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区块链中的快的要素有什么,区块链的速度

发布时间:2023-12-06-08:08:00 来源:网络 区块链知识 区块   要素   链中

区块链中的快的要素有什么,区块链的速度


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① What are some important elements of blockchain technology

1. The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), is also called a distributed ledger Technology is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records.
2. Blockchain is an innovative application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm in the Internet era. In recent years, the development and application of blockchain have had a profound impact on technology. Innovation and industrial revolution are of great significance. This experience introduces relevant knowledge of blockchain technology.
3. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can contain financial and/or non-financial transactions, replicated (distributed) across multiple systems in near real-time through a peer-to-peer network, and each participant "owns" the same Having a copy of the ledger and getting updates as any transactions are added, each participant helps determine the inherent "immutability" of all existing records, using cryptography and digital signatures to prove identity, authenticity and enforce read/ With write access, there are mechanisms that make it difficult to change the history and can easily detect someone trying to change it.

② The basic elements of blockchain include

The basic elements of blockchain include five points. The first cryptographic hash

. Second, the ledger cannot be tampered with

. The third P2P network

. The fourth consensus protocol

. Fifth block verification or “mining”. You can search online to find out what each one means.

③ What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain?

1. The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), is also called Distributed ledger technology is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records.

Explain in layman’s terms: If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as an accounting behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find out the accounting information within a period of time. The fastest and best person will keep accounts, and then send this page of information to everyone else in the entire system.

2. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods related to each other. Each data block generated contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(3) The fast elements in blockchain include further reading:

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms.

The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the The basis of the chain's programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

④ The component structure of blockchain technology

With the continuous development of the Internet, more and more people have learned something about blockchain technology. Features and usage, today we will introduce what are some elements of the blockchain.

The composition of blockchain

Blockchain consists of blocks and chains. Each block contains three elements: data, hash value, and the hash value of the previous block.

The first element of the block is data. The data stored in the block is related to the type of blockchain. For example, blocks in the Bitcoin blockchain store relevant transaction information, including the seller, buyer, and the amount of Bitcoin traded.

The second element of the block is the hash value. Each block contains a hash value, which is used to identify a block and all the content it contains. Once a block is created, its hash value is calculated accordingly. Changing something in the block will cause the hash value to change. So in other words: hashes are helpful when you want to detect changes to the contents of a block. If a block's fingerprint changes, it is no longer the same block as before.

The third element of the block is the hash value of the previous block. This element allows links to be formed between blocks and makes the blockchain very secure.

As an example, suppose we have a blockchain containing 3 blocks. Each block contains its own hash and the hash of the previous block. Block No. 3 points to block No. 2, and block No. 2 points to block No. 1. But block No. 1 is a bit special. It cannot point to the previous block because it is the first block. We call block 1 the genesis block.

So, now let's say you tampered with the second block. This will cause the hash value of the second block to change, so the data stored in block 3 will be wrong and illegal. Once the data stored in block No. 3 is illegal, the subsequent blocks must also be illegal.

So ifIf a person wants to tamper with any block in the blockchain, he must modify this block and all blocks after this block. This will be an onerous task.

Blockchain proof-of-work

However, the method of using hash values ​​alone is not enough to prevent users from tampering with the zone. piece. Because today's computers are powerful enough to calculate thousands of hash values ​​per second. The Java course suggests that you can completely tamper with a block and recalculate the hash values ​​of other blocks, thus making your block legal again.

⑤ What is blockchain technology? What are the core components of blockchain technology?

What is blockchain technology? What are the core components of blockchain technology?

What is blockchain technology:
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, etc. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
The core components of blockchain technology:
Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:
The first one is called distribution A type of ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction and can also jointly testify for it.
Different from traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of blockchain distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally divides data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and of equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node. [8]
No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.
The second one is called asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. The transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be authorized by the data owner.can only be accessed, thereby ensuring data security and personal privacy.
The third one is called the consensus mechanism, which is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.
The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be computing power, the number of shares, or other factors. A characteristic quantity that a computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. [8]
Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
The last technical feature is called smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.
In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.

