, thinking that this thing was not that great, and did not do any research specifically. Later, as the research on financial technology gradually deepened, it was discovered that blockchain was an obstacle that could not be bypassed, because whether it was robo-advisory, big data risk control or online lending, they were only technological innovations at the financial business level and risk control level. It has not penetrated the bottom layer of the financial system. What is the underlying layer of the financial system? Naturally, it is payment and settlement, transaction rules and system interaction. What the blockchain changes is precisely the underlying rules.

Therefore, throughout the world, financial institutions are the most active in researching blockchain. If nothing else, they are really afraid. After the decentralization and trustless features of the blockchain are fully utilized, what else will the intermediaries of financial institutions do? It is estimated that this is also the first feeling of many people who have a preliminary understanding of blockchain.

In this article, Hong Yanweiyu focuses on pouring cold water on this view.

| Subverting the financial system, blockchain still faces two mountains

Marxist dialectics tells us that everything has two sides. The more prominent the advantages, the more obvious the flaws. It’s just the perspective. Just different. The two major problems with blockchain subverting the financial system lie precisely in the two major advantages of decentralization and trustlessness.

First, let’s talk about decentralization. First, we need to clarify a truth. Does centralization necessarily mean low efficiency? Of course not. Within a specific scope, the concentration of resources brought about by centralization can greatly improve efficiency. This is also the reason why human beings evolve from individuals to villages to tribes and then to countries in the process of evolution. Take UnionPay as an example. UnionPay is the clearing and settlement center for the domestic banking industry. After UnionPay is established, each bank only needs to connect with UnionPay to realize transactions with all banks. If it is decentralized, without UnionPay, each bank will need to When communicating with all counterparties, which one is more efficient? Therefore, there is no need to beat centralization to death with a stick. The decentralization feature of blockchain is destined to only play a role in specific fields (that is, fields that are not suitable for centralization). How can it subvert everything?

Furthermore, it is a matter of trust. There is nothing wrong with detrusting itself, but the technical logic behind it is deeply flawed. Blockchain relies on universal accounting to achieve trustlessness, that is, all transaction information is retained in each block for system cross-verification to identify authenticity. Here comes the question, everyBlocks retain all transaction information, which is no problem on small blockchains. However, as more and more information is added, it will inevitably lead to explosive growth of transaction information and a sharp rise in information storage costs. At the same time, the greater the amount of information, the longer cross-validation takes and the lower the efficiency. Therefore, the blockchain solves the trust problem, but it brings about rising costs and declining efficiency.

Nothing in the world is perfect, and the same is true for blockchain.

As a conclusion, Hongyanweiyu wants to clarify that blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, does have great value and can also have a disruptive impact in specific fields. However, the current one-sided thinking about blockchain is problematic. Eastern wisdom tells us that "the most brilliant and the golden mean", in the face of anything, it is wisest to maintain the golden mean.

(Text/Xue Hongyan, senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute; WeChat public account: Hongyan Weiyu)

As early as a few years ago, the word "mining" came with Bitcoin is well known for its popularity. Many people know about Bitcoin first and then the blockchain, and they even don’t know about the blockchain yet. By definition, blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity (anti-counterfeiting) and generation of its information. Next block.

I am not a computer technology expert. The following introduction to blockchain comes from reading and comments from expert friends and is for reference only.

If you want to use one word to explain blockchain, it is: distributed accounting.

To understand what this word means, you need to first understand that traditional accounting has a center. For example, in a bank, when you withdraw money from a bank deposit or lend money to others through the bank, the bank is the center, and all these transactions are based on the bank's credit. What if the bank cheats? Or is it more serious, is the country cheating? The Kuomintang's indiscriminate issuance of gold yuan coupons at the end of its rule in mainland China, as well as the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany and Zimbabwe, which made the currency less valuable than toilet paper, are very famous examples.

Golden Yuan Coupons

This is the problem that blockchain is aimed at. They believe that decentralized accounting is non-modifiable and non-repudiable. How to achieve decentralized accounting? The basic idea is that all users store all transaction records, making it very difficult to illegally modify the ledger through mathematical methods. In this way, the reliability of the ledger is guaranteed.

