区块链商业模式设计,2021-2025 区块链商业模式

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近年来，随着区块链技术的不断发展，区块链商业模式也在不断拓展，2021-2025 区块链商业模式拓展的关键词有：去中心化应用，数字资产交易，智能合约。下面将对这三个关键词进行介绍。

去中心化应用：去中心化应用是指在区块链网络上开发的应用程序，它不由任何中心化机构控制，而是由网络中的用户共同维护。去中心化应用具有去中心化、可信任、安全、可审计等特点，可以实现资产的自动化管理、信息的安全存储、社交网络的安全交互等，从而极大提升了资源的利用效率，改善了传统中心化应用的缺点。

数字资产交易：数字资产交易是指在区块链网络上进行的数字资产交易，它是一种去中心化的交易方式，双方的交易行为都可以被区块链网络上的用户共同记录，并且不受任何中心化机构的控制，可以有效防止恶意行为。另外，数字资产交易还可以提高交易效率，减少交易成本，从而有效推动资产流通，促进经济发展。

智能合约：智能合约是指在区块链网络上实现的一种自动执行的合约，它可以根据合约中规定的条件自动执行，无需人为干预，可以有效提高交易的效率，降低交易成本。智能合约还可以用于自动执行财务管理、资产管理、供应链管理等，从而极大提升了资源的利用效率，改善了传统中心化应用的缺点。

以上就是2021-2025 区块链商业模式拓展的三个关键词：去中心化应用，数字资产交易，智能合约的介绍，这些关键词将在未来区块链商业模式中发挥重要作用。

请查看相关英文文档

⑴ Can blockchain change 10 cases of existing business?

This article introduces the current 10 main usage scenarios of blockchain:

(1) Tracking Products in the global supply chain;

is a typical usage scenario of blockchain technology in security traceability. It can promote information tracking, query, verification and anti-counterfeiting of commodity circulation, and can significantly improve the efficiency of some links. However, the role of the blockchain can only be reflected in the chain, but it cannot cover the parts operated by people below the chain.

(2) Guarantee 3D printing quality and tracking;

(3) Create personalized and lifelong “one-stop” medical records;

Blockchain healthcare can track anyone’s complete medical history, such as medications , illnesses, injuries, and transactions across health systems, physicians, pharmacies, and health plans, and empowering patients to control their own data. Blockchain can also transfer insurance payments: smart contracts can automatically trigger insurance provisions when a clinic confirms a patient has received treatment and prevent fraudulent or inaccurate claims. Some startups, such as the UK's Medicalchain, blockchain company Gem, MIT and other companies and universities are experimenting with this use.

(4) Simplify trade logistics;

Traditional trade involves complex import and export procedures, and all participants in the entire chain require a large number of paper documents to interact, resulting in high communication costs. Blockchain can optimize this system. Maersk and IBM have created a platform that integrates services such as liner, warehouse, freight forwarding, ports, customs, exporters, importers and trade finance banks into the trade ecosystem, on a data exchange platform running on the blockchain interoperate.

(5) Facilitate and secure customs trade;

Blockchain has been tested in many customs departments, including the United Kingdom, South Korea, Singapore, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and the 15-nation East African Group. In 2017, U.S. Customs developed 14 use cases for blockchain, which are currently being tested and evaluated. Blockchain will be particularly useful for the UK: when the UK leaves the EU customs union, its number of customs declarations will increase from 55 million to over 250 million (non-EU trade plus EU trade, which previously did not require customs documents), which is currently the case with UK software The program cannot fully handle it. Blockchain can help: It can trace the origins of products and help determine the origin and appropriate tariffs for goods, such as those destined to join the European Union’s tariff package. For the UK’s 28 border agencies, imported products such as food, safety and intellectual property compliance need to be analyzed, and blockchain projects can be shared securely and transparently in real time.

(6) Prevent voting fraud and protect voter identities;

Blockchain security and identity protection features can reduce fraud and encourage voters to believe their votes are anonymous,

increase turnout and make elections more immediate . Using the technology, voters can scan their thumbs with their smartphones and cast their ballots during their Election Day commute. If everyone votes via the blockchain, no one can vote twice. Voting records are inviolable, every polling placeThe ID of each ballot will be recorded immediately.