What is the core layer of blockchain technology?

Chongqing Jinwowo Analysis: The consensus mechanism is the core of blockchain technology. The consensus mechanism largely determines the degree of mutual trust between nodes in the entire blockchain system, and also determines other users’ views on the blockchain. The degree of trust in online data

What is the core component of blockchain technology?

Analysis by Chongqing Jinwowo: Blockchain technology consists of three core technologies: consensus mechanism, common defense mechanism, and distributed storage.
The three core technologies are supported by machine trust, that is, through the support of network technology, breakthroughs in difficult problems such as point-to-point transaction, decentralization, non-tampering of recorded information, irreversible transactions, and information encryption are achieved through network technology support.

What are the advantages of blockchain technology? Classification of blockchain technology?

The development of blockchain technology is becoming more and more prosperous with the continuous expansion of applications. This powerful development force coming from the needs of various industries has caused rapid changes in blockchain technology, allowing various industries to achieve great results. The results are attracting more and more attention, and professional technology and resources are constantly concentrated in this industry.As a result, the development of blockchain technology has entered a new stage, and the impact brought by the development of this blockchain technology has also attracted much attention.
When talking about blockchain technology, Bitcoin has to be mentioned. Many people know that the electronic currency Bitcoin does not rely on the issuance of a specific monetary institution, but is generated through a large number of calculations by a specific algorithm. In fact, the core that truly supports Bitcoin is blockchain technology.
How does the invisible and intangible Bitcoin operate through blockchain technology? The interpretation circulated in the industry is that blockchain can be regarded as a technical solution for collectively maintaining reliable databases through "decentralization" and "trustlessness". In layman’s terms, this technology can be understood as a technology in which everyone participates in accounting. In the past, people used centralized servers to keep accounts, but in the blockchain technology system, everyone can participate in accounting and jointly identify Authenticity of records.
"Through this technology, even if there is no neutral third-party organization, two parties that do not trust each other can achieve cooperation. In short, the blockchain is like a 'machine that creates trust.'" Bubi Company It is a leading blockchain service provider in China and has made many breakthroughs in the blockchain technology platform. It can meet scenarios with tens of millions of users and has the ability to quickly build upper-layer application businesses.
The blockchain technology used by all parties involved in recording and storing information adopts a decentralized distributed structure, which saves a lot of intermediary costs and can better ensure data security; at the same time, it has a time stamp that cannot be tampered with. It can effectively solve problems such as data tracking and information anti-counterfeiting.
Will it become the next trend of Internet finance?
Although blockchain emerged with Bitcoin, the derived value of this technology has transcended digital currency. Bubi Blockchain focuses on the innovation of blockchain technology and products. It already possesses a number of core technologies and has developed its own blockchain service platform. With decentralized trust as the core, we are committed to building an open value circulation network to allow digital assets to flow freely. What Bubi wants to do is to create a new technology and product - to realize real value circulation and bring the Internet to a new level. With the application of this technology, there will be no central organization when transferring assets, and direct transfer of assets between us can be achieved.
In the current international financial market, the U.S. Central Bank, Swiss Bank, and some insurance and futures companies are all competing to develop blockchain technology. Fang Liang introduced that in the Internet financial industry, blockchain technology will first affect financial infrastructure such as payment systems, securities settlement systems, and transaction databases; later, the technology will also expand to general financial services, such as credit systems and "anti-money laundering" "wait.
"The payment and clearing system in the financial field will evolve towards decentralization. The electronic ledger supported by blockchain technology is a reliable system that is error-free and cannot be tampered with. It has various functions for payment, clearing, transaction, confirmation of rights, etc. A profound impact," Li Yan said.
Therefore, industry insiders believe that blockchain technology may be the key to Internet finance.The next trend in the financial industry. As the interconnection of all things deepens, Yang Tao, assistant director of the Institute of Finance, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also said that blockchain will make it possible for all individuals to become important nodes in the allocation of financial resources, and will also promote the improvement of existing financial system rules. Build a shared and win-win financial development ecosystem.
Blockchain technology will affect many industries
"Blockchain technology has been widely used in the era of big data." Li Yan said frankly that in addition to the Internet financial field, blockchain technology has been used in many industries. It has been applied in many fields and has shown great prospects.
For example, the healthcare industry has benefited greatly from blockchain technology. In reality, patient private information leaks often occur, and centralized database or file cabinet management in medical departments is no longer the optimal choice. Medical institutions are using blockchain technology to keep patients' private information confidential.
In addition, blockchain technology also has important legal implications. In some civil fields, it is often necessary to provide evidence to determine blame, and blockchain technology can record every step and help judicial authorities identify the specific responsible person.
"Especially in the field of assets, whether it is physical assets such as real estate and cars, or intangible assets such as health and reputation, this technology can be used to complete registration, transactions, and tracking. It can be said that any production and life that lacks trust In all fields, blockchain technology will have its place."
The development of blockchain technology has also brought about changes in the operational concepts of various industries. New technologies and new concepts have promoted new developments in various industries. This The impact of this driving force on society and the promotion of economic activities are also huge. Many new industry phenomena will occur one after another, and the public is also waiting and watching, expecting this brand-new technology to be used by various industries and better benefit all industries.

