区块链宣传片的文稿怎么写,区块链宣传片的文稿是什么

区块链，一种分布式记账技术，是当下最具前瞻性的技术之一。它改变了传统的中心化记账方式，使用了分布式账本和密码学算法，可以实现去中心化的记账，从而带来了更高的安全性、可靠性和透明度。下面就来拓展三个相关的关键词，来介绍区块链宣传片的文稿：

去中心化：

去中心化是区块链技术的一个重要特征，它是指没有中央机构可以控制或管理网络，而是由网络中的节点共同维护。这种去中心化的特点使得区块链技术更加安全可靠，也更容易实现信息的共享。

密码学算法：

密码学算法是区块链技术中重要的一环，它是指利用密码学的原理，建立起网络中信息的安全传输和管理机制。例如，哈希算法是用来确保数据的完整性和不可篡改性，公钥/私钥对是用来实现数字签名，以确保信息的可信性。

透明度：

透明度是指信息的可视性，也是区块链技术的一个重要特征。由于区块链技术的去中心化特点，所有的交易信息都可以被公开查看，任何人都可以追溯到这些信息的历史记录，这就保证了数据的真实性和透明度。

总之，区块链技术的去中心化、密码学算法、透明度等特点，使得它更安全可靠、更有效率，因此，它已经被广泛应用于金融、政府、医疗等领域。

请查看相关英文文档

Ⅰ Return to 2008: The origin of blockchain, the place where dreams begin

— — This article takes about 8 minutes to read — —

My great achievements Worthy to be cast in bronze, engraved in marble, and engraved on wood for eternity; when these deeds of mine are known in the world, happy times and happy times will come. —— Cervantes "Don Quixote"

On the tenth anniversary of the birth of Bitcoin, I would like to send this sentence to Satoshi Nakamoto to pay tribute to this great era.

ONE

01

Turn the clock back to 2008, and the world is fighting the most severe global economic recession in half a century. , this extraordinary impact caused severe trade paralysis and led to the collapse of many fairly large financial institutions. Due to globalization and the development of various well-designed financial products, the world's financial system has expanded into an interdependent, chain-link ecosystem of stacked roofs. The crisis is developing like a fire, and central banks and policymakers of various countries are helpless.

The crisis was caused by policymakers. In order to stimulate the economy, governments implemented loose monetary policies and deficit finance, stimulating residents to increase leverage and engage in excessive consumption. Financial institutions also ignored risks and operated with high leverage. , resulting in asset price bubbles. Policymakers and supervisory authorities are indifferent to risks, which subjectively results in a lack of and lax financial supervision; financial institutions use unscrupulous means to pursue short-term interests, exacerbating and amplifying risks.

The biographical drama "The Big Short" released by Paramount Pictures is based on the 2008 global financial crisis

The ironic and helpless thing is that after that, global policymakers In an attempt to quickly start the economic recovery after the financial crisis, all countries have entered an era of monetary easing. The currency issued by most countries in the world far exceeds the historical average. In this unprecedented round of money printing, global asset prices have Then a new round of skyrocketing began, resulting in severe inflation and overcapacity, which have not been cleared up to this day and have become unbreakable shackles tying up economic policy.

No one is satisfied with such a gangster-like policy. The money has to be deposited in the bank to endure the de facto negative interest rate exploitation. Who wants to see their hard-earned hard-earned money diluted by inflation? It’s time to change the rules of the game and try something new.

TWO

02

The popularization and application of computer technology and modern communication technology is the fifth information technology revolution defined in books. It will Human society has advanced into the digital information age.It has brought about huge changes in our production and lifestyle. We benefit from this. We chat, read, play, shop, socialize, complete work and life on the Internet, and pass the boring and lonely time. Some excellent and great companies were born from this, and some opportunistic rats grew up secretly.

Those of us who are accustomed to the Internet, in an environment of strict content censorship and speech control, are all too familiar with 404 pages. This is a characteristic of daily life under the authoritative system. HTTP 404 error is a page returned when the client is browsing the web and the server cannot provide information normally, or the server cannot respond and the reason is unknown. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP, HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the most widely used network protocol on the Internet, and all WWW files must comply with this standard. Although the TCP/IP protocol is the most popular application on the Internet, the HTTP protocol does not mandate its use and the layers it supports. In fact, HTTP can be implemented over any other Internet protocol, or over other networks.

Study the HTTP status codes carefully. Not far from 404 Not Found, we can find the rarely seen 402 Payment Required. Its description is "reserved for future use" and is marked "Payment required" for access. In fact, at the beginning of the network design, the creators hoped to provide a way to transmit value. It's just that unlike the free sharing of information, the free exchange of value on the Internet is not an easy task. Value is not data that can be "copied and pasted" at will. This dream can only be shelved indefinitely, desolately marked as "reserved for later use", and the difficult problem is left to those who are smart enough to solve the problem.

THREE

03

The seeds of cryptocurrency have actually been planted long ago. In the 1980s, cypherpunks had the original idea of ​​cryptocurrency. Some dream of a marketplace filled with government secrets, where whistleblowers can be rewarded with untraceable electronic cryptocurrencies. The difficulty in designing rewards is how to establish a consensus recognized by everyone, which is the Byzantine Generals Problem proposed by Leslie Lamport and others in 1985, so that armies from various places can reach consensus with each other and decide whether to The process of dispatching troops extends to the computing field to establish a fault-tolerant distributed system. Even if some nodes fail, the normal operation of the system can still be ensured. Multiple nodes based on zero trust can reach a consensus and ensure the consistency of information transmission.

I have to admit, earth-shatteringBig history is sometimes made by a small number of people. In 1993, Eric Hughes and a group of cryptography enthusiasts created a "cypherpunk mailing list" encrypted email system, referred to as "cypherpunk", with the purpose of combating Internet electronic mailings that are monitored by the government. Email, the secret discussion group "Cryptozoology Email Group" wrote in the manifesto "We use cryptography, anonymous email forwarding systems, digital signatures, and electronic currency to protect our privacy."

In 1998, another cypherpunk Wei Dai proposed the anonymous, distributed electronic cryptocurrency system B-money. The distributed idea suddenly emerged and became the spiritual forerunner of the new generation of cryptocurrency. With the collision of ideas and the excitement of the years, the cypherpunks have been diligently pursuing asymmetric encryption technology, point-to-point network technology, Hashcash algorithm mechanism, and reusable Proofs of Work. The technology is becoming increasingly mature.

On November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in the "Cryptozoology Mailing Group": "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Trust institution." The post was signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

"This article proposes an electronic cash system entirely implemented through peer-to-peer technology, which enables online payments to be initiated directly by one party and paid to another party without going through any financial institution in the middle." " The most fundamental problem with traditional currency is trust. The central bank must be trusted not to devalue the currency, but historically this credibility has never existed. The bank must be trusted to manage money well and make this wealth available. It circulates in the form of electronic currency, but banks use the currency to create credit bubbles, causing private wealth to shrink," he wrote in the Bitcoin white paper.

On January 3, 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client, announcing the birth of Bitcoin. He obtained 50 Bitcoins through "mining" on a small server in Helsinki, Finland. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block". Satoshi Nakamoto wrote the front page headline of The Times that day - "The Times 03/Jan/2009, Chancellor onbrink of second lout for banks" The edge of the industry) was engraved on the genesis block, a silent mockery of the monetary authorities that will go down in history.

FOUR

04

The emergence of Bitcoin in 2009 has changed all issues regarding currency, the Internet and value transmission. The thorny problems that plague network creators seem to be coming to a solution. Bitcoin, which cleverly integrates P2P networks, cryptography, consensus algorithms and other existing technologies, elegantly solves the problem of generating, storing and transmitting exchange value on the Internet. In this system, data is generated and stored in units of blocks, and is connected into a chain structure in chronological order. Independent nodes jointly participate in the verification, storage, and maintenance of data, which is non-tamperable, open and transparent. specialty. Blockchain is translated into blockchain technology, which establishes a trusted mechanism for information and value transfer and exchange in untrusted networks.

Satoshi Nakamoto predicted that within 20 years Bitcoin will either return to zero or become extremely powerful. Through the promotion and development of geeks, technology evangelists, cryptocurrency enthusiasts and even keen capital, Bitcoin has gone from being unknown to being famous all over the world. The blockchain technology derived from it has spread and will surely take mankind forward. Entering a new era. As for blockchain technology, governments, big capital, technology pioneers and even the general public have slowly established a consensus - following steam engines, electricity, and the Internet, blockchain may be the next generation of disruptive core technology. The Internet has evolved from information The Internet is moving towards the Internet of Value.

Although the development of the Internet is changing with each passing day, breakthroughs in information dissemination and value transfer are not accidental events. From researchers and enthusiasts’ day and night attempts and explorations to the application feedback of ordinary users, Go through a long and arduous process of evolution. As technology and needs stabilize and mature, each new stage can build something new based on the previous stage. Going through the fog of history and looking back at the development of the information Internet, we should be fully mentally prepared to build and use the value Internet. Although the technology is ready, large-scale popularization and application cannot be achieved overnight. If history serves as a reference, our expectations cannot be too optimistic. The application and popularization of the value Internet will burst out energy far beyond our expectations.

- End -

More information is waiting for you on the Blockchain Weird official account

Statement: There are risks in digital asset investment. Blockchain Chain Freak does not provide any investment advice.

II The No. 1 Blockchain Village, another good manifestation of the bubble in the currency circle

February 16, 2019, the 12th day of the first lunar month, many people are still spending time in their hometownsSpring Festival. Bitcoin China founder Yang Linke posted a photo of his hometown, Ledong Village, on Weibo: The stone tablets on both sides of the Wanglou River in Ledong Village are engraved with information on dozens of currencies, including BTC. Ledong Village is known as the first village in blockchain.

As early as January 12, 2018, Yang Linke publicly revealed at a large summit that he would build a blockchain industrial village (also known as Ledong Village, Beibaixiang Town, Yueqing, Wenzhou, his hometown Bit Village). His reason is simple: "When the Internet emerged, there was Zhongguancun, when Taobao emerged, there was Taobao Village, and now that we have entered the blockchain era, we need to have a blockchain industrial village."