(7) Launch crop insurance for farmers;

Crop insurance customized to specific farmer needs is often very expensive, and blockchain technology can reduce costs by determining trigger conditions and automating execution. For example, farmers can insure against extreme weather. If extreme weather affects a harvest, a blockchain-based insurance contract would immediately recognize this and pay the farmer’s claim.

Establishing a network of energy producers and users;

Decades ago, some companies introduced smart grids to provide intermediary services for energy producers and demanders. Now, blockchain can optimize smart grids and provide energy producers and consumers with a regional intermediary energy trading platform. TenneT and Brooklyn-based startup LO3 Energy are both trying this business.

(9) Create smart cities that can operate independently;

Blockchain can now amplify the impact of Douyou IoT on city operations. For example, Dubai has a pilot project to implement blockchain in city services. Dubai plans to use blockchain for more than 100 million annual government documents by 2020, including all visa applications, bill payments and license renewals.

(10) Automatic payment to the exporter when the goods arrive at the foreign buyer;

Blockchain changes the information asymmetry in existing international trade by allowing both parties to the transaction to access the same data and real-time digital files question. There is no need to store multiple copies of the same document across different databases for different entities. When goods arrive marked by sensors connected to the smart contract, a transfer of money from the buyer to the seller is automatically triggered.

2. Ten major problems currently faced by the blockchain industry and their analysis

2.1. Is the data on the blockchain really immutable?

Can one of the core features of blockchain, "anti-tampering", really be realized? And is "tamper-proof" really beneficial?

The report pointed out that the blockchain is not completely immutable and gave three weaknesses of the blockchain:

(2) It may be hacked, and 51% of the chain is controlled by people who want to tamper with the results.

(3) The "garbage of garbage" problem has existed for centuries. The value of a blockchain depends on the data on the chain, and data entered into the blockchain may be inaccurate or fraudulent. One solution is to use sensors instead of manually entering data.

The so-called "51% attack" is to take advantage of computing power to cancel payment transactions that have already occurred. If someone masters more than 50% of the computing power, he can find the random numbers needed to mine the block faster than others, so he actually has the absolute and effective right to decide which block. From a technical level, a 51% attack is achievable, but the cost is very high for the earliest cryptocurrencies such as BTC. They have built a huge network, which is why BTC’s network has remained stable for 10 years. reason. But with other counterfeit currencies, the risk is greater.

In addition, there is no direct benefit for the attacker to simply launch a 51% attack, and it must be linked to specific short selling and false recharge. Specifically, it oftenIt is a double expenditure for a certain transaction. The attacker stops attacking once. Continuous attacks are costly and will stop once successful; second, the community can issue an emergency pudding and add checkpoints to the blockchain. The community urgently agreed that the attacker’s blockchain was invalid. Therefore, there are many ways to deal with the 51% attack, and it will not be the end of the world for a blockchain.

2.2. Who owns and maintains the blockchain? And who asked about the appearance?

Responsible for problems and losses?

Since the blockchain is a decentralized user community, who will maintain it? Shouldn’t it require human adjustment and maintenance just like a website?

For permissioned chains, such as alliance chains and private chains, there is no need for incentives such as tokens to motivate people to manage, there is a manager who manages the entire network. Since there are fewer users in the network, coordination costs are relatively low. However, such networks are susceptible to security challenges, and as the number of network users increases, coordination costs will increase.