What is blockchain technology? What does blockchain technology mean?

The so-called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology, is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization. , open and transparent, allowing everyone to participate in database records.
Explained in layman’s terms: If the database is assumed to be a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as a bookkeeping behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find out the fastest and best bookkeeping within a period of time. This person will keep accounts, and then send this page of information to everyone else in the entire system. This is equivalent to changing all the records in the database and sending them to every other node in the entire network, so blockchain technology is also called a distributed ledger.

What is the core technology of Jinwowo blockchain technology?

Chongqing Jinwowo analyzes the core technologies of blockchain technology as follows:
Distributed ledger technology, asymmetric encryption technology and smart contracts.

What is the core of Jinwowo blockchain technology?

The core of the blockchain is that it stores all informationIn an independent personal computer network, it becomes a decentralized and distributed structure.
This means that the system is not owned by a controlling company or person, but that everyone can use and run the system.

What is the core function of Renren blockchain technology?

I specifically checked the information to answer your question! Renren blockchain service allows users to quickly build their own IT infrastructure and blockchain services on a flexible and open cloud platform. Using BaaS can greatly reduce the cost of implementing the underlying technology of the blockchain, simplify the construction and operation and maintenance of the blockchain, and at the same time, face the scenarios in various industry fields, meet the personalized needs of users, and quickly deliver customized BaaS in one stop. Hope to adopt

What is blockchain technology?

Blockchain has been hyped up like crazy, but you know nothing about it!

Blockchain is a distributed database system participated by different nodes and an open ledger system.

It consists of a series of data blocks or data packets generated according to cryptographic methods, that is, blocks. Each block of data information is automatically timestamped, thus Calculate a data encryption value, that is, a hash value (hash).

Blockchain technology is essentially a distributed accounting technology. It allows everyone to have an instantly synchronized ledger in their hands. Every transaction that occurs in the entire network will have thousands of backups and synchronous records. When perpetrators attempt to tamper with ledger data, they must change the ledger in the hands of the majority of people to achieve their goal.

⑥ What is blockchain

[Definition]

Blockchain refers to collective maintenance through decentralization and trustlessness. A technical solution for a reliable database. This technical solution allows any number of nodes participating in the system to calculate and record all information exchange data in the system over a period of time into a data block (block) through cryptographic algorithms, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking ( chain) and check the next data block, all participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true.

Blockchain is a general term for technical solutions similar to NoSQL (non-relational database). It is not a specific technology. Blockchain technology can be implemented through many programming languages ​​and architectures. . There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc.

The concept of blockchain was first introduced in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer ElectronicIt is proposed in "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", the author is an individual (or group) who calls himself Satoshi Nakamoto. Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.

[Popular explanation]

No matter how big the system or how small the website, there is usually a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? Under normal circumstances, whoever is responsible for operating the network or system will maintain it. If it is a WeChat database, it must be maintained by Tencent's team, and Taobao's database must be maintained by Alibaba's team. Everyone must think that this approach is natural, but this is not the case with blockchain technology.

