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1. How to do product traceability

Currently, there is a lot of hype about product traceability in the market, but there are not many companies that have the ability to truly trace the product throughout the entire process. If a company wants to trace its products, it needs to be more cautious. The Miaoma traceability system is pretty good. It uses blockchain alliance chain technology as the underlying data to build a basic framework, and comprehensively integrates big data, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and other high technologies. The Miaoma traceability system assigns product ID traceability codes to the products. Realize anti-counterfeiting traceability management throughout the product life cycle from raw materials, production, warehousing, channels, terminals to consumers.

2. Blockchain principle

Blockchain is a technology, but it is not a single technology, but the result of the integration of multiple technologies, including cryptography , mathematics, economics, network science, etc. You can think of it as a distributed shared accounting technology, or as a database, but this database is jointly maintained by all nodes on the chain, and each node has a ledger, because all nodes The ledgers are consistent, different nodes can trust each other, and there is no doubt about the data, so everyone says that the blockchain has technically achieved trust. For detailed professional technology, you can consult some professional technology companies. For example: Jinbo Technology, which focuses on developing blockchain-related products, has a professional R&D team and complete after-sales service. You can call for consultation.

3. Why can’t you understand the blockchain in one sentence?

Blockchain is an extremely popular concept now. It is talked about almost everywhere, and almost everyone is talking about it. talk. However, it seems that not many people really understand.

You must have seen articles like this on the Internet: "Tell you what blockchain is in X minutes", "Explain blockchain in X pictures", etc., but after reading it, you still think In the fog.

You must have heard someone explain blockchain in one sentence: Blockchain is a distributed ledger.

It’s indeed a sentence, but I know you still didn’t understand it.

You don’t understand what “distributed” is, let alone what “distributed ledger” is. What’s especially confusing is: isn’t it just a ledger? How come it has become a technology that will change the world? ?

Since you don’t understand this explanation, let me try to explain the blockchain from another angle.

Of course, it’s also a sentence.

Let us think about it carefully. No matter how mysterious blockchain technology is, it is just a tool. As long as it is a tool, it is used to solve certain problems.

From this perspective, blockchain technology is no different from the hammer in your home: the hammer is a tool, and the problem to be solved is the nail on the wall.

A tool, if it’s hard to explain “what” it is, then use another oneQuestion: What does it solve? Could answering this new question help us finally understand this tool?

For example:

Epacadostater is an extremely complex molecular compound that represents the highest technological achievement in the field of biomedicine today. If you talk about the definition, it is almost impossible for you to explain to a layman what it is; but starting from the problem it solves, this magical drug can be explained clearly in one sentence: It is a specific drug for the treatment of AIDS.

This time, I know you must understand. Not because you understand the definition of Epacadostater, but because you understand the problem it solves: AIDS.

Therefore, this way of thinking is completely feasible by understanding the problem to understand the tool.

So, what problem does the blockchain want to solve?

A simple explanation in one sentence: Blockchain technology is an effective solution to the double-spend problem.

Okay, I admit I lied to you, but you still don’t understand. But don't hit me yet, we are actually very close.

Look at these two sentences:

The key to these two sentences is: you understand AIDS, but you don’t understand the "double spend" problem. It is precisely because of this The difference in cognition means that you can understand the first sentence but not the second sentence.

Therefore, understanding the double-spending problem is the key to understanding the blockchain!

Let’s explain what the “double-spending” problem is, although it is not in one sentence. But it’s not difficult to understand.

Starting from WeChat, which we use daily, you must be familiar with the following two scenarios:

On the surface, the two scenarios seem to be similar, but in fact But there is a huge difference!

When you send photos to others, the photos are still there, but the money is gone. Why?

Maybe you think you should So: If money still existed, wouldn’t everyone have money to spend (a dream come true)!

No, the reason behind this is not ordinary at all. Let me explain why.< br />
Now, each of us has to face two different worlds at the same time: a physical real world and a virtual online world (mobile phones, computers, the Internet, etc.). The former is composed of atoms and molecules. , and the component element of the latter is "digits". Let me call the second world the "digital world"

The "digital world" is one of mankind's greatest inventions.Many tasks that are difficult to accomplish in the real world can be easily accomplished in the "digital world."

For example, in the real world, you have a paper photo, you want to share it with your distant friends, and you also want to keep a copy for yourself. To do this, you need to go to a photo studio to make copies and then mail them to the post office. Not to mention the trouble, it takes time.