Yang Linke in Murakami is very attentive to the construction of Bit. He personally participated in symposiums, development plans, on-site construction, and investment promotion. On February 23, 2018, villagers of Ledong Village participated in the "Blockchain Symposium" in the classroom of Ledong Primary School. Nearly a hundred villagers participated in the "Ledong Blockchain Forum" that day, and Yang Linke also participated.

The Blockchain Industrial Village is a public welfare project. For this reason, Yang Linke also posted a message in the circle of friends to call on friends in the blockchain circle to invest. Blockchain Village, of course, uses the currency circle method to invest, and he also posted the addresses of BTC, ETH and BCD. According to the list of donors presented by Yang Linke, there are many well-known projects and founders, including Bao Erye, Chu Xia Hu, Zhu Huaiyang, etc.

As for the direction of the blockchain industrial village, the "Ledong Blockchain Industrial Village Development Plan" says this: first, popularize blockchain industry knowledge; second, provide services for the global region Blockchain projects provide a display window; third, carry out targeted poverty alleviation through blockchain to drive local economic development.

I think there is still a big gap between Ledong Village and Zhongguancun and Taobao Village. In Zhongguancun and Taobao Village, villagers rely on related industries to make a living and are engaged in related industries. At present, the things related to blockchain in Ledong Village are just displays of some digital currencies. As an emerging industry that puts technology first, the blockchain industry has a huge education cost, which is difficult for many highly educated talents to understand. As a poor village, the quality of villagers in Ledong Village is generally low, and it is difficult for them to understand the blockchain industry, let alone make a living on the blockchain. Therefore, I think it is too early to call Ledong Village a blockchain industrial village.

This is very similar to the current currency circle. Many project developers don’t have any real knowledge. They throw out a concept casually, buy a white paper on Taobao under the guise of blockchain, and start publicizing it openly, harvesting people’s IQ tax.

However, I firmly believe that blockchain is definitely the future, and bubbles are the only way to go. Only bubbles can attract some people to participate in the early stage. With the continuous development of blockchain technology and the improvement of user experience, a real blockchain industrial village will definitely appear.

Ⅲ This article will help you understand what super computing power is and why it is worth itYou need to participate

What is super computing power? (Super Computing Power Chinese Promotional Video)

Super Computing Power is a de-corporatized, service entity-centered blockchain e-commerce economy where everyone can participate for free and share benefits.

The entire community ecology uses a set of "behavioral computing power" profit distribution methods to create an open, fair, just and transparent way for ordinary people to start a business and make money.

The above is a general summary of super computing power. Now I sincerely invite you. I hope that in the next time you can systematically and carefully understand what super computing power is and why it is worthy of you. participate.

First of all, before I formally introduce Super Computing Power, I would like to give you a risk warning in accordance with the community’s philosophy:

Super Computing Power is a very special new company. , the reason why it is particularly new does not mean that its establishment time is particularly new, but that its concepts and operating methods are particularly new, which are mainly reflected in the following points:

Super computing power has been very new since its inception. It has been decided that we will never conduct any private placements or token swaps, and all contribution points (spt) will be awarded to every ecological participant and contributor for free only through "behavioral computing power mining".

You must know that in the current chain and currency circles, there are no private placements, no institutions to get money, decorporation, and purely community operations. These labels are alien enough, but super computing power is not for Different from different.

Our original intention of creating super computing power is to use blockchain to do something truly valuable. We want to prove that blockchain can be used not only to open exchanges, financial speculation, gambling, and games , and can also be a very good service entity, bringing tangible benefits to every ordinary person around us.

In Super Computing Power, everyone can have in-depth contact with the founders and core members of the community, and can communicate freely online and offline. You can know who you are working with, and you can know this person. What kind of people are they? What kind of people are they in the super computing community? Are they just a bunch of people or people with lofty ideals? You can tellClear as day.

In the super computing community, all important decisions are discussed jointly by community members, and decisions are made based on everyone’s interests, rather than like other centralized companies that just issue a notification document regardless of our interests. damaged.

Because Super Computing is a community operation, Super Computing does not recruit a single employee. Except for the founder, who is a full-time employee, everyone else uses their spare time to help the ecological development. We don’t get a penny of salary, everyone acts voluntarily, relying on value attraction and recognition of the founder, Mr. Tan.

Mr. Tan does super computing not to make money for himself, but to enable more ordinary people like you and me to make money and realize their dreams through a fair, open and transparent platform. Super computing Computing power is his dream and what he wants to do in his life, and he is very confident and unswerving in super computing power.

Super computing power will generate large and small profits during the operation process. Super computing power will distribute at least 80% of these profits to all participants and contributors in the community.

In super computing power, these data are completely open and transparent, and anyone can view them at any time.

The profits of super computing power are distributed according to the contribution points SPT, and the contribution points SPT can be obtained for free through your own valuable behavior. 100% of the contribution points SPT are distributed to everyone for free. .

Everyone can participate in 80% of the platform’s profit dividends every night according to the proportion of contribution points they hold.

Why does super computing power make this company so new? This has a lot to do with the original intention, mission, and vision of super computing power.

The original intention of super computing power is to change the unreasonable profit distribution method of centralized companies.

Why do you think the profit distribution method of centralized companies is unreasonable? Think about those centralized companies. What do they rely on to support their high profits and high market value?

Take Taobao and Dotcom, for example. Why do these two companies have such high profits? Is it the founding team behind them? Or the investors behind it?

In the early days, they did play a very important role, but when this business matures, what really supports the company's high profits and high market value depends more on the huge number of people like you and me. The same participants on this platform include consumers, merchant couriers, and people searching for information.

It is people like us who support this company. If our contribution is so great, are their profits distributed to us?

No, so super computing power believes that this method of profit distribution is unreasonable, so our mission is to allow every valuable behavior to obtain reasonable returns.

Since the platform is bought by us dollar by dollar, sold by us one product at a time, and delivered by couriers one by one, this kind of behavior should be treated reasonably In return, this is the mission of super computing power.

There are three visions for super computing power:

1. By 2025, at least 10 million people will be able to hold our contribution points (spt) for free, because of super computing power The profits are distributed based on contribution points.

2. The ultimate goal: through our efforts, one spt will receive one yuan in dividends a year.

3. Let super computing power continue to operate for 150 years. We don’t want to do things that are quick for quick success, but want to be a company that is viable and creates value continuously and stably.

In the past two years of super computing power operations, it has polished a relatively mature mechanism. This mechanism is a benefit distribution mechanism based on "behavioral computing power". The core logic of this mechanism is to use valuable Obtain computing power through your actions, obtain SPT through computing power, and obtain dividends through holding SPT.

Super computing power advocates "behavioral computing power". What is behavioral computing power?

There was no such statement before super computing power. This is a concept proposed by our super computing power and has been patented.

The mission of super computing power is to make every valuable behavior receive reasonable rewards.

① What is thereAn act of value? How can I get a reasonable return?

Valuable behavior is our time. Our money, our labor, and our knowledge are all condensed of our time, so they are all valuable.

Therefore, no matter where we spend time, money, labor, or output knowledge, etc., these behaviors are valuable behaviors.

Behaviors that we consider valuable in super computing power include: likes, posts, comments, daily consumption (recharge, takeout, taxis, shopping, buying tickets, watching ads) or promoting our computing Limao (pos machine, payment code) and other businesses as well as partners who serve our super computing power community.

Therefore, these valuable behaviors should receive corresponding rewards. These rewards, large and small, will be distributed to us in the form of computing power through a set of reasonable mechanisms in super computing power. This is the so-called behavioral computing power.

② What can we gain by holding computing power?

You can get points (spt) from the platform. The platform will allocate points at 20:00 every night based on the weight of the effective computing power held by the individual in the total effective computing power held by all members of the community. (spt) to our personal account.

③ What can we do with points (spt)?

You can participate in the platform’s dividends (RMB). The platform will weight 20 per night based on the proportion of the effective points (spt) held by the individual to the total effective points (spt) held by all members of the community. :30 is allocated to our platform 80% of the profit for the day.

Of course, if we don’t want to participate in the platform’s dividends, the points (spt) we earn can also be directly liquidated on the Xiaobi Beast Exchange (there is a liquidation process in the community).

After this cycle, you will find that the valuable behaviors of all of us are eventually transformed into wealth and distributed to you. Therefore, what we have built with super computing power is a company that truly makes money for ordinary people. companies, not companies that make money for capital and wealthy people. This is our value.

In this cycle, both the computing power and the points (spt) we hold are obtained for free. To be more precise, we should obtain them through valuable actions.

As mentioned earlier, at least 80% of the community’s daily profits will be distributed to all participants and contributors, so where does the community’s profits come from? How is it divided?

① Where do the community’s business profits come from?

Current businesses include payment codes, POS machines, recharge and payment, ordering takeout, e-commerce shopping, supermarkets and convenience stores, taxis, physical examinations, buying insurance, travel, phone cards, credit cards, borrowing money, Digital maintenance, advertising, etc., and will continue to connect with other businesses.

② How to divide the business profits of the community?

Cash code business 1.5‰ Net profit: 70% to promoters, 20% technical operation costs, 10% dividends to SPT holders;

POS machine business 0.25 ‰Net profit: 70% to promoters, 20% of technical operation costs, 10% dividends to SPT holders;

1% to 90% of other consumer business net profits: 80% dividends to SPT Holder, 20% technical operating costs.

Super Computing is the only pioneer of the sharing economy that has realized the "consumer = user = employee = boss = partner" model!

So we use our original intention, mission and vision to find people who we think are like-minded to join us.

①What kind of people are like-minded?

People who understand and agree with behavioral calculations, adhere to long-termism, have patience and are not eager for quick results, and have the ability to take action

②How many like-minded people are needed?

Through continuous selection and training through Spark assessment and other methods, Daliang Taosha has 1 million like-minded fellow travelers, namely the small/middle/big team leaders;

③Daily live video Q&A , every Saturday project progress communication meeting, computing power cat iron army service group, alliance group service group, community logistics service group, essence post evaluation groupgroups, community promotion alliances, computing power knowledge bases, reception rooms in various cities, etc.