If we imagine the database as a ledger: Alipay, for example, is a typical ledger, and any change in data is an accounting type. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple accounting method. The same is true in the world of blockchain. Everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. The system will select within a period of time, maybe within ten seconds, or maybe ten minutes, to select the person with the fastest and best accounting during this period. This person will do the accounting, and he will combine the changes in the database during this period with Changes in the ledger are recorded in a block. We can imagine this block as a page of paper. After confirming that the record is correct, the system will link (chain) the data fingerprint of the past ledger to this paper, and then This piece of paper is sent to everyone else in the entire system. Then the cycle starts over and the system looks for the next person who can do the accounting quickly and well, and everyone else in the system gets a copy of the entire ledger. This means that everyone in this system has exactly the same ledger. This technology is called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology.

Since everyone (computer) has exactly the same ledger, and everyone (computer) has exactly the same rights, there will be no problem due to a single person (computer) losing contact or going down. The entire system collapses. Since there are exactly the same ledgers, it means that all data is open and transparent, and everyone can see the digital changes in each account. Its very interesting feature is that the data in it cannot be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will consider the account books with the largest number of the same number as the real account books, and the small number of account books with different numbers as others are false account books. In this case, it makes no sense for anyone to tamper with their own ledger, because unless you can tamper with most of the nodes in the entire system. If the entire system has only five or ten nodes, it may be easy to do, but if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes, and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someoneIndividuals control most of the world's computers, otherwise it would be unlikely to tamper with such a large blockchain.

[Elements]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, we believe that it must have the following four elements to be called a public blockchain technology. If it only has the first three points elements, which we will consider as private blockchain technology (private chain).

1. Point-to-point peer-to-peer network (peer-to-peer power, physical point-to-point connection)

2. Verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non-tamperable database)

3. Distributed consensus mechanism (solve the Byzantine generals problem and double payment)

4. Nash equilibrium game design (cooperation is an evolutionarily stable strategy)
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[Characteristics]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized, trustless, Collectively maintained (Collectively maintained), reliable database (Reliable Database). And the four characteristics will lead to two other characteristics: open source (Open Source) and privacy protection (Anonymity). If a system does not possess these characteristics, it will not be considered an application based on blockchain technology.

Decentralized: The entire network has no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect it. operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.

Trustless: Each node participating in the entire system does not need to trust each other for data exchange. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also public. , therefore within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.

Collectively maintain: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and these nodes with maintenance functions can be participated by anyone.

Reliable Database: The entire system will be divided into databases so that each participating node can obtain a copy of the complete database. Unless it is possible to simultaneously control more than 100% of the entire system51% of the nodes, otherwise modifications to the database on a single node will be invalid and cannot affect the data content on other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes and stronger computing power participating in the system, the higher the data security in the system.

Open Source: Since the operating rules of the entire system must be open and transparent, for the program, the entire system must be open source.

Privacy protection (Anonymity): Since nodes do not need to trust each other, there is no need to disclose their identities between nodes. The privacy of each participating node in the system is protected. protected.

⑦ Five major factors that can promote the prosperity of blockchain technology in the future

The wind of change is blowing strongly. Starting from the Bitcoin craze at the end of 2017, Bitcoin futures contract trading reached a climax. The panic subsided a bit and buzzwords like blockchain, cryptocurrency and Bitcoin slowly faded from the headlines. But now the next phase for Bitcoin is the legalization of the asset class and the promotion of blockchain technology. Behind the market’s recent headlines about the trade war with the United States, a turf war has begun in the blockchain world. This is not a company changing its name to attract new investors, but some mature industries using this technology to cut costs and improve profit margins. Major companies like Walmart, UnitedHealth, and BMW have been adapting blockchain technology to suit their needs. It’s not just concepts, the practical applications of blockchain are already creating huge changes in industries around the world. The revolution has just begun, and when researching the cryptocurrency ecosystem, you'll find that there are many ways to invest in blockchain.