In the digital world, all you need is a tap on your phone, and in an instant, your distant friend will receive the photo. very convenient.

Why is it so convenient?

In the real world, molecules and atoms are not easy to copy, and there is no way to transmit them at high speed. In the digital world, numbers are extremely easy to copy and can be transmitted at high speed (in fact, you can By sending a photo, you are sending a copy of the photo, and copying is a natural thing in the digital world).

Relying on this characteristic, the digital world provides convenience far beyond the real world and has greatly changed our lives.

However, people find that this convenience encounters a huge difficulty: how to transmit "money" in the digital world?

In the real world, if you give 100 yuan in cash to your friend, you will naturally have 100 yuan less cash in your pocket, and your friend will naturally have 100 yuan more cash in his pocket. This kind of physical operation does not require the intervention of others.

However, in the digital world, the components of everything are numbers. There is no difference between 100 yuan (or other valuable things) and photos, they are all numbers. Numbers can be easily copied and transmitted.

But you obviously cannot transfer money by transferring photos (copying digital copies). If the photos are transferred, you can keep an original copy, but if the money is transferred, your money cannot be kept.

In other words, in the digital world, you can have countless copies of your photos, but you can only have one copy of your "money". When "money" circulates between different owners, it must be its "real person", which just changes the owner, unlike photos that can have multiple "doppelgangers".

Because this "uniqueness" is inconsistent with the nature of the digital world, additional mechanisms must be in place to ensure this. Otherwise, once the money can be copied, you can first transfer 100 yuan to one person, and then transfer the copy to other people. This is equivalent to a 100 yuan being spent twice. This is the so-called "double spending problem". )".

To sum up, although the "double spending" problem can make everyone have more money to spend, the modern financial system absolutely cannot accept this.

How to solve it? You are familiar with the previous solution, which is the bank. The bank is responsible for recordingRecord the owner of each money.

The bank will give each person an account. After your transaction is completed, the bank will do the following: record that there is a loss of 100 yuan in your account, and record that there is an increase of 100 yuan in your friend's account. The yuan just changed owners and was not copied. Here the bank acts as a trusted intermediary.

But the banking system has various problems:

It is slow and it may take several days to transfer a sum of money. This is not the efficiency that the digital world should have.

Risk: Banks are vulnerable to hacker attacks.

Expensive, high handling fees, you know.

For these reasons, we don’t want banks to be the “intermediaries”. Is there any other way to solve the double-spending problem mentioned above without any intermediary?

For a long time, the answer was no.

There is no way to solve the double-spending problem in a digital world without banks. Until one day, a genius came up with blockchain technology, and everything changed from then on!

Blockchain technology is an effective solution to the double-spending problem. It allows humans to fully enjoy the advantages of the digital world in transactions for the first time, which is fast, safe, reliable and cheap. With blockchain technology, you can transfer money to friends just like sending photos, and more importantly, there is no bank in the whole process!

Perfect!

The following is a summary of this article:

1. Don’t understand blockchain from its definition, but start with the problems it solves.

2. The real world is composed of molecules and atoms, which are not easy to copy and transmit.

3. Everything in the digital world is composed of numbers, which solves the problem of difficulty in copying and transmitting in the real world, but brings new double-spending problems.

4. Building a bank-centered network can solve the double-spend problem in the digital world, but it also brings other problems: low efficiency, high cost, poor security, etc.

5. Blockchain technology solves the above problems. The explanation in one sentence is: Blockchain is a tool that can solve the double-spend problem in the decentralized digital world.

I hope after reading this, you can understand what the blockchain does by understanding the "double spend" problem. As for how the blockchain works specifically, I will introduce it to you in a subsequent article.

Finally, I made up Epacadostater, there is no such thing.

4. How to draw a blockchain accounting node mind map

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer composition. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. Ledger. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses automated scripts to A new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of codes to program and operate data.
In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.

5. What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain?

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a way to block data in chronological order. A chained data structure composed of sequential connections, and a cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

[Infrastructure]

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer composition. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes of eachConsensus-like algorithm; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is a programmable blockchain The basis of features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Extended information:

[Blockchain core technology]

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it addresses this issue Four technological innovations:

1. Distributed ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they all Can participate in supervising the legality of transactions and can also jointly testify for them.

The uniqueness of blockchain's distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally stores The data is divided into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and of equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node.

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.

2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. Transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. , thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.