They are all helping new and old partners solve the problems they encounter in super computing power and help them grow rapidly in super computing power.

So far, there are more than 28,000 colleagues in the community, more than 6,000 daily active people, more than 500 captains, more than 210 computing power completions, more than 2,000 alliance groups, and a cumulative transaction volume of more than 1.5 billion, with the highest single-day profit exceeding 10,000 yuan.

Participating in super computing power does not cost money and does not deceive people. It is fair, transparent, compliant and legal. It is currently making continuous profits and dividends, and it is still an early dividend. And the speed of development will be faster and faster in the future.

What super computing power has to do is to gather consensus and use blockchain to serve entities, so that every valuable behavior can obtain computing power, so that computing power can benefit every ordinary person around them, and let them Life is changed because of blockchain and super computing power.

Super computing power is very real and reliable. As long as you have been exposed to it for long enough, you will definitely find that this group of down-to-earth people do practical things and tell the truth, without any empty-headed actions.

People who are deeply involved in super computing power have a positive outlook, are positive, down-to-earth, have ideals and pursuits in their hearts, and are a group of very positive and reliable dream chasers.

The most important thing in supercomputing is to get to know such a group of people with very positive values. Working with such people, success is inevitable.

Ⅳ Explain blockchain in vernacular

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Recently, various ICO financial scams have been blocked in China, but this does not hinder the vigorous development of blockchain technology. After all, technology is innocent and can bring benefits to people. As for how to use it, it depends on people to operate it. If the operation is good, you can recommend development. If the operation is not good, it is like the major ICO projects. Find some knowledge for Internet celebrities to conduct so-called illegal fund-raising and financial fraud.

After talking for a long time, what is blockchain? When it comes to blockchain, the first thing that comes to mind for many people is Bitcoin. We need to solve a problem. Bitcoin is a blockchain, but blockchain is not Bitcoin. Simply put, blockchain is distributed ledger technology (DLT), not a token. It has many characteristics, such as decentralization, traceability, and difficulty in tampering.

(1) Blockchain is a distributed database

First of all, this is a decentralized distributed architecture system. Therefore, having only one central server or node is not called a blockchain. For example, if you go to Taobao to buy a mobile phone, you and the seller are strangers and have no basis for trust. If you give the money to the seller first, the seller will probably not pay youIf the way of selling goods blocks you, then your mobile phone money will be gone. If the seller ships first, do you pay? It is possible that you do not pay the seller after receiving the goods, and one party may lose money anyway. At this time, a third-party guarantee is needed to solve the trust problem. Just like Alipay now, you give money to Alipay and the seller will deliver the goods. When you receive the goods, the seller will receive the money.

The above example is a centralized system because all guarantee work is handled by Bora, a third-party payment company. Suppose one day Alipay wants to tamper with data, neither buyers nor sellers can do anything because all authority is in the hands of one company.

At this time, a distributed database is needed. This third party is no longer Alipay, but thousands of monitors. When you buy a mobile phone on Taobao, you will shout to everyone that I am going to XXX to buy a mobile phone, and I paid XXX yuan. The other person will yell like everyone else. I collected XXX’s mobile phone bill and sent it over. In this way, everyone knows about this transaction and everyone is recording this transaction, so it is useless if one or two nodes have problems or malicious behavior, because most nodes have recorded this matter.

(B) Blockchain uses encryption technology to ensure data security

There are two important points here: 1. Crypto-enabled hash function 2. Asymmetric encryption.

If you are interested in specific concepts, you can go online, but people without basic knowledge may not be able to understand it, because these two points are too professional. In fact, if you only know the use of blockchain, you don’t need to have an in-depth understanding of it. It is also a technical concept. All you need to know is that blockchain relies on these technical points to ensure data security and is not easily tampered with. Of course, many people say that these two points can guarantee 100% non-tampering. I want to be a little conservative here. As an author who works in the security industry, I have always been skeptical about 100% security, so it may be more appropriate to call it difficult to be tampered with.

I will briefly introduce these two concepts and try to explain them clearly in plain English.

1. Cryptographic Hash Function

This is mainly used to verify the integrity of information. For example, I sent a message to the company leader saying that I was sick on Friday and needed to take a day off. At this time, a hash value will be generated based on the message I sent, such as: 123456. At this point, when the leader receives this message, a hash value is also generated. Because the content of the message I sent has not changed (it has not been tampered with), the hash value remains unchanged, still: 123456. This is if someone wants to tamper with this news and get sick on Friday and need to take a year off. At this time, the hash value will change, such as: 123489. That's when we learned our information had been tampered with.

2. Asymmetric encryption

It is mainly used for information encryption and authentication. It is actually two keys, one is called the public key and the other is called the private key. Public key encryption, private key decryption.

A public key is a key that everyone has. You own it, I own it. We can all encrypt with this key, but when decrypting it must be decrypted with my private key. If you don't have my private key, you justUnable to decrypt.

(C) The blockchain uses a consensus algorithm to reach consensus on new data.

The role of the consensus algorithm is to enable all nodes to reach a consensus on the new block. In other words, everyone must approve the new block.

For a centralized deployment system, this is simple, everything is controlled by the center, but in the distributed system of the blockchain, it is very complicated. For example, there are three nodes. A said he bought a mobile phone from XXX store and paid for it, B said he didn’t pay, and C said he didn’t pay enough. Then who do you listen to? What's more, blockchain technology is not as simple as three nodes, but a huge distributed system.

This is when a solution is needed. There is a corresponding problem in computer science called the "Byzantine Universal Problem" or "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" (BFT). This question was raised not because of Bitcoin, but because of a special background.

Early aircraft had three independent control systems. Why do we need three independent control systems? For example, in an emergency, there is a plane opposite. How to judge whether you should hide? If there is only one system, there is no choice, which is equivalent to centralized deployment. If the system breaks, you're dead. What if one of the two systems breaks? The good ones are said to hide, and the bad ones are said not to hide. The computer cannot judge the final result. Therefore, three independent systems are needed to support it, and the probability of two total failures is still very small. But this only takes into account injuries. What should I do if there is a malicious system? Is three enough? The answer is no, we need four systems to maintain consensus.

The use of blockchain is similar, because it is supported by a huge number of nodes, and each node is an independent system without interfering with each other. We can assume that the number of failed nodes and malicious nodes is limited, so it will not cause abnormal consistency of data.

Related questions and answers: What is blockchain? What is the use?

Blockchain is a new computing paradigm and distributed infrastructure that uses fast chain data structures, distributed node consensus algorithms, cryptography and smart contracts based on automated script codes to produce, verify, store and transmit data. It can also be said that blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can provide a decentralized trust mechanism in a non-trust environment, allowing multi-party participants to conduct secure and trust-based transactions without intermediaries.

The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize decentralized credit-based transactions in a distributed system where nodes do not need to trust each other by using data encryption, timestamps, distributed consensus and economic incentives. Point-to-point transactions, coordination and collaboration provide solutions to the common problems of high cost, low efficiency and insecure data storage in centralized institutions.

The fields of use of blockchain include digital currency, certificates, finance, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered. It has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.

Related Q&A: Can you explain to me what a blockchain is in an easy-to-understand way?

Er Gazi is my childhood friend, we bare our buttocks together when we were young_Friendship in Hegou. Later, I came to the city to study and work, and lived a life as a drifter in the north; he farmed at home and did some small business, and now he has a son and a daughter, and his life is safe. He envied my so-called "seen the world", and I envied his simple life without the pressure of mortgage loans. We have completely different and mutually enviable lives??

That day, Gazi came to me on WeChat and asked "District" What is a blockchain?" I was stunned for a moment, how could this idiot care about such an avant-garde word? I pretended to be calm and prepared to talk about the technical principles bit by bit, but I could see the confused expression of that idiot through the screen of my mobile phone. How to explain "what is blockchain" to people who have a little bit of Internet concepts and technical foundation? This seems to be a very thorny problem??

The village commissary interprets the core of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)

The core essence of blockchain is "decentralization", and almost all operating modes of blockchain operate around the concept of "decentralization". Once you understand what "decentralization" is, you can basically explain the question "what is a blockchain?" For Erga, of course, he must perform a version that he can understand.

“I said, Gazi, are you still open that canteen at the east end of the village?” Gazi answered yes. I decided to use this canteen as an example to explain the actual use of blockchain in modern business and financial models. Scenario, so that he can better understand what blockchain is.

"Are there still many villagers who take credit now? By the end of the year, some of the accounts cannot be remembered clearly, and there are still many defaulters or those who refuse to accept their accounts?" At this point, Ergazi got emotional and kept complaining. Nowadays, people's hearts are not as old as before, and business is difficult to do!

"In the past, the operation model of your canteen was a typical centralized one. You granted credit to the villagers and allowed them to take accounts on credit. All accounting was done directly through you and our villagers. You were the center of all accounting affairs." Ergazi said I understand, let me continue.

I said: "If you fail one day, then all the accounts will become dead debts? It will be difficult to get back the IOUs written in black and white, let alone those who remember the accounts verbally, but the block The decentralization of the chain can solve this problem very well. As long as the earth still exists, the blockchain will remember that every account will exist forever." Erga became more energetic after hearing this.

The essence of blockchain is "decentralization"

"The essence of blockchain is decentralization. Once someone takes credit from you, all the neighbors in the village will help you keep accounts. Because of the accounting There are many nodes, and it is neither easy to make mistakes nor others to default on the debt, so everyone reaches a consensus. If someone maliciously fails to pay back the debt, the whole village will know his character, and no one will be willing to have financial transactions with him in the future? ?”

At this point, Gazi was obviously a little excited. It seemed that he was really worried about the credit issue. Seeing that Gazi was interested, I felt a little sense of accomplishment and continued: "Of course, the above is just an analogy. In fact, the blockchain does not really allow the villagers to get paper and pen to help you keep accounts, but through the Internet It was completed by networking with the computer."