Specifically, all users exhaustively enumerate random number variables, and the first user to obtain a specific required hash function value (Hash) will have the right to record this round of transactions and obtain the corresponding Bitcoins award. Transmit in the form of data blocks (blocks), and connect the data blocks into a chain (chain), so it is called blockchain.

After listening to the introduction, you may feel that this idea is interesting, but it is not as exciting or revolutionary as advertised. Your feeling is right. In fact, the basic logic of blockchain has some unavoidable problems.

For example, the current size of the complete Bitcoin public ledger has exceeded 150 G, and is rapidly increasing at a rate of tens of G per year - just to support 5 million users and 30 million transactions per year. If its processing volume is one day comparable to that of Alipay, the size of the Bitcoin ledger will increase by more than 500 terabytes per year. This is equivalent to backing up the Alipay server's storage data on all users' personal computers. Do you think this is a good idea?

For another example, in the traditional banking system, if you lose your password, it is no big deal. Just report it to the system in time, and your wealth will not disappear. But in the blockchain system, if you lose your password, it will be a huge trouble, and your currency will not be recovered. Not happy? Is it surprising?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system

In layman’s terms, it is playing mahjong. Four people can take turns to be the banker, and each other can shoot four people. They all have their own ledger records, but if you want to modify the ledger, you must have more than 50% of the modification rights, so the cost of cheating on the ledger is very high.

In the future, blockchain will be used more in finance to combat money laundering and fraud, because all information can be traced, and in culture it can be used for copyright protection, etc.

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I have seen a lot of people’s explanations of blockchain in official terms, and some may not even be clear to the person explaining it. I will explain blockchain in vernacular below to ensure that everyone can read it. Gotta understand.

What is blockchain? Let me give an analogy. In 50 years, you can buy an electric fan from the supermarket. This electric fan will automatically mine coins for you when it is blowing. You can mine coins automatically while using the electric fan. When you use this electric fan, When the fan breaks down, you can use the mined coins to repair the electric fan. Of course, you can also use the mined coins to buy a new electric fan. Many people think wrongly! Wouldn’t the profits of merchants be less? Let me tell you about a certain brand. When the products of this brand are sold to you, the products themselves may even be sold to you at a loss. However, once the number of users becomes large and the users become more sticky, they can be paid through membership fees or service fees. Such small fees or other ways to make profits. Just like this, mined coins can be purchased and repaired. In this way, although the profit of the merchant may be reduced, the merchant will gain more users and greater user stickiness.At this time, it takes a matter of minutes for merchants to make money.

And the electric fan you bought is equivalent to winding it up for you. What is winding up? If you put your electric fan on the street now, and 10 people come to snatch it, you have no way to prove that the ownership of this electric fan is yours. Once you put it on the chain, it is equivalent to being tied to you. Once it’s settled, you can prove it.

Therefore, the essence of blockchain is to help make people’s lives more convenient. It is equivalent to upgrading on the basis of the Internet, making it safer and more convenient. This is blockchain! It's that simple.

The security of the blockchain is reflected in its irreversibility and the data cannot be tampered with. We all know that in today's society, any data can be modified and conquered by hackers, but the data in the blockchain is impossible to change. Once generated, it cannot be modified unless all users in the blockchain work together. Agree to modify the data, but this is unlikely to happen.

At present, the blockchain is still very immature, just like the Internet bubble burst in 2000. When the bubble bursts, a truly valuable blockchain Internet will be hatched. company.

The wheel of history will not go backwards. Many people are unwilling to accept blockchain. Just like telling you that you can shop online 20 years ago, this is the same ridiculous thing. Time will eventually prove it. .

1. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.

2. Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.

3. Everyone works on the same blockchain, everyone publicly shares the current state of the blockchain, everyone agrees on the rules for new data submission and tampering with the blockchain is prohibited. It is difficult to operate in terms of computing power.

If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database is an accounting behavior:

Anyone can verify this public ledger, but there is no single The user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.