For consortium chains and private chains, since they are still very centralized organizations, the verification nodes are identified by the organization itself, so the management model is not very different from traditional centralized institutions. However, for public chains, there is no leader who coordinates the entire network system, and only relies on token incentives to coordinate different interest groups, which undoubtedly increases the instability of the entire ecosystem. At present, the development of the blockchain industry is in a very early stage. In addition to the relatively mature decentralized governance of BTC, in the governance of public chains such as ETH and EOS, the founder development team plays a very core role and is the "rules" of the public chain. "Maker", although the entire ecosystem has achieved partial decentralization, the founders still play a pivotal role in the direction of strategic development. Therefore, the author believes that the decentralization of blockchain can only be an ultimate goal that is constantly approaching. From the birth of the project to its maturity, its degree of decentralization should continue to increase, as shown in the figure below. In the early stages of project development, the founder and his development team play an absolute guiding role in the entire ecosystem. As the project ecosystem matures and the number of participants continues to increase, the original development team should gradually weaken its guiding role. The entire network maintenance needs to be decided jointly by all developers and users in the ecosystem. As for the final network problems, they can only be borne by all participants.

Figure: Schematic diagram of the relationship between the degree of centralization and development stages of blockchain projects

2.3. Are smart contracts really smart?

The second reason why smart contracts are not yet that smart is that their entries can be manipulated by evil actors, such as contracting parties or miners who add transaction records to the blockchain's ledger of past transactions. One study showed that 3.4% of ETH smart contracts are vulnerable to hackers.

Smart contracts can indeed optimize many intermediate programs, but judging from current industry practice, they are far from being called smart. A qualified smart contract should include all possible scenarios. Because the core essence of smart contracts is "to make the most just ruling even in the darkest environment."

The difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is that Ethereum isTuring-complete, more types of contracts with more complex terms can be implemented through this platform. Of course, the cost of this is that the complex contract content makes it more difficult to analyze. Typically, complexity is directly proportional to the probability of a vulnerability; the higher the complexity, the greater the probability of a vulnerability.

As for the concept "code is law" proposed by Ethereum, however, the code has attracted hacker attacks due to its own vulnerabilities, so it is not enough to form the authority of "law". Therefore, it needs the trust and endorsement of the government, lawyers, courts and other intermediary institutions. Compared with coordination, the current contract seems too rough.

2.4. Is there identity theft on the blockchain?

3% of social media accounts are fake, so can fake accounts be created on the blockchain? Can identities on the blockchain be stolen?

Blockchain can create a personal database for users whose data cannot be tampered with, but how to meet the user's "tampering" needs? This may be a paradox in the development of blockchain technology. Regarding user needs, we may need to start from the perspective of on-chain standards and authority management.

2.5. Can blockchains be connected to each other?

One blockchain records the data of an entity or user in one way, while another blockchain records the same data of the same entity or user in another way. In a fragmented system, multiple account books are not connected to each other, which will form a world of "operational islands", or "data islands". Users need to register for multiple systems at the same time to conduct transactions with different people for different purposes.

In view of the value transfer needs of different chains, cross-chain technology is the key, which can effectively connect different alliance chains or private chains, and promote the outward expansion and connection of blockchains. The current mainstream cross-chain technologies include Notary schemes, Sidechains/relays, Hash-locking, Distributed private key control, etc.

2.6. How does the blockchain connect to off-chain databases?

If one party's data and documents are off-chain, and the other party's data and documents are on-chain, can the two parties interact? In the company's database, can half of the company's data on the blockchain interact with the other half of the data?

These challenges are well known and are being addressed. For example, the same queries and analysis can be run in on-chain and off-chain databases. The risk is that data brought from on-chain to off-chain is no longer immutable, and researchers recognize that data security and aggregating, transforming and optimizing on-chain and off-chain data sets are significant challenges.

2.7. Can blockchain facilitate money laundering?

Money laundering is a huge global problem, amounting to 1-2 trillion US dollars, accounting for approximately 2% - 5% of the total global GDP. Banks and authorities are fighting back, spending about $8 billion a year to combat corruption. Banks around the world require KYC verification.

Due to the anonymous nature of the blockchain, especially the emergence of anonymous coins, BTC has been criticized by many people as a tool for money laundering. However, the anonymity of BTC is only anonymity on the chain. The interaction between people and the chain, and the interaction between BTC and legal currency will leave traces. It is not as "lawless" as many media have promoted. Each BTC transaction requires the transfer of a corresponding address, and the transaction records of the address can be queried. In addition, the exchange of BTC and legal currency is conducted off-chain and cannot escape supervision. If the actual identity of any party in the transaction is exposed, it will be difficult for all participants in the transaction to escape recourse.