At this time, Gazi was a little confused and asked: "Then others will follow my instructions.If everyone in the village knows what I bought here, then who would buy from me? There is really no privacy at all. And you don’t have time to keep accounts here. Last year’s accounts are said to be this year’s. What if you keep procrastinating? "

"Okay, Gazi, your question is on point. "It seems that Gazi is not stupid at all, and he is very shrewd in doing business. I continued to explain: "So, the recording and transmission of this information are all done through encryption. What you see is a picture of numbers and English. String, and each account has a timestamp to record the time of occurrence, which cannot be relied on. "

Gazi had another question: "Is it possible that the people who owe the debt have a good relationship with the villagers, and they join forces to tamper with the accounting? Then you won’t be able to explain clearly at that time??”

“Gazi, that’s all you have, haha. "I understood Gazi's concerns and continued to explain: "The mechanism of the blockchain requires more than 51% of people to agree to tamper with a bill. Everyone has a degree of closeness and distance between them, and it is impossible for everyone to favor the same person. If it were a computer, more than half of the computers on the entire network would need to recalculate. This project would be so huge that it would be almost impossible to complete??"

In this way, through the actual situation of the canteen and combined with some scenes in life, Gazi understood What is in the blockchain: decentralization, distributed accounting, consensus mechanism, encryption mechanism, timestamps, and the characteristics of being difficult to tamper with.

Ergazi was silent for a moment, seeming to be digesting the example I just gave him. I don’t know how much he can understand the example. Not long after, he sent me a voice message on WeChat: “What does blockchain mean? In the past, when I bought goods online and paid, I had to go through Jack Ma’s house. If there is a blockchain, can we directly trade with the seller? Anyway, the accounting is very safe. "

"Okay, Gazi, it's really clear at first glance. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger data cloud. Of course, it can be understood according to your understanding. "I'm very happy that Ga Zi can roughly appreciate the true charm of the blockchain. Fortunately, my words have not been in vain.

What is Bitcoin? (Picture quoted from the Internet)

"Then Bitcoin What is this thing again? What does it have to do with blockchain? "Gazi asked.

I thought about it briefly and decided to continue to explain to Gazi with the story of the canteen: "In your canteen, the villagers can't keep accounts for you for free all day long. Do you have to carry some during the holidays? This is the reward mechanism of the blockchain, and everyone who participates in bookkeeping may receive rewards. "

"Then what are the rewards based on? There has to be a rule, right? "Gazi asked very puzzled.

I explained: "Zhang San went to your store to borrow a pack of cigarettes on credit, but Li Si knew about it first and helped you keep an account first, and then other people knew about it. Keep accounts, then Li Si will be able to get a small red flower as a reward ~ This small red flower is generated by the blockchain system and has no value in itself, so you do not need to pay any cost for this small red flower??"< p>“Can Bitcoin be spent as money? Spend it with us as usualWhat's the difference between banknotes? "Gazi continued to ask.

"Bitcoin is a digital encrypted virtual currency. In principle, it has no value itself like our banknotes. However, banknotes have a credit guarantee from the state, so they have value. Bitcoin is the value formed by consensus among Bitcoin network users, and it has tradable properties, so it can be used to carry value. "What is said here is a bit profound. I don't know if I can understand it.

I continued to explain: "Banknotes can be printed infinitely. If more are printed, inflation will occur. When we were young, popsicles worth 1 cent were very good. , now you can’t eat with 1 yuan. Of course, there are many factors that affect inflation. The number of Bitcoins is fixed, and there is no possibility of unlimited over-issuance. However, different people have different judgments on their value, and coupled with the influence of supply and demand and investor sentiment, their prices are always fluctuating. ”

What is the difference between Bitcoin price fluctuations and stocks?

“So is speculating in Bitcoin just like speculating in stocks? Can you understand it this way? "Gazi seems to know a lot.

"In fact, there are some similarities, but there are also big differences. "I continued Gazi's topic: "The price of stocks always fluctuates around the valuation of companies, and there is government supervision in the stock market. Bitcoin itself has no value. It is priced entirely based on supply and demand and player valuations. It grows wildly without any government supervision. Therefore, it may have higher risks and higher returns than stocks. "

In the end, Gazi revealed the real purpose of today. He asked me: "Can I invest in blockchain projects? ”

Gazi is a typical example of those who don’t go to the Three Treasures Hall for anything. Although there is a large circle of people who are involved in both blockchain and Bitcoin, in fact, what he really cares about is “blockchain project investment” Is it reliable? "When these words came out, I was extremely shocked. Now the so-called blockchain investment projects have actually reached fourth- and sixth-tier cities and small towns!

As of now, there are only three types of blockchain investments. Situation: Mining, currency speculation, so-called blockchain projects.

Mining and currency speculation are still the main lines of the blockchain (pictures quoted from the Internet)

The so-called mining means mining by purchasing mining machines, etc. Equipment, mine virtual currency, and then sell it for cash to get returns. You can install the mining machine yourself, or you can find a mining pool to host it, but the core keys to profitability are "computing power" and "power consumption" as well as Investment in equipment. With the sharp drop in the price of virtual currencies and the increase in mining difficulty, the current mining returns of many currencies are very unsatisfactory. Mining is obviously only a very small number of investors who understand technology can play successfully. I My childhood friend Gazi obviously can’t play with it.

As for “coin speculation”, I have just introduced some differences between Bitcoin and stocks in the previous section. In principle, although they are both “buy low and sell high” operations , but there is a huge difference. Ordinary investors cannot determine the value of a virtual currency itself, and the price is determined entirely by the relationship between supply and demand, which is somewhat similar to what we often call "market makers." On the other hand, virtual currency tradingThe market is extremely irregular, and fraud and hacker attacks often occur. The risk factor is much higher than investing in stocks. For the safety of my friends' funds, I am one of the ten thousand people who disagree with me and come to "speculate in coins"!

The "September Fourth Movement" stipulated that the issuance of virtual currencies is illegal

In fact, in my opinion, most of the so-called investment projects in the market are essentially "illegal fund-raising" and "pyramid schemes." Some so-called blockchain investment projects attract investors into the circle through various packaging and inflammatory rhetoric, and then create the illusion of profitability by building a software and hardware ecosystem of issuing new coins + mining + currency speculation, and then finally run away. Our country's laws clearly stipulate that the issuance of virtual currencies is illegal.

Illegal pyramid schemes now wear the cloak of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)

And how to identify some pyramid schemes under the guise of blockchain? In fact, these pyramid schemes are also so-called Ponzi schemes, what we people often call "empty gloves." These so-called "direct sales" or "marketing" activities often have no actual products to circulate, and rely more on developing "downline" to ensure top-level profits. With the rise of the concept of blockchain, this MLM model has shown an intensification trend, and it even deceives people under the banner of state support for new technologies.

When Gazi asked, “Can blockchain projects be invested in?”, I realized the seriousness of the problem. Gazi is a typical young man from a small town, and his pursuit is his wife and children. But when faced with the attraction of "wealth", people often do inappropriate things. Mining and currency speculation are simply not suitable for him, let alone blockchain investment projects that are most likely "illegal financing" or "illegal pyramid schemes"!

I quickly called Gazi and conducted the above analysis carefully??

IV What are the practical applications of blockchain 1.0 era

What are the practical applications of blockchain 1.0? The development is closely related to digital currency, and its applications are generally focused on currency transfer, exchange and payment. In a sense, blockchain technology during this period found a solution to the decentralization of currency and payments.

Currency and payment constitute the most significant applications in the blockchain 1.0 era. A series of virtual currencies represented by Bitcoin have emerged, such as Litecoin, Dogecoin, Ripple, Futurecoin, and Peercoin. Etc., thousands of digital currencies have been produced around the world, and there are about 700 types still in operation. These "alternative currencies" act as "cash" on the Internet, opening up another world in the financial field. In the application scenario of virtual currency, individuals can use a decentralized, distributed and global way to allocate and trade various resources.

The blockchain during this period has set off a huge wave in the financial field. In areas related to transfers, remittances and digital payments, blockchain technology has attracted much attention. In these fields, the traditional method requires tedious processing processes such as the account opening bank, counterparty bank, clearing organization, overseas bank (agent bank or overseas branch) through central institutions such as banks, which takes a long time and is costly. After applying blockchain technology, paymentIt can realize end-to-end transactions and eliminate the cumbersome intermediary processing links. It is not only fast, but also has very low transaction costs. Especially in terms of cross-border payments, the blockchain-based payment system can provide users with global cross-border, real-time payment and clearing services in any currency. Cross-border payments will be completed instantly at a low cost.

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VI How to introduce the blockchain in 3 minutes in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and what its commercial value will be in the future

There is a real joke, an engineer from Ant Financial, he wrote I submitted a blind date resume, and the job description in it was "code farmer", but no one clicked it for a long time. Later, he changed his work experience to "blockchain" and received 381 love letters at once.

From workers in high-tech industries to square dancing aunties, it seems that everyone is participating in the blockchain carnival. So what exactly is the seemingly mysterious blockchain? After reading the following content, you will have completed the journey from beginner to beginner.

1. What is blockchain?

To put it bluntly, the blockchain is "everyone keeps accounts together." Any database needs a big housekeeper to be responsible for "accounting" (maintaining the system and entering data). But after using blockchain technology, the concept of this "central steward" disappears, and each of us can participate in accounting. So the question is, whose record will ultimately prevail? Of course, it is the person who completes the work well and quickly. A system that strictly adheres to fairness will select this person based on the algorithm, write the contents of his records into the ledger, and send the contents of the ledger during this period to everyone in the system. of others to make backups.

2. What is so powerful about blockchain technology?

Any new thing must have unique advantages if it wants to develop rapidly, and the same is true for blockchain technology. First of all, blockchain technology ensures the security of the system. In the absence of a central steward, everyone is a defender of the home, which means that destroying some nodes has no impact on the system at all. Second, the recording process cannot be cheated. Everyone in the blockchain system has the same ledger, and the entire process is open and transparent. systemThe final result will be determined based on the opinions of the majority, and it is difficult for an individual to hack into so many computers at the same time, and it is meaningless to just modify one's own results. Who would do such a thankless thing? Third, and most importantly, the blockchain completely abandons the existence of "credit intermediaries". Credit intermediaries are the platforms we must pass through when transferring money, such as traditional banks. Now any two strangers can directly complete mutual trust transfers, and the efficiency has been improved not only a little!