3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result.

4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Taking insurance as an example, if everyone’s information (including medical information and risk occurrenceinformation) are true and credible, it will be easy to carry out automated claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.

Blockchain-Network

6. How to build your own blockchain

Part 1: Build your own zone from 0 to 1 Blockchain catalog:
1.1 Starting from imitation, getting to know the blockchain
1.2 The foundation of the blockchain: analysis of the consensus mechanism
1.3 The design principle and design method of the consensus mechanism
1.4 How to quickly clone a blockchain
1.5 How to turn Bitcoin into your own private chain – fork Bitcoin
1.6 How to turn Ethereum into your own private chain – fork Ethereum
1.7 How to turn Ripple into your own private chain – fork ripple
1.8 How to turn stellar into your own private chain – fork stellar 1.9 How to build a mining pool and dig out your own genesis block
1.10 How to develop your own blockchain wallet (Windows and MAC) 1.11 How to develop your own blockchain wallet (Android and IOS) 1.12 How to develop an online wallet similar to blockchain.info 1.13 How to add your own blockchain Security and robustness of the network 1.14 How to use coind to handle deposits and withdrawals
1.15 How to use capital pools to build a currency mixing service
1.16 How to design a new mining algorithm
General This process is common in most cases, but it is also very difficult for ordinary people to complete. Mature blockchain projects include Ethereum, DECENT, Bitcoin, etc.

7. What are the digital asset wallets?

Digital asset wallets include imtoken, Bitpie, Kushen, Hufu, etc. Let’s talk about them in detail below:

Talk about it Blockchain digital assets are inseparable from digital wallets. With the continuous development of blockchain technology, digital wallets play an increasingly important role in the blockchain ecosystem. In the early days, there were only basics such as transfer, storage, and collection. Function, now digital wallets can not only carry out asset management, but also carry out digital asset financial management, digital asset transactions, diversion for public chain DApps, etc. Digital wallets have become an important entry point into the world of blockchain.

We often hear about hot wallets, cold wallets, hardware wallets, etc. What exactly do they have?What's the difference? Digital wallets can be classified differently according to different standards. Let’s talk about several common digital wallet classification methods.

03 Classification according to the degree of decentralization of wallets

According to the different degrees of decentralization of wallets, digital wallets can be divided into full-node wallets, light wallets Node wallet and centralized wallet.

A full node wallet refers to a wallet that synchronizes all data on the blockchain. For example, Bitcoin's full node data has reached hundreds of gigabytes. The Bitcoin full node wallet needs to synchronize all data. Although the full node wallet occupies a relatively large storage space, it can achieve complete decentralization.

Light node wallets rely on other full node wallets on the blockchain and only synchronize data related to themselves, thus achieving partial decentralization. For example, our commonly used Bitcoin wallets are light node wallets. When using these wallets, you only download the data related to your own Bitcoin account, and it is not realistic to download hundreds of gigabytes of data.

A centralized wallet means that all data is obtained from its own centralized server. The data relies on the wallet service provider's own ledger. Its transaction efficiency is very high and it can basically achieve real-time payment. For example, we are in The wallet of the trading platform is a centralized wallet.

8. Infura API obtains the current configuration chain ID of Ethereum - Blockchain data development practice

Introduction: Infura is an API service provider for Ethereum and IPFS. Infura initially only provided stable and reliable RPC access for ConsenSys internal projects. Later, with the development of the Ethereum ecosystem, they realized that they could play a greater role, so they began to provide public API services to developers. This article summarizes the implementation of using the Infura API to obtain the current configuration chain ID of Ethereum.

Infura is an API service provider for Ethereum and IPFS. Infura initially only provided stable and reliable RPC access for ConsenSys internal projects. Later, with the development of the Ethereum ecosystem, they realized that they could play a greater role, so they began to provide public API services to developers.

This article summarizes the implementation of using the Infura API to obtain the current configuration chain ID of Ethereum.

Infura API official documentation: https://infura.io/docs

To use the API, you need to apply for a Project ID. The ID is free to apply for. The application process is "Register-Login -Create a new project", no review is required and it can be done in a few minutes.

Infura API standard request port format:

In this example we use the HTTP-based JSON-RPC port of the Ethereum main network:

Infura API to obtain the current configuration chain ID of Ethereum:

Curl example:

Node.js example:

Returned JSON example:

Returns a large integer of the current chain ID.

Infura API service mind map:

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