(1) Accounting, the system will find the person with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time, let this person do the accounting, and then broadcast the information on this page of the account book to other people on the entire network.For each other node, this is equivalent to changing the database record; (consensus mechanism, cryptography)

(2) Verification, other valid nodes in the entire network verify the correctness of the block accounting, and cover it Add a timestamp to confirm that the block is legal; (timestamp, mathematics)

(3) Form a single chain, that is, compete for the next block after the previous legal block; (smart contract, encryption technology)

(4) Storage, the account book is stored in blocks. As transactions increase, new data blocks will be appended to the existing chain to form a chain structure; (distributed structure, information technology )

(5) Backup, every participating trader is a node of the block network, and each node has a complete backup of the public account book, which is a distributed ledger.

Features

1. The blockchain has no administrator and is completely centerless. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. Without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. In order to ensure the trustworthiness of the data: the technology of blockchain makes it impossible to tamper with the data once it is written.

2. Close to zero trust cost.

The cycle time required for Internet companies to build their credit is extremely long. For example, Taobao often takes several years to build its credit. In the blockchain, everyone trusts the code, algorithm and rules, so the cost of trust is extremely low.

3. The marginal cost of constructing and trading assets approaches zero.

If traditional assets are to be used for trading, they need to rely heavily on third parties, such as investment banks, banks, securities firms, etc., for packaging and endorsement, and the fees and thresholds are extremely high. With blockchain, these will not be a problem, and the cost is extremely low.

The value transfer attribute of the blockchain also naturally solves the payment problem, and has the genes to support global payments.

According to my current understanding

1. Blockchain is an outlet.

Everyone is talking about blockchain. Whether they have read it or not, whether they understand it or not, many people are forwarding blockchain articles in their circle of friends. The only new WeChat group is Blockchain related groups.

Investors are talking, entrepreneurs are talking, almost every major Internet company is talking about it, government departments are taking a stand, and tens of thousands of vertical media focusing on blockchain are quickly born.

If you don’t join any currency circle or chain circle, you will be completely out. Even the well-known investment tycoon Zhu Xiaohu was unilaterally declared to belong to the old world by the rising star Chen Weixing.

2. Blockchain represents the story of sudden wealth.

Although ICO has been stopped by the national level, the most popular word-of-mouth about blockchain is still the increase in wealth by hundreds or thousands of times. Coins that were bought for a few cents or a few dollars are now worth dozens or hundreds of dollars. everyone is talkingValue-added stories.

There are Bitcoin and Ethereum. If you download a digital currency trading platform APP, the various currency codes composed of densely packed letters will feel like a stock exchange.

3. Blockchain is not only a technology, but also a belief at the conceptual level.

The basic layer, application layer, and a lot of blockchain knowledge seem to have a lot to do with the hot artificial intelligence.

Many people say that blockchain technology is mature, but applications have barely found an entrance. We can all shout loudly: Artificial Intelligence +, but if you shout "Blockchain +" now, it's not enough and you will be laughed at. The application scenarios are still being explored.

As for the previous Internet, it was an Internet of confidence. With the addition of blockchain, it became an Internet of value.

Such similar concepts are people’s good expectations for blockchain technology to solve the trust problem. If it is so easy to implement, blockchain can subvert finance, e-commerce, and many intermediaries. But why has the Internet not been subverted for so many years and real estate still relies on intermediaries?

4. Blockchain already has a history, so don’t think it is too new.

Just as many people claim that artificial intelligence is so new that it is a joke, its history can be traced back to the 1950s.

The blockchain is marked by the birth of Bitcoin, which was 10 years ago. There is also a still mysterious founder, Satoshi Nakamoto, who seems to have a Japanese name, and some say he is from the United States. From the Security Bureau, I think it can also be interpreted as "Chinese people are inherently smart", of course the latter is just a joke.

The reason why it has become so popular is because of the skyrocketing price of various digital currencies in 2017, which skyrocketed thousands of times in a few months and days. How could there be such an amazing speed in the past?

5. Blockchain is a knowledge system.

For me, whether it is a trend, whether it is a wealth game, or whether it is technology, we cannot ignore it or ignore it.

I started to make two columns to understand the blockchain from the perspective of characters, stories and characters. One is "Blockchain 100 People (Industry People)" and the other is "Blockchain 100 Investors". (Viewpoint)” Learn and spread at the same time.