3. What is the use of blockchain technology? ?

As mentioned above, the main advantages of blockchain are that it does not require intermediary participation, the process is efficient and transparent, the cost is very low, and the data is highly secure. That is to say, any industry that has needs in these three aspects can use blockchain technology. Here are a few examples:

In the banking industry, the use of blockchain technology is equivalent to updating a digital, secure and tamper-proof General ledger books. In fact, Swiss bank UBS and Barclays Bank in the UK have already begun experiments, hoping to use it as a way to accelerate back-end system functions and clearing and settlement capabilities. Some institutions in the banking industry claim that blockchain may reduce middleman costs by 20 billion.

In terms of car rental, blockchain also has great potential. A future customer selects the car they want to lease, entering it into the blockchain's public ledger; then, sitting in the driver's seat, the customer signs the lease agreement and insurance policy, while the blockchain updates the information simultaneously. This is a foreseeable future for car sales and car registrations.

In terms of medical and health care, blockchain technology allows hospitals, patients and all parties in the medical benefit chain to share data in the blockchain network, and Don’t worry about data security and integrity. This means more accurate diagnosis, more effective treatment, and an improvement in the health system’s overall ability to deliver cost-effective care.

Blockchain is not cold-blooded. It has been implemented in applications that are closely related to our lives. For example, the application of Ant blockchain ranges from public welfare, to mutual insurance, to traceability of product authenticity, to traceability of rental housing.

In 2018, blockchain will "return to the world."

Blockchain, do you really understand it? Since it says three minutes, let’s give a simple answer.

1. What is blockchain;

2. What are the benefits of blockchain;

3. What are the uses of blockchain;

4. Technology and existing problems of blockchain;

Let’s look at the first question first: What is blockchain

Let’s look at it literally. Blockchain is called Blockchain in English. This is a very good word. It's very good, and the Chinese translation is also very beautiful.

1. What is a "block"?

You can think of it as a record, or anything, which forms such a record during the production stage. This thing can be any physical or virtual object in the Internet of Everything.

For example, if you generate a Bitcoin, which is a thing, it actually corresponds to a block. This block is a record of what it is.

When you produce a bottle of medicine in the future, a block is actually generated when this bottle of medicine is produced. When it leaves the factory, it needs to be recorded once, and this corresponds to it one-to-one.

This is the first dimension.

To make it easier to understand, for example, each of us is born with a unique identifier, which is our DNA. All species in the world have different DNA. Every individual's DNA is different.

Your parents can name you Zhang San, Li Si, Wang Wu. These names can be repeated, just like a bottle of medicine, whether it is aspirin or penicillin, these can also be repeated. Famous. However, human DNA is different. Even if you have identical brothers and sisters, your DNA is different, so this is your unique identifier. And once your DNA is formed, it cannot be changed. This is a benefit of the blockchain.

2. What is "chain"? The chain is actually a process. You can think of it as a transaction process. After this bottle of medicine leaves the factory, it enters the warehouse from the workshop and passes through a certain door, and it will record the process.

Of course, this requires automatic computer recording, and the cost of human recording is too high. Then, packing is a process, and transportation to the cargo transfer station is another process. Then it is loaded into a car and transported to the wholesale station, which is the next process.

Every step of the process is recorded. It is a process to go from the wholesale station to the store, it is another process for the people in the store to receive this batch of medicines and put them on the shelves, and it is still a process for you to buy them. Finally, when the whole process is connected, you will have a way to track the entire process of this bottle of medicine and know its authenticity, because once this bottle of medicine is produced, it will be bound to the blockchain, as well as to people and people. The same is true for DNA binding, which cannot be changed, but it can be seen and detected.

The doctor can also determine whether this person is you by testing DNA. So in terms of nature, if we virtualize it, it actually alsoIt is a smart contract. You have signed a sales relationship with one of your customers. Once this happens, it cannot be changed. Then everyone can only execute it. This execution process is the same as the tracking of drugs I just talked about.

Second question: What are the benefits of blockchain?

1. Mathematically speaking, it is very beautiful. It changes from the past that you had to own something before you could know its properties to that you don’t own it, but you can ask questions Learned many details about it.

Mathematically speaking, this is a perfect asymmetric situation. You can tell whether it's true or false, but you can't change it.

2. Theoretically speaking, blockchain is very safe. For example, if you participate in the process of a bottle of medicine, others cannot see this information. That is to say When you buy this bottle of medicine, you can know where it comes from, but others cannot.

For the same reason, for example, if we sign a contract, others can verify the contract. If you go to a bank for a loan, he can ask you the amount.

However, he cannot obtain this contract, and he cannot steal this contract from your computer.

Blockchain also has some very interesting properties. For example, a block chain can be divided into two at will, or several can be combined into one, etc.

3. Blockchain is transparent, which means that everyone abides by this algorithm and there is no special agreement in private. So, if you believe in this algorithm, it means you believe in me and believe that I didn't do anything fishy. I will not secretly do anything in the contract to make you suffer losses.

This is a beautiful place theoretically and mathematically.

In the third block, let’s take a look at the uses of blockchain

1. Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, and the Ethereum currency that everyone uses now is also a cryptocurrency. Of course, you can make another one based on it, either Zhang three coins or Li four coins. As for whether it can replace the currency of the future, this is doubtful.

2. Financing, we used to divide financing into three stages: the first stage is to get a loan from the bank. If you want to open a restaurant, you need to mortgage something. The second stage is that you issue some stocks and I sell 10% of the stocks, so that I can obtain part of the funds.

The third stage is actually crowdfunding. For example, if I want to write a book, it may cost 50,000 yuan for the publishing house to publish it. If any of you can give me 50 yuan at the beginning, I will use it in the future. Once the book is written, give everyone a copy. You will get the book, and of course I will publish it. But there is a problem. For example, I sell this book for 100 yuan and you get it for 50 yuan. What if my book sells very well, assuming I sell 100,000 copies, but you don’t seem to benefit from me? what to do?

Is there a fairer way to measure everyone's contribution? One way is to issue a cryptocurrency (ICO). When the business we do becomes bigger in the future, you can benefit from it.

3. Smart contract, for example, sign a contract. In the future, the smart contract can become like this. All the nodes in the middle are determined when the contract is signed, such as building or decorating a house for you. , your payment must be given to me at any stage of the decoration. If you accept it, no problem, the payment will be automatically given to me.

You can even sign with my supplier, which means that as soon as my money arrives in my account, I will give it to my supplier immediately. This will save many triangular debt problems in the future, including the problem of arrears to migrant workers.

Blockchain can also be used for property registration, car registration, etc. Of course, another great use is gambling. In fact, gambling is the most willing to adopt new technologies because it is closely related to money.

After talking about the benefits of blockchain, let’s take a look at the technology and existing problems of blockchain.

Today’s blockchain is basically the second generation and the first generation. It is the Bitcoin generation. It has many problems. It is not a platform, but is actually a specific application.

The second generation is represented by Ethereum. It is a platform on which you can issue your own coins, and it removes the concept of mining machines, so its transaction costs will be much lower. . The reason why ICOs are everywhere today is because with Ethereum, you can issue coins. Unlike in the past with Bitcoin, you had to completely copy its formula and copy it again. Today you are on Ethereum. , it is easy to issue your own currency, just like you can easily make your App on the Android operating system today.

There are three problems with Bitcoin transactions

1. The transaction delay is very long. I asked people who specialize in Bitcoin transactions and the delivery time ranges from two hours to two hours. Days wait, so it is very inconvenient for you to use it to launder money. After the RMB is converted into US dollars, it may fall by 20% in two days, and you will lose 20% of your money.

2. It cannot be distributed. Like Bitcoin, the early people took away a lot of its shares, so how to distribute it in the future is also a problem. No one knows clearly, so it is difficult to use it as a currency. a currency. Because if it really becomes a currency that everyone uses, it will be equivalent to the first few people taking away a large part of the world's property.

3. Transaction costs are high. For example, a cup of coffee at Starbucks in the United States costs $2.50 on average. You usually pay money at the counter, and the transaction time is only one minute. If you want to use Bitcoin, you have to wait two hours before you can get your coffee, and the transaction costs are extremely high, the electricity bill alone is $20. That means you pay $2.50 for coffee, the transaction cost of electricity is $20, so this is unrealistic.

Blockchain has high risks. This risk is not only a technical risk, but also a policy risk. In fact, this is also an opportunity. Whoever solves this problem will get the opportunity. Its transaction costs are also very high, so whoever can develop new underlying technology and reduce this transaction cost will make a lot of profits in the future.

Some people say it is the next generation of the Internet. I don’t agree with this, but it will definitely be a supplement to the Internet. Some people say whether it can subvert the central bank, but this is not certain, because there is no reason why the central bank or these big banks cannot do this themselves, so those who expect it to subvert the central bank may be too happy too early.

Perhaps in the end it was these large financial institutions in the past that used the blockchain to update themselves.

Talk in the vernacular and get useful information!

Literally, blockchain is blocks and chains, and some relationship between them. It is essentially a distributed accounting method and a network database system that cannot be tampered with.

The current development directions include digital currency, payment, smart contracts, defi finance, web3 and so on. It is still in the initial stage of development and is a back-end technology. Most projects are still speculating and financing.

Today’s Afghanistan may best prove the value of Bitcoin, and there is no problem with value storage

Blockchain is not just a technology, it is a way of trust transfer, value The way it is delivered may have huge potential in the future.

Keywords: block, chain, database, ledger, Afghanistan, currency speculation, value, technology, market

First, what is a blockchain? Blocks and chains are an accounting method and a form of network data storage.

Literally speaking, blockchain refers to blocks and chains. This block actually records the transaction records of the entire network, or the execution process result data of smart contracts, etc.

Every once in a while, the entire network will produce a block. This block records all transfer data, and the blocks need to be connected by some kind of "chain".