1) "Noisy Picks and Axes" and Miners

During the Gold Rush, the really wealthy people were the ones who sold picks and axes. That is, these companies provide speculators with the tools to go out and find fortune. In the cryptocurrency world, this refers to companies that produce chips and hardware used in mining operations. Includes many semiconductor companies.

And the miners themselves. Miners confirm transactions between nodes by solving cryptographic problems and are then rewarded in cryptocurrencies. We’ve already seen publicly traded companies “mine” cryptocurrencies. These companies mine the tokens and then immediately sell them on the open market and pass the proceeds on to shareholders. Think of them like the pipeline companies of the energy industry. These companies are currently small but may become larger over time.

2) Cloud infrastructure

No industry relies as much on cloud technology for development as blockchain. The need to distribute the ledger globally without centralized ownership or regulatory trading authority takes full advantage of the cloud. However, the cloud is still at risk here because theBlockchain circular stove technology can distribute storage globally, thereby combating the centralized nature of traditional cloud services. Still, the industry can adapt technology to benefit.

3) Payment processing and lending

One of the most disruptive industries for blockchain is payment processing. Unlike traditional financial intermediaries, blockchain technology supports a distributed, open, public ledger in which transactions are confirmed by other nodes in the chain and charge higher fees than those from traditional processors. The typical fees are much lower.

Blockchain technology is also ideal for lending, allowing it to spread risk across thousands of loans in an instant, regardless of the size of the lender. We are just the tip of the iceberg on this stage.

4) Investment firms, business development firms and consulting firms

There will be a wave of companies looking for ways to integrate blockchain technology into their existing businesses. Large consulting firms have begun offering services to help companies integrate new technologies. Gartner even developed a website specifically for this purpose.

Some public companies are acting as incubators for other emerging cryptocurrencies. There are currently over 1,600 cryptocurrencies in the world. These investors and business development firms invest in promising cryptocurrency technology companies before the technology becomes mainstream.

5) Futures and ETFs (Exchange Traded Funds)

The legalization of Bitcoin continues as futures contracts begin trading on two major U.S. exchanges. Soon, Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs will also be officially regulated. Meanwhile, investors have been using GBTC as a proxy. As mentioned earlier, Goldman Sachs will soon open its trading desk, further proving the legitimacy of cryptocurrencies as an asset class.

Conclusion

There is no doubt that blockchain will have a huge impact on almost every industry you can think of. In fact, experts predict that the sector’s value will surge 8,500% to $60 billion by 2024.

Just like in the early days of the Internet, some companies will reap huge benefits. Others are just ephemeral. We cut through the gimmicks and hype to shine a light on the powerful, often little-known companies driving blockchain technology. Jianghui Shengxing Network Technology is a professional blockchain R&D company that provides overall blockchain solutions and uses the current popular blockchain technology to truly realize blockchain development. As a professional system development company, we have 5 years of system development experience and two years of blockchain development. We have very mature development experience and are constantly improving our technology and service quality. degreeSolve customer needs effectively. If you have blockchain system development, blockchain technology research and development, various blockchain system development, blockchain settlement system development, blockchain APP development, blockchain game development, blockchain transaction system development, district If you need blockchain solutions, blockchain project development, blockchain financial system development, blockchain business model system development, blockchain payment, blockchain application development, etc., you can contact me.

⑧ What are the several elements in blockchain technology

The analysis elements of Jinwowo network are as follows:

1-Contains a distributed Database

2-Distributed database is the physical carrier of the blockchain, and the blockchain is the logical carrier of transactions. All core nodes should contain a full copy of the blockchain data

3-The blockchain serializes blocks by time, and the blockchain is the only subject of transaction data in the entire network

4-The blockchain is only valid for additions and is invalid for other operations

5-Public and private key verification based on asymmetric encryption

6-Accounting nodes require that the Byzantine Generals Problem can be solved/avoided

7-Consensus The process (consensus progress) is evolutionarily stable, that is, it will not collapse in the face of a certain amount of contradictory data from different nodes.

8-The consensus process can solve the double-spending problem