As for related books, of course, I will accept them all as ordered. I can only be a follower of various trends and follow suit.

The biggest mistake is not how we criticize the blockchain, but to ignore it when we see it has a huge bubble and the crowd is enthusiastic about it. Stay away from it if you think you are noble.

The only way we have left is to be willing to be students, learn, and learn again.

Literal meaning: block, chain, using a chain to connect each block.

Blockchain=Distributed data storage + point-to-point transmission + consensus mechanism + encryption algorithm

What is data storage? For example, a supermarket must have a ledger to record the entry and exit of various goods and transactions. This is storage.

What is distributed storage? It is the account book of this supermarket. Every employee has a copy. Every time there is something that needs to be recorded, it will be recorded in everyone's account book in a timely manner. Distributing each ledger (storage) to countless people (places) is distributed storage. (The supermarket employees here can be understood as blocks, and the ledger is the chain)

What is point-to-point transmission? In the same supermarket, there is no yogurt at the front desk. The shopping guide reports it to his superiors, and then reports it to his superiors.... Finally, he reports it to the warehouse. The warehouse records the accounting records in the ledger, and then transfers the goods to the front desk. As for point-to-point transmission, if there is no yogurt at the front desk, the shopping guide directly tells the warehouse, and the quantity sent by the warehouse to the shopping guide is recorded in the ledger. Everyone knows how many goods the warehouse has sent to the front desk. This is point-to-point transmission. There is no intermediate link, but the accounts can be made public for everyone who holds the ledger to see.

What is consensus mechanism? The consensus mechanism mainly includes two points. In a simple summary, the minority obeys the majority and everyone is equal. Similarly, the positions in this supermarket may be high or low, but everyone’s account books are indeed the same and equal. If someone makes a false account, then this person's account must be different from other people's accounts. At this time, it depends on whose account is remembered by more people. In theory, as long as the blockchain is large enough, then there is no need to make false accounts. Limit reduction! Because of the "minority obeys the majority" mechanism, if you want to make false accounts, then the number of false accounts you need to make must be at least greater than 50% of the total! On a network, if you need to change a piece of data, you must control at least 50% of the total number of computers to succeed.

The encryption algorithm is easy to understand. That is, when you go to the warehouse to adjust goods, the system will protect your privacy very well. It will only record the time, location, and person with a certain number who went to adjust the yogurt. It couldn't be the time, place, or Zhang San went to mix the yogurt. Taken together, this is the core component of the blockchain.

Personally, I think its main function is to decentralize and protect data from being tampered with! Decentralization and data protection are actually related. A supermarket only has one ledger, and any scheduling needs to go through the person who manages the ledger. If you need to make false accounts, you only need to control the person who manages the ledger. And if that supermarket uses blockchain technology, then he will make false accounts. If this is the case, you need to control more than 50% of the people who hold the total number of accounts of that supermarket. Obviously, controlling so many people will be almost impossible as the number of holders increases.

④ "Blockchain Principles, Design and Applications" pdf download for online reading, please ask for Baidu Netdisk cloud resources

"Blockchain Principles, Design and Applications" (Yang Baohua) Electronics Book network disk download for free online reading

Resource link:

Link: https://pan..com/s/1DdjQcCL5D84cnoqm-HcBjg Extraction code: 8u8b

Book title: Blockchain Principles, Design and Application

Author: Yang Baohua

Douban score: 7.2

Publisher: Machinery Industry Press

Publication year: 2017-8-21

Number of pages: 366

Content introduction:

This book is written by the core designer and developer of Hyperledger and is a professional guide to blockchain development and implementation. From the shallower to the deeper, it systematically introduces the essence of Hyperledger Fabric design, application development, etc. The book is divided into two parts: theory and practice; Chapters 1 to 3 introduce the origin, core ideas and typical application scenarios of blockchain technology; Chapters 4 to 5 focus on introducing a large number of distributed technologies that appear in blockchain technology. System technology and cryptographic security technology; Chapters 6 to 8 introduce three typical open source projects in the blockchain field: Bitcoin, Ethereum and Hyperledger; Chapters 9 to 11 take the Hyperledger Fabric project as an example to explain in detail Installation and deployment, configuration management, and practical experience in using Fabric CA for certificate management; Chapter 12 focuses on the core architecture design of the Hyperledger Fabric project; Chapter 13 introduces relevant techniques and examples of blockchain application development; Chapter 14 introduces The design and development of the blockchain service platform, and the relevant knowledge of building a service platform using the Hyperledger Cello project. This book covers the latest technologies in the field of blockchain and distributed ledgers, helping readers deeply understand the core principles and typical design implementations of blockchain, as well as efficiently develop distributed applications based on blockchain platforms.