This chain is an encryption algorithm. Some information of the previous block is used to calculate and obtain some information of the next block. They are linked together. The latter block can trace back to the previous block and needs to be modified. The next block must modify the previous block, all the way to the first block. Regarding the details of these issues, I have written many articles before. If you are interested, you can go back and take a look.

Blockchain is actually an accounting method, or a database storage method. Please pay attention to what I say below. The whole process is the operating mechanism of blockchain.

Each node in the entire network has the same status and runs the same program. This program is used to send the entire network within a period of timeAll generated transaction data records are collected, encapsulated and packaged. Then broadcast it to the entire network

Let’s take Bitcoin as an example. Once this packaging and encapsulation is completed, you can obtain the right to produce the block. A certain amount of Bitcoin can be issued every time a block is produced. Since the nodes in the entire network run the same program, there is no center to control everyone. Therefore, the currency issued is irrevocable and cannot be changed.

How to decide who has the right to make a block? This requires the use of the so-called consensus mechanism, which is to establish a rule and use who produces the block as the benchmark to solve the problem of network consistency. The mainstream consensus mechanisms include POW mechanism and POS mechanism. Proof of work and proof of stake. Proof of work, who does more work, and proof of equity, who stakes more assets

Pow means that everyone calculates a difficult mathematical problem together, whoever calculates it Whoever comes out has the right to produce the block. Pos means that everyone takes out their family assets as mortgage, and whoever mortgages more. It is possible to be selected as a block producing node.

The essence of this approach is that you have to pay a certain price and receive a certificate of investment, which essentially builds a kind of trust.

When all these tasks are completed, a block can be produced, and the block will be connected to the previous block one by one. This is the entire block sequence. Note that the entire blockchain world will produce many blocks, connected to one chain after another, but everyone will only recognize the longest chain, and short chains will be discarded.

To put it simply, each network node uses a program to package transactions within a period of time, and then connects the transaction blocks one after another and saves them in each node, but an encryption algorithm will be used in the process. Ensure that node information is not leaked, ensure that user information is encrypted, and ensure that the information in the block is not hacked or tampered with

Second, the block The current development of the chain, various projects and significance, at this stage are more about currency speculation, and there is no problem with value storage.

Blockchain has been developing for twelve or three years since the Bitcoin white paper in 2008. It has also experienced various evolutions and developments.

For example, now it has gone from being able to issue currency in a distributed way to now having huge functional expansion. The landmark event is the birth of the Ethereum smart contract.

I have explained many times that a smart contract is an automated contract signed by two or three parties. It will be automatically executed as long as the conditions are met. It is essentially a program with infinite possibilities and the judge in the blockchain world. Various functions can be input into the program, and the program exists. Blockchain has become rich and colorful.

Current blockchain applications mainly include the following aspects: smart contracts, payments, cross-chain assets, oracles, etc.fi class, web3 storage class, etc. I will briefly give two examples to talk about its commercial applications.

For example, defi applications are quite popular on Ethereum now. Defi is decentralized finance. Abbreviation for decentralized finance.

What does it probably mean? It is to move all financial-related businesses in real life, such as mortgages, insurances, and loans, onto the blockchain.

This field is very popular now, and the reason is simple. It is very suitable for blockchain. As I said, a smart contract on the blockchain is a contract. If the contract conditions are met, execution can be automatically triggered.

In the past, it might have been very troublesome for you to go to the bank to apply for a loan. You had to sign various signatures and verify them, and the bank might not be open on weekends and nights

But with blockchain The network operates 24 hours a day. If you want to run various assets on it and do various mortgage transactions, you only need to click and there is a software terminal.

Of course, the real assets will be frozen in the process and mapped to virtual assets. After the transaction is completed, they will be exchanged for real assets. Cross-chain technology and oracle technology may also be used in this process, which I have written in detail in other articles.

It roughly means cutting off banks through decentralization, and direct point-to-point transactions. The security of transactions is guaranteed by blockchain technology, code and cryptography.

There is also the current web3 storage class. For example, the leading project fil. His vision is to take out all the scattered hard drives. Break all the data and information that need to be stored on the network into small pieces

and then distribute them to the entire network. When we want to use network data in the future, we no longer need large network database or server. In this way, Internet giants cannot charge high service fees. There is no way to maintain a monopoly.

If you want to obtain stored information, just take a taxi online like dd. You pay for a taxi, so that information on the Internet can flow freely. Costs will drop significantly.

Of course, these visions are grand and huge, and the current blockchain development is still in its early stages. There are still some technical difficulties to be overcome and some underlying systems to be established, but there is no problem in this direction.

Initial digital asset projects like Bitcoin have now been proven to be very safe. Just like this situation in Afghanistan, the first thing that comes to my mind is Bitcoin. He is the first violent and unplunderable asset.

Your house may be occupied and blown up, and your gold may be robbed. And if you have Bitcoin, it's much easier. He can't snatch this thing away, because the mnemonic phrase and private key are in your mind, and he doesn't even know whether you have this thing in your mind. I want to pass it on to your children,Just ask him to memorize the key and mnemonic phrase.

It is precisely because we are now in a stage of financing and bubbles that all the news you see on the Internet is still speculation.

Also, this thing is a back-end technology. For example, Guangdong Province already has blockchain invoices. For example, there are already some blockchain apps for judicial certification, but for the front-end For you, you can't feel it. There is an extra string of hash codes on the invoice, can you tell the difference?

This is why when it comes to blockchain now, everyone is speculating on coins, but in fact it has certain applications and future technical logic.

Third, it is essentially the mechanism of trust, the way of value transmission, and the exploration of social governance methods.

What is the essential value of blockchain? The most important thing is that it is a way of credit transfer. Because there is enough credit, real-life assets and property values ​​can be spread on the Internet in the form of information codes.

Mainly in these aspects.

First, before Bitcoin, people did not know how to protect a piece of information, because information on the Internet can actually be copied. Bitcoin solves the problem of uniqueness of information assets. With scarcity, there is value in transactions and storage.

The second is decentralization and disintermediation. We used to do everything. All require some kind of intermediary. For example, when you borrow money, a bank acts as an intermediary, and when you buy a house, various institutions and real estate agencies act as intermediaries.

You cannot buy or sell directly. Because you don't have enough credit. We usually come to find a third party, but the third party is usually made up of people and may also do evil.

For example, the master who could whip five lightning whips a while ago. If he calls you all kinds of names at the beginning, you may be frightened. You won't know he is a liar until he is punched and lying straight there. This is human credit, which is unreliable

Blockchain ensures credit through code, cryptography, and consensus mechanisms. We no longer need a powerful third party. Note that this third party will often become a monopoly boss.

The third is to reduce the cost of coordination, communication and entry barriers.

If we want to become richer, we need to trade in the market. And transactions require coordination and division of labor. Essentially, the companies and organizations we work for are intermediaries.

You have to integrate your resources through this kind of intermediary, transform your labor force, your brainpower, and your ingenuity into final products and sell them on the market.

The smart contract technology of blockchain technology can break up these contracts in a decentralized manner. People in the market can combine freely to establish a new type of organization that is completely transparent and cannot tamper with the rules.It is a blockchain autonomous organization. The future of this kind of organization may be more promising than that of ordinary joint-stock companies.

You can join or quit an organization at will, and the trust between you and others has been resolved. You can cooperate with others and sign smart contracts to complete joint collaboration and complete a certain product. We no longer have to worry about some big capitalist taking advantage of everyone and getting the bulk of the profits.

So the Bitcoin blockchain is essentially a big social experiment, through the consensus mechanism, the decentralized decision-making method, and the distributed signing of smart contracts. Gradually and completely change the original appearance of our society. Restore the original ideal of market economy, peer-to-peer, direct transactions between people.

To summarize. Blockchain is a block of information connected together through an encryption algorithm. It is essentially an accounting method and a network data structure

Through decentralization, you can do finance, storage, and decentralize many things, but now it is still very In the initial stage, most projects are still in the stage of speculation, financing and concept development.

The value storage capability of the blockchain has been proven to be problem-free, very safe, and cannot be plundered by violence.

The essence of blockchain solves the problem of credit intermediary, and at the same time can reduce the cost for people to work together, lower the threshold for enterprise entry, improve social efficiency, make social transactions larger, and allow We are richer.

I recommend the book linked below, it is easy to understand. Like You Pump tells the history of the birth of blockchain, the underlying technical logic of blockchain, and some mainstream projects. Learn some knowledge about blockchain, feel more at ease, and no longer worry about whether it is a scam.

Ⅶ Reborn from the ashes, the spring of blockchain has not yet arrived

Text/Meng Yonghui

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Blockchain is approaching us with a new attitude. This is my new judgment recently. Different from the previous evasive and cover-up methods, today’s blockchain appears more and more confident. In the final analysis, it is still the blockchain that has found its value and meaning, so the blockchain will be as orderly and confident as it is now.

So, what is the value and significance of blockchain? I believe that the greatest value and significance of blockchain lies in its application, and it is a real application. Those who simply deeply bind the blockchain with currency issuance or ICO without exploring more real-value applications of the blockchain will only bring the blockchain into a more dangerous situation. .

Same as earlierDifferent from blindly overdrafting blockchain technology, current implementation and application pay more attention to the collaboration of technology and applications. Through the collaborative development of technology and applications, we can find more development possibilities related to blockchain. Whether we focus on applications or technology, they are actually telling us that blockchain is returning to an objective and rational development track. If we use a metaphor for the development of blockchain, the current market situation is more like a vibrant early spring.

After catastrophe, the blockchain is reborn

Described as having experienced catastrophe Blockchain is not an exaggeration at all, but perhaps it is precisely because the blockchain has experienced so many difficulties and challenges that it can show more of its vigorous vitality. At present, blockchain is gradually getting on the right track, and practical actions are telling us that blockchain is not a fleeting concept, but a new species that can truly bring disruptive changes to people's production and lives. Only by looking at it objectively and rationally can the functions and effects of blockchain be maximized.