About the author:

Yang Baohua

Ph.D., graduated from Tsinghua University. Chairman of the Hyperledger Greater China Technical Working Group, Chief Consultant of IBM Greater China Blockchain Technology Community, and Senior Researcher. He has presided over the architecture design and R&D implementation of multiple large-scale system platforms. He is an early researcher and practitioner of blockchain, cloud computing, big data and other technologies. He loves open source technology and has contributed to open source projects such as OpenStack and OpenDaylight. He is the core designer and developer of the Hyperledger Fabric project and the initiator of the Cello and Fabric-SDK-Py projects. The personal homepage is https://yeasy.github.com.

Chen Chang

Graduated from Tsinghua University. CTO of Zhigui Technology, formerly a senior researcher at IBM. Technical directions include cloud computing, blockchain, machine learning, etc. He is an early researcher and promoter of blockchain technology and a core developer of the Hyperledger project. He has rich practical experience in blockchain applications and was responsible for blockchain in the financial industry.Architectural design and implementation of solutions, and led the development of several blockchain service platforms.

⑤ Peking University Jade Bird Design Training: Consensus Algorithm in Blockchain Technology

We have given some explanations and analysis of knowledge points about blockchain technology Everyone has shared it many times.
Today, Yinchuan java course http://www.kmbdqn.cn/ will learn more about some basic definitions and characteristics of consensus algorithms in blockchain technology.
A brief look at the blockchain. The chain in our general ideology is an iron chain, made of iron, with one link interlocking the other.
Visually, the blockchain can also be understood in this way, except that it is not made of iron, but connected by blocks with a certain data structure. This is a simple prototype of popular explanation of consensus. The so-called consensus, popular In other words, it means that we all have a unanimous understanding of something.
For example, in daily meetings to discuss issues, or to judge whether an animal is a cat. After looking at it with the naked eye, we feel it looks like a cat. If it meets the characteristics of a cat, then we think it is a cat.
Consensus is a rule.
Continuing with our meeting example.
Those who participate in the meeting discuss and solve problems through meetings.
Compared with the blockchain, miners participating in mining use a certain consensus method (algorithm) to solve the problem of keeping their own ledger consistent with the ledgers of other nodes.
The deeper meaning of keeping the ledger consistent is to keep the block information in the chain consistent.
Why is consensus needed? Is it possible to not need it? Of course not. Without the rules of consensus in life, everything will be chaotic.
The blockchain has no consensus rules, and each node does its own thing, losing its consistent meaning.
The corresponding relationship between these two examples is as follows: people in the meeting = mining miners meeting = consensus method (algorithm) talking about Sudou Zen to solve the problem = making your own ledger consistent with the ledger of other nodes. If you are interested in the node If you don’t understand the concept, please first understand it as a miner. A node contains many roles, and miners are one of them.
Consensus algorithms are currently common in blockchains. The consensus methods (algorithms) used by nodes to keep their own ledgers consistent with those of other nodes include the following: PoW, represented by Bitcoin (BTC) Disadvantages: The emergence of mining pools violates the original intention of decentralization to a certain extent, and also makes 51% attacks possible, affecting its security.
There is a huge waste of computing power. Look at the mining pool that consumes a lot of electricity resources. As the difficulty increases, not enough is mined to pay the electricity bill PoS. The representative is Ethereum (ETH). The transition from PoW to PoS disadvantages: destruction The cost of attackers attacking the network is very low. If you own tokens, you can compete. In addition, nodes with a large number of tokens will have a greater probability of obtaining accounting rights. This will make the network consensus dominated by a few wealthy accounts, thus losing fairness.

⑥ What is blockchain? If you understand these 9 questions, you will understand

What is blockchain??You can understand by understanding these 9 questions
What is blockchain? What can blockchain do? How to make money with blockchain? I believe that many netizens are confused when faced with this new term. So how can we better understand blockchain and make this new technology available to us? The author has collected nine very common questions from the Internet. I hope that after reading this article, you will have a clearer understanding of blockchain.

Nearly omnipotent blockchain technology
Simply put, blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Its core is distributed data, and the result is "decentralization." Blockchain technology can be applied to many scenarios in our lives. Next, let’s take a look at the analysis of blockchain technology!
1. Technology is a double-edged sword. While you are still using your mobile phone to play games, others are already using their mobile phones to make money every month! I want to try Jiaerwu Wuyi Wuba Lingyi Lacquer to make your mobile phone no longer a toy!
Just like nuclear energy is a physical technology, blockchain is an underlying technology at a technical level.
Nuclear energy can be used for atomic bombs and nuclear power generation. Similarly, blockchain can be used for the management of industries and life elements, which may make society more stable, or it may be used by bad guys as the fastest way to commit crimes. .
2. Talking about technical value apart from the application level is muddying the waters
As the underlying technology, blockchain has its application level and negotiation methods. Currently, some people talk about blockchain in terms of business models, some in terms of hardware, and some people talk about blockchain in terms of power distribution. It is gradually becoming clear in the market that blockchain is used in the design of technology combinations and business models, from hardware to software to business model to financial design and many other aspects. But not every blockchain can issue coins, and not every blockchain should issue coins.
3. Technology is decentralized, but the application is not necessarily
Blockchain technology is decentralized, but it can be decentralized or not in upper-layer applications. If it is applied to things, industries and projects that cannot be decentralized, it is not decentralized; if it is used to things where everyone can participate universally and have equal authority, then it can be decentralized.
Including coins on the blockchain, if a country adopts legal digital currency, the coins on the blockchain can also be centralized. The blockchain that supports the operation of Bitcoin is decentralized, but the alliance chain usually has one or more enterprises as the core control alliance, which becomes centralization.
Technology itself and what kind of business and political ecology the technology can support are completely different things.
4. What kind of people use what kind of tools
As a powerful tool, blockchain is powerful not only because of technology, but also because many talented people have invested in it. field, causing the energy of this technology to be amplified. As for the power of blockchain, what is it?Benefiting society or cutting leeks? It is possible to make the world more turbulent or to make society more harmonious and beautiful.
On the positive side, more kind-hearted people will come in and reach more consensus, and there will be more legislation, restrictions and norms at the national level, which will ultimately allow us to use this technology to give more people opportunities; on the negative side, In other words, it is possible that more greedy and unethical people will come in to divide the wealth, and it is even possible that people in some countries and regions will use this new technology to commit crimes and terrorism.
5. Blockchain promotes the globalization of civilians
Under the blockchain, the global connection space is closer. The 6-degree space will become 5 degrees or even 4 degrees in the future. Blockchain can inspire The growth of various communities. The globalization of interest groups will become inevitable, and there will be various international communities and summits in the future.
6. Blockchain facilitates co-creation
For example, in the past, the connection between international singers and ordinary people had to go through several barriers, including record companies, agents, sales channels, etc. In the blockchain era, international singers publish their songs under blockchain technology. Everyone has the possibility to become a partner of an international singer, write songs for the international singer, or purchase Tokens to obtain dividend rights from distribution proceeds, etc., and enjoy records. Proceeds from distribution and downloads.
7. Trust will become convenient and low-cost
The combined effect of artificial intelligence, big data and blockchain can resolve disputes at the factual level. The tamper-proof nature of the blockchain allows hundreds or even tens of thousands of machines to maintain the same data and encrypt it. Basic facts will be trustworthy. On this basis, the corresponding contracted and authorized information cannot be changed. Replace manual systems with machines, breaking the loopholes in manual operations, the possibility of cheating and even corruption, so that everyone's information can be confirmed to be authentic and trustworthy.
On this basis, if the trust level of the business system is good, trust between people will be enhanced in the process of implementing the designed system.
8． Interaction leads to creativity, and creativity generates income
Blockchain is a comprehensive ledger. Some exchanges are just ideas and creativity at the moment, but they may be the starting point of a certain career or even industry in the future. In the previous accounting system, there may not be value. However, under blockchain technology, values ​​that are not yet seen can be recorded. If this leads to products, creative people can benefit. Various human activities may be valuable, creative, and worthy of recording.
Extended from this, a better application of blockchain can record creative related models, introduction of business opportunities, etc., and put valuable things in an ecosystem. Blockchain can create new ones. A cooperative approach.
9. There will be more legal supporting facilities in the future
The world of blockchain is not a disorderly world. Technology will be used by people, and people are rational.
Records can resolve various factual disputes, and can also cause more issues such as authorization rights, patent and creative copyright management, and many other issues. In the future, there will be more legal support, both forTo standardize the management of service consumption and life, and to avoid related risks and problems, avoid and combat crime