In the beginning, people’s understanding of blockchain was simple, superficial, and eager for quick success. Everyone just regarded blockchain as a It is an existence similar to the Internet. Financing and collecting money through blockchain are the key reasons why many players are clamoring for blockchain. Although this method can allow people to quickly understand the blockchain, it only looks at the blockchain from a marketing and conceptual perspective without delving into the essence of the blockchain. The so-called blockchain is just a concept. Just a gimmick.

What is certain is that just such a quick and easy way cannot truly promote the healthy development of the blockchain, and may even Bringing the development of blockchain to a dead end. Later developments also proved this for us. However, thinking about it conversely, wouldn’t the development of blockchain become more mature if it had not gone through such a tortuous process? Is this stage a stage that the blockchain will inevitably go through?

In fact, if we look at the blockchain from the current situation, we will find that it is very necessary to go through an early development stage, and it is also Very timely. It is after experiencing such a development stage that we can have a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the blockchain, and the blockchain can truly return to its essence. Now, isn’t the rational and objective state of the blockchain market we see the most authentic and concrete manifestation?

On the other hand, we also need to see the other side of the blockchain through this phenomenon. That is, blockchain is not something derived from the Internet.It is a concept, but it does have its own connotation and meaning. It is precisely because of its unique connotation and significance that it can get out of the quagmire and truly start to move towards the avenue.

When many people look at the connotation and significance of blockchain, they always compare it with the Internet and think that it is contrary to the Internet. Development logic is the key to the blockchain experiencing nirvana and achieving rebirth. As a result, many people regard blockchain as the gravedigger of the Internet, and even view it from the opposite perspective. Although there is some truth to this view, it would be too simple and arbitrary to look at the connotation and significance of blockchain with such a superficial and superficial logic.

The author believes that the greatest connotation and significance of blockchain does not lie in its contradiction or opposite to the Internet model, but in its relationship with the Internet. Data transmission methods, transmission capabilities and underlying logic are different. This is the key reason why the blockchain has experienced many disasters and can still rise from the ashes.

Why do you say that? The reason is that the evolution from the IT era to the DT era has still become a trend and trend. How to reconstruct and recreate data is the key to truly opening up new developments for people. From a business model perspective, we do want to subvert the Internet-based business model. However, from the underlying logic, we want to change the data transmission methods that have been formed in the Internet era, improve the data transmission capabilities of the Internet era, and reconstruct the formation of the Internet era. conventional business logic.

One of the very important reasons why blockchain falls down and gets up again and again is that it can The capabilities and business logic bring a completely different experience from the Internet, not just its business model is different from the Internet. Therefore, this is the key reason why blockchain can truly be reborn, and can truly continue to fall and rise again.

The spring is cold and the blockchain is moving forward

For the blockchain , the coldest season is still over, but this does not mean that the spring of blockchain has arrived. The reason why the development of blockchain is picking up now is just because players no longer regard blockchain as a way and means of issuing coins or ICO. It is far away from the true maturity and the true blockchain. There is still a long way to go in spring.

If you use one word to describe the current blockchain market, it would be "cold in spring" to describe it.Couldn't be more appropriate. Why use "spring is cold and the weather is sharp"? Because although people's understanding of blockchain has begun to be objective and rational, and the general direction of blockchain's return to implementation and application has been determined, it is an indisputable fact that blockchain technology is immature and rudimentary.

When the blockchain begins to regard implementation and application as the main direction of development, however, we are unable to deliver a steady stream of energy to the blockchain. , the so-called development may be just a short-lived and unsustainable flash in the pan. Therefore, for the current blockchain industry, we still have to bear the burden and realize its development and improvement through the accumulation and breakthrough of technology.

For the blockchain industry, it is necessary to find a way to achieve breakthroughs in blockchain technology and find innovative strategies for the implementation and application of blockchain. It is more long-term than just relying on the improvement of the blockchain market and continuing to follow the old path. If we must find the development direction of blockchain in the next stage, using technology as a breakthrough point and constantly seeking ways to break the situation may be the key.

Obviously, if the development of blockchain only stays on traditional technology, it will not be able to truly If we look for breakthroughs in terms of innovative technology, then the blockchain may still have a long way to go before it matures and truly replaces the Internet and becomes the "infrastructure" of the DT era.

Fortunately, we have seen some new trends in the blockchain industry. For example, the emergence of NFT; for example, the continuous increase of open source communities; for example, the continuous improvement of algorithms... These new trends are telling us that the development of the blockchain industry is moving in the right direction.

However, these are not enough. If the blockchain wants to truly replace the Internet and become the "infrastructure" of the DT era, and if it wants to truly build a new business world, it will need more technical capabilities and more innovation capabilities. When we truly find the correct development posture of the blockchain and can truly use new ways to promote the development of the blockchain, the so-called blockchain can achieve true nirvana and rebirth.

Conclusion

The blockchain has bottomed out again and again. Nirvana and rebirth again and again prove to us their strong vitality. Similarly, the blockchain has been reshaped again and again to explain to us the reality that its era has not really come. However, we also need to see the prosperity of the blockchain itself from such a trend.vitality.

The cold winter that really tested the blockchain has gradually gone away, but the real spring of the blockchain has not really come. What we need is to look at blockchain from a more objective and rational perspective, and what we need is to find ways to implement and apply blockchain with more in-depth and comprehensive thinking.

When we truly make a breakthrough in the development of blockchain from the underlying technology, when we truly find the real business of blockchain implementation and application Model, the development of blockchain has truly ushered in a blossoming spring. When this moment comes, the blockchain we know may no longer be the one-sided and isolated existence we see now, but has become a multi-dimensional and comprehensive existence.

At this time, the era of blockchain has truly arrived. Blockchain can truly become a substitute for the Internet.

—End—

Author: Meng Yonghui, senior writer, columnist , special commentator, industry research expert, strategic consultant. He has been focusing on industry research for a long time and has published more than 4 million words of financial and technology articles. Sharing that retains the author's source is supported. Please retain the author's copyright information when reprinting. Violators will be prosecuted.

Ⅷ Tchain: A new generation of underlying public chain created by Silicon Valley elites

Tchain is a very creative underlying public chain that integrates a number of innovative technologies and is determined to create a truly capable The underlying public chain that implements decentralized commercial-grade applications. The founding team of Tchain are all industry veterans with many years of experience. It can be said that Tchain is a star project born with a golden key.

Tchain’s mission is to accelerate the world’s transformation into a commercial application-oriented blockchain network. Team members are unanimously optimistic about the future of the decentralized world and are making unremitting efforts to accelerate the transformation of centralized business to blockchain. The goal of the Tchain team is ambitious. To achieve this goal, the team has formulated a detailed development plan so that investors can clearly see the future of Tchain, the ambition of Tchain, and the value of Tchain.

As early as July, the Tchain Research Foundation UBL (Universal Blockchain Ltd) was established in the United States with a registered capital of US$100 million. Rory, the core founder of Tchain, serves as a member of the board of directors. The foundation is mainly responsible for the development of Tchain public chain technology and the global docking of Tchain ecological resources, paving the way for the official launch of the project.

In mid-August, the Tchain team hired Legal Counsel from the United States as a special legal team for the public chain to be responsible for the compliance of public chain operations and to prepare for subsequent operations: including ecological investment and financing, legal documents for external cooperation, and first-line exchanges Matters such as listing legal documents will protect Tchain’s global ecological layout.

In September, the Tchain team officially released the Tchain white paper in Chinese and English, which elaborated on Tchain’s core technologies such as multi-layer side chains, resource isolation, and one chain, one scenario, etc., which attracted great attention from industry insiders. , many well-known media rushed to report it. At the same time, the founding team attended multiple offline exchange meetings, shared the goals, vision and motivation of creating Tchain with fans, and announced the official launch of the Tchain project.

In October, the internal beta versions of Wallet 0.1 and Testnet 0.1 were released at the same time. Testnet 0.1 supports basic transactions including the main chain + multi-level side chain infrastructure, and will be announced in the weekly report. The team's detailed development progress allows the project's development progress to be monitored, which further improves the development efficiency of the development team and ensures the early completion of the project.

In November and December, the global private equity early bird phase was officially launched, Tchain technology promotional video was launched, and public versions of Tchain main chain, wallet and blockchain browser were launched. In the private placement stage, the project team will launch multiple airdrop activities to distribute free candies to early fans, who can then directly mention them to the exchange for trading in the later stage.

Starting from January 2019: It will be launched on many mainstream exchanges around the world, and the main network and main network mining pool will be online. Open up the Tchain ecosystem, establish Tchain Stars and Tchain STO sub-brands, help the Tchain ecosystem, and make important contributions to the development of everyone's pass and enterprise pass.

Throughout 2019: The first batch of DAPP applications, blockchain applications and TOKEN projects on the T-chain main network have been launched one after another, opening up the ecological value of the T-chain and jointly promoting the positive cycle of TCH value.

From Tchain’s development plan, we can see the down-to-earth work style of the Tchain team. We believe that with Tchain’s excellent technical strength, rich market experience, and numerous fan groups, it will compete in the field of public chain competition. On the track, Tchain will surely be able to spread its wings and fly high, achieving the ambitious goal of allowing large-scale commercial-level decentralized applications to run on Tchain.

Ⅸ What is a milestone in the development of blockchain

1. Satoshi Nakamoto’s paper-Bitcoin White Paper

In 2008, credit was too loose in the United States Under the standard, housing loan companies stack upThe huge bubble triggered a series of financial crises that started in September 2008.

On Sunday, September 14, Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy after the U.S. Federal Reserve refused to provide A-funded support assistance, and on the same day Merrill Lynch announced that it was acquired by Bank of America. These two events marked the starting point of the financial crisis, which in turn triggered the global stock market crash and the Great Financial Recession. Many investors suffered heavy losses and made people begin to distrust the totalitarian financial system.

2. Genesis Block

2009 On January 3, 2018, the first Bitcoin block was born after the first batch of miners obtained 50 Bitcoins through mining. This also marked the official birth of the Bitcoin financial system. But interestingly, in Bitcoin Several years after the advent of blockchain, people discovered a hexadecimal string in line #1616 of Coinbase’s genesis block transaction code.