⑦ Blockchain design principles

What our team has learned so far What we learned—about blockchain-specific business and user needs—informed our design work.

Currently, the IBM Blockchain Design Team is designing everything from supply chain processes to documentation, from open source developer tools to blockchain as a service. This is the nature of the industry: frantically exploring all possible applications for a technology that has the potential to dramatically reduce costs and inefficiencies in areas such as finance, healthcare, and government.

Although design has taken many different directions, there are some common themes in our users’ needs that have influenced our design principles as a team. This is the IBM Blockchain Design Team’s first iteration of these principles—what we focus on when critiquing our work and prioritizing design decisions.

“Just because blockchain technology is designed to eliminate reliance on trust, it doesn’t mean users will trust the machine or network.” — Jonny Howle, UX/UI Designer

Many of our users are in industries that handle highly sensitive information, and maintaining their trust is critical to our business. Almost everyone is new to blockchain, with varying levels of understanding and confidence. Users must view our products (and the people behind them) as reliable, trustworthy, and stable. We achieve this through careful data disclosure, consistency, feedback, prediction errors, and proactive coaching.

Some users will need more exposure to blockchain data than others – many users will need to understand how blockchain technology can replace their previous processes to feel that it is trustworthy. Exposure of data affects users' understanding of how the application works. For example, the data shows that a function call occurred, or it can prove that something is cryptographically secure.

When deciding whether to include a data element, we use the following hierarchy:

1. The data must be actionable.

2. If the data is not actionable, it must be used for trust-building and/or educational purposes.

"Old school" blockchain tools show you many long cryptographic hashes. They are not human readable. They are of no use to users...but people love them! Why? It's a comfortable feeling: "I can see a non-human-readable chaincode ID, so I believe the one I'm looking atStuff is safe. — Ed Moffat, Head of Design

Creating visual consistency between product and customer experience is critical to perceived trustworthiness. We use a grid-based layout (with meaningful and proportional negative space), strong typographic hierarchy, and apply meaningful color.

Having a consistent user experience makes our users feel at ease, which is especially important with new blockchain technologies as it drives adoption and learning. — Tobias Hunter, UX Designer

Since the visual language of blockchain is still being codified, we need to be careful when using images to illustrate concepts. While we create associations with familiar elements to help users retain information, we are cautious about visual metaphors—simplifying certain concepts can actually mislead or cause confusion later.

We make every effort to use jargon-free, consistent terminology. Language should be concise, clear, and consistent with our users’ natural communication patterns. We maintain a conversational tone without being too casual or flippant. Our team pays special attention to words with meanings like identity , update , and network : while many blockchain concepts have similar meanings to commonly understood meanings, they can be very different and confusing.

We design for wherever our users are. Because blockchain is by definition distributed, we must design across borders by default: UI extensions, icon meanings, translations, etc. must always be taken into account. Additionally, many uses of blockchain are mobile in nature – we maintain a consistent experience regardless of the device used.

We help our users understand what's going on and reduce anxiety by designing for continuous feedback. Carefully used movement and animation help understand what's going on.

When you learn a foreign language, you learn by practicing and playing, not by reading a dictionary. We are making tools and documentation to allow our users to play around and try to learn this new technology. — Sam Winslet, Visual Designer

Users should always know what is happening, what just happened, and what will happen next. Time is an important element in blockchain applications, and many times a simple loader is not enough.

High-throughput distributed systems are asynchronous in nature, with multiple components of the system relying on timeouts or polling intervals. Transactions can be configured while waiting for the optimal block size to be reached (usually lasting a few seconds). SDKWill poll, wait, and retry creating a new channel. — Jason Yellick, Software Developer

We make sure we consider (and test after launch) the time an activity or feature will take and notify users. This also applies to any metrics in the interface - how many categories the user saw, how many were not shown, etc.

Our users love hands-on, interactive learning so they can learn while creating something tangible. — Raissa Xie, User Experience Researcher

Because blockchain is virtually immutable, we pay special attention to irreversible user actions. If an error occurs, we increase the friction or confirmation level to reduce the error and move directly to the next step.

Zero states are common in many of our products, so we make sure to provide a natural next step. Users must have clear, persistent navigation—it should be easy for them to know how to get back to their previous state and what the next step is.

Our users want to see simple instructions to get up and running as quickly as possible.

— Lucie Wu, UX Designer

Since control over visibility is a business requirement, we made sure to consider different views of the interface based on roles. We don't leave holes in the interface if the user doesn't have access to certain data.

Blockchain technology is relatively new and most users don’t necessarily know what they need. A good designer should know how to filter their opinions and come up with the best solution. Designers help them understand the benefits and possibilities this technology can bring to their lives by guiding them through the process.

— Andrea Lee, UI Designer

Our team anticipates the need for further assistance and attempts to reduce it while recognizing where our characters are most likely to go for help. We generate insights to create transparency and remove uncertainty, and provide suggestions for things users don’t remember.

Make an otherwise daunting learning task look easier by showing users their new vocabulary with tooltips and progress bars.

— Kayla White, UI Designer

We don’t include elements that clutter the interface or confuse users, regardless of context—every element has a Purpose, nothing is for decoration. We leverage common design patterns and reduce the amount of learning the user has to do.

In XuIn many cases, multiple of our roles will be part of the process. To facilitate collaboration, we designed the steps before and after a user is given a task. Team adoption of our technology is critical to our business model, so it's natural that we value inclusive, accessible design.

Designing for complexity doesn’t mean making things simple. Make the task easier, but don't take away their control.

— Dante Guintu, UI Designer

Excitement over blockchain technology has increased the tendency to focus on machine needs rather than human needs. As designers, we must constantly refocus our efforts on solving problems and creating enjoyable experiences for humans. We must balance the tension between the nature of blockchain and human-centered design.

Even for non-technical users, the technical concept of blockchain seems incredibly alluring. -

Ed Moffat

Because the many applications of blockchain have very powerful potential, we must take care to act and design in an ethical manner. This means ensuring diversity is built into our designs—from user research participants to our teams themselves.

Our design team is in a constant state of collaboration: researching, testing, and being alert to changing user needs and design patterns. We are committed to protecting and advocating for our users, considering edge cases and outliers, and taking user emotions into account. We strive to improve our users' lives without creating new problems for them.

Design is not static. The main mantra of this group is that we strive for excellence, not perfection.

—— Sean Barclay, Creative Director

Reprinted from: https://medium.com/design-ibm/blockchain-design-principles-599c5c067b6e

⑧ Blockchain architecture design

As an implementation of architectural design, blockchain is quite different from basic languages ​​or platforms. Blockchain is the technology behind cryptocurrency. It is one of the popular technologies currently on par with VR and virtual reality. It is not a new technology in itself. It is similar to Ajax. It can be said that it is a technical architecture, so we would like to let Bian follow the architecture design. Let’s talk about the technical implementation of blockchain from the perspective of Sui Que. No matter what programming language you are good at, you can refer to this design to implement a blockchain product. At the same time, we will sort out the related knowledge maps and systems to help everyone study and research systematically.

In terms of architectural design, blockchain can be simply divided into three levels, the protocol layer, the sliding dust extension layer and the application layer. Among them, XieThe negotiation layer can be divided into the storage layer and the network layer, which are independent of each other but inseparable.