After converting this string into alphanumeric characters, you will get "sknab rof tuoliab dnoces fo knirb no rollecnahC 9002/naJ/30 semiT ehT". The reverse reading is "The Times 03/Jan/2009" Chancellor on brink of second lout for banks” is the founding date of Bitcoin and the message left by Satoshi Nakamoto in the original transaction.

3. The first Bitcoin payment – ​​PizzaDay

Laszlo Hanyecz is a Floridian and engineer working at the online retail company GoRuck, but if you are in the currency circle, you You must have heard some of his amazing deeds: Hanyecz used 10,000 Bitcoins (BTC) to buy two slices of pizza from Papa John's from netizens on May 22, 2010, which is a $25 pizza. Today, 10,000 Bitcoins are worth approximately for US$40 million.

The man named Jeremy Sturdivant (online name "Jercos") was the person who originally received 10,000 Bitcoins in exchange for two slices of pizza to Hanyecz. The importance of this transaction is that this is the first time in the history of Bitcoin that physical transactions have been carried out, proving that Bitcoin does have the function of price transfer in the real world.

4. Mt. Gox, the largest exchange hacking incident in history

On February 24, 2014, Mt. Gox was the largest Bitcoin exchange at the time. Mark Karpeles, CEO of the exchange, announced his withdrawal from the Bitcoin Foundation in his blog. Subsequent visits to Mt. Gox will only return a blank page.

On February 28, 2014, Mt. Gox filed for bankruptcy protection with the Tokyo District Court.According to data from Teikoku Databank, Ltd., Mt. Gox had liabilities of 6.5 billion yen and revenue of 135 million yen in 2013. Teikoku Databank, Ltd. stated in a press release that Mt. Gox subsequently discovered that it had 100,000 Bitcoins and 750,000 Bitcoins from users were stolen.

5. The advent of Ethereum

On July 30, 2015, the first Ethereum was officially launched, named Frontier. All the Ethereum promised to early investors was successfully delivered, and developers began to weave their dreams on Ethereum.

Part II—Constantinople of the third version of Ethereum Metropolis will be launched soon (currently postponed to the middle of next year). Although the current price of Ethereum is less than 10% of this year’s high, In the past three years, we have witnessed the innovations that Ethereum has brought to the world: including the Ethereum Virtual Machine, smart contracts, Dapps, permissioned shared ledgers (Permissioned Ledger), etc.

Although Ethereum is facing expansion difficulties and is still waiting for technology updates, in 17 and 18 years, many underlying public chains emerged as application platforms, that is, many competitors of Ethereum, opening up the "multiple "Chain Era". At present, there are many dApp developers who are turning to other public chains due to the limitations of Ethereum’s current TPS. Some people believe that the future will be a scenario of “multiple chains in parallel, one for each chain.”

Ⅹ What are the core blockchain technologies of blockchain technology?

What is the hottest topic on the Internet right now? You don’t need to explain it to me, it’s blockchain. Blockchain technology, but many friends have only heard of this technology and do not have much in-depth understanding of it. So what are the blockchain technologies? Below we will bring you an introduction to the core technology of blockchain for your reference.
What are the core elements of blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology, which can be a public ledger (visible by anyone) or a permissioned network (visible only by those authorized), solves supply chain challenges , because it is an immutable record that is shared among network participants and updated in real time.
Blockchain technology----data layer: designing the data structure of the ledger
Core technology 1. Block + chain:
Technically speaking, block is a data structure that records transactions. Reflects the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain.
Each block consists of a block header and a block body. The block body is only responsible for recording all transaction information in the previous period, mainly including the number of transactions and transaction details; the block header encapsulates the current version number, previous A block address and timestamp (record the time when the block was generated, accuratelyto seconds), random number (the value that records the answer to the math question related to the block), the target hash value of the current block, the root value of the Merkle number and other information. From a structural point of view, most functions of the blockchain are implemented by the block header.
Core technology 2. Hash function:
The hash function can convert data of any length into a set of fixed-length codes through the Hash algorithm. The principle is based on a cryptographic one-way hash function. This kind of function is easy to verify, but difficult to crack. Usually, the industry uses y=hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y.
Commonly used hash algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512, etc. Taking the SHA256 algorithm as an example, inputting any string of data into SHA256 will result in a 256-bit Hash value (hash value). Its characteristics: the same data input will get the same result. As long as the input data changes slightly (for example, a 1 becomes a 0), a completely different result will be obtained, and the result cannot be predicted in advance. Forward calculation (calculating the corresponding Hash value from the data) is very easy. Reverse calculation (cracking) is extremely difficult and is considered impossible under current technological conditions.
Core technology 3. Merkle tree:
Merkle tree is a hash binary tree, which can be used to quickly verify the integrity of large-scale data. In the blockchain network, the Merkle tree is used to summarize all transaction information in a block, and ultimately generates a unified hash value of all transaction information in the block. Any change in transaction information in the block will cause Merkle tree changes.
Core technology 4. Asymmetric encryption algorithm:
Asymmetric encryption algorithm is a key secret method that requires two keys: public key and private key. The public key and the private key are a pair. If the public key is used to encrypt data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt it, thereby obtaining the corresponding data value; if the private key is used to sign the data, then only the corresponding public key can be used to sign the data. In order to verify the signature, the sender of the verification information is the holder of the private key.
Because encryption and decryption use two different keys, this algorithm is called an asymmetric encryption algorithm, while symmetric encryption uses the same key in the encryption and decryption processes.
Blockchain technology----network layer: realize the decentralization of accounting nodes
Core technology 5. P2P network:
P2P network (peer-to-peer network), also known as point-to-point technology, is no Central server, Internet system that relies on user groups to exchange information. Unlike a centralized network system with a central server, each client in a peer-to-peer network acts as both a node and a server. Domestic Xunlei software uses P2P technology. The P2P network has the characteristics of decentralization and robustness.
Blockchain technology----Consensus layer: allocate the task load of accounting nodes
Core technology 6. Consensus mechanism:
The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. There are currently four main types of consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS and distributed consensus algorithms.
PoW (Proof of Work, proof of work): PoW mechanism, which is like Bitcoin’s mining mechanism, miners package existing transactions that have not been recorded by the network into a block, and then continue to traverse and try to find a random number , so that the hash value of the new block plus the random number meets certain difficulty conditions. Finding a random number that meets the conditions is equivalent to determining the latest block of the blockchain, and is also equivalent to obtaining the current round of accounting rights of the blockchain. Miners broadcast blocks that meet the mining difficulty conditions in the Yuanfu network. After verifying that the block meets the mining difficulty conditions and that the transaction data in the block meets the protocol specifications, other nodes in the entire network will each Blocks are linked to their own version of the blockchain, thereby forming a network-wide consensus on the current network state.
PoS (ProofofStake, Proof of Stake): PoS mechanism requires nodes to provide proof of a certain number of tokens to obtain a distributed consensus mechanism for competing for blockchain accounting rights. If you rely solely on the token balance to determine the bookkeeper, you will inevitably make the rich win, which will lead to the centralization of bookkeeping rights and reduce the fairness of the consensus. Therefore, different PoS mechanisms use different methods to increase the amount of money based on the proof of equity. The randomness of accounting rights avoids centralization. For example, in the PeerCoin PoS mechanism, the Bitcoin with the longest chain age has a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. NXT and Blackcoin use a formula to predict the next accounting node. The more tokens you own, the greater the probability of being selected as an accounting node. In the future, Ethereum will also switch from the current PoW mechanism to a PoS mechanism. Judging from the information currently available, Ethereum's PoS mechanism will use nodes to place bets on the next block. The winner of the bet will receive an additional Ethereum currency award. Those who do not win will be deducted Ether coins to reach consensus on the next block.
DPoS (DelegatedProof-Of-Stake, share authorization certificate): DPoS is easy to understand and is similar to the modern corporate board of directors system. The DPoS mechanism adopted by BitShares is that shareholders vote to select a certain number of witnesses. Each witness has two seconds of authority to generate blocks in order. If the witness cannot generate a block within the given time slice, The block generation authority is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. Shareholders can replace these witnesses at any time by voting. This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
Distributed Consistency Algorithm: Distributed Consistency Algorithm is based on traditional distributed consistency technology. Among them are Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms that solve the Byzantine Generals problem, such as PBFT (Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm). In addition, a distributed consensus algorithm for solving non-Byzantine problems (Pasox, Raft), the detailed algorithm will not be explained in this article. This type of algorithm is currently a commonly used consensus mechanism in alliance chain and private chain scenarios.
Taken together, POW is suitable for public chains. If you build a private chain, it is more suitable to use POS because there is no trust problem in verification nodes; and because there are untrustworthy local nodes in the alliance chain, it is more suitable to use DPOS.
Blockchain technology----Incentive layer: Develop a "salary system" for accounting nodes
Core technology 7. Issuance mechanism and incentive mechanism:
Take Bitcoin as an example. Bitcoins are initially rewarded by the system to miners who create new blocks, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. At the beginning, miners were rewarded with 50 Bitcoins for each new block recorded, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. By analogy, by around AD 2140, newly created blocks will no longer receive rewards from the system. By then, the total number of Bitcoins will be approximately 21 million. This is the total number of Bitcoins, so it will not increase indefinitely.
Another source of incentives is transaction fees. When there are no system rewards for newly created blocks, the miners' income will change from system rewards to transaction fees. For example, when you transfer, you can specify 1% of it as a handling fee to be paid to the miner who records the block. If the output value of a transaction is less than the input value, the difference is the transaction fee, which will be added to the incentive for that block. As long as a given amount of electronic currency has entered circulation, the incentive mechanism can gradually be converted to rely entirely on transaction fees, so there is no need to issue new currency.
Blockchain technology----Contract layer: giving the ledger programmable features
Core technology 8. Smart contract:
Smart contract is a set of programmed rules and logic that respond to scenarios. Implemented by decentralized, trusted shared script code deployed on the blockchain. Usually, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution, response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met.
The above is what blockchain technologies the editor has brought to you? All content of the introduction to the core technology of blockchain.