2.8. Will the blockchain consume all the energy in the world?

BTC has an amazing energy demand. Operating Bitcoin for one year requires the energy consumption of Ireland for one year. Because BTC’s POW consensus mechanism requires miners to mine for transaction verification. There are concerns that as the network increases and the value of BTC rises, energy demand will grow rapidly. In fact, miners themselves have incentives to prevent this from happening, and the scalability of the blockchain is limited by availability, energy costs, and the miners' own financial resources. The current alternative is the POS consensus mechanism. The POS mechanism selects validators based on the number of currency holders.

In fact, it can be seen that except for the early batch of cryptocurrencies headed by BTC, most current blockchain projects have taken into account the disadvantages of POW and are constantly innovating consensus mechanisms to avoid excessive consumption of energy. Therefore, blockchain is not enough to cause such a huge consumption of energy.

2.9. Will blockchain take our jobs?

Regarding blockchain, if people can trade directly with each other, what impact will blockchain have on intermediaries such as banks and lawyers? Blockchain is unlikely to be a job killer; it will, like any technology, change the nature of work by changing companies’ business and revenue models.

When artificial intelligence becomes popular, people will continue to ask questions like this. On the one hand, we enjoy the convenience that technology brings to us, but on the other hand, we are worried that technology will replace us. The biggest challenge of blockchain is not the technology itself, but changing the traditional profit distribution model. Blockchain technology can remove certain intermediary links, break the monopoly of many resources by centralized institutions, and thus change the interest pattern. This is also the most revolutionary point of blockchain.

2.10. Is the United States lagging behind in the development of the blockchain industry?

Globally, the blockchain industry in the United States is still in its infancy. Deloitte surveyed 1,053 executives in financial services, healthcare, technology industries, telecommunications, manufacturing and other industries in 2018. According to the survey, only 14% of American respondents believe that blockchain is used in their production, compared with 49% in China, 48% in Mexico, 40% in the United Kingdom, and 36% in Canada. Plans are also lagging: 41% of U.S. companies plan to invest $1 million or more in blockchain, compared with 85% in China, 74% in Canada, 72% in the United Kingdom, and 65% in Mexico.

Based on Silicon Valley insightsJudging from the "White Paper on the Development of Blockchain in China and the United States" published by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, in terms of the number of ICOs, North America is comparable to Asia. In terms of the amount of financing, North America is far ahead with 7.85 billion. Therefore, the United States, as a major country in North America, is not lagging behind at all. On the contrary, it is still leading in many aspects.

《Harnessing Blockchain for American Business and Prosperity》

http://forex.hexun.com/2018-06-17/193222543.html

https://jiahao..com/s? id=1606478434369770769&wfr=spider&for=pc

Introduction to Tianjige: Tianjige (LD Research) was established on July 2, 2018. It is a company dedicated to exploring the unknown of science and technology, taking human development as the driving force, and taking "BASE Research for Solving Real" Problems" as the purpose of the research institute.

This article comes from Babbitt

Related questions and answers: What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

In recent years, due to the virtual digital With currency speculation booming, blockchain, as its underlying technology, has also begun to receive widespread attention. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, trustlessness, collective maintenance, and reliable storage. It is currently widely used in the field of virtual currency.

Since the birth of Bitcoin, more than 1,600 virtual currencies have appeared in the world, and a huge industrial chain ecosystem has been formed around the generation, storage, and trading of virtual currencies. But overall, the industry is still in its infancy and is still far away from the real value use area. The core of the blockchain economy lies in the reconstruction of business logic and organizational forms, so it is necessary to obtain practical examples in multiple industries to demonstrate its value. This article will explore the business models used by blockchain in various industries from the perspective of combining blockchain with industry needs.

First of all, the core of blockchain is to solve the problem of credit:

Credit is the foundation of all commercial activities and finance. The United States has implemented trusted identification since 2011, while China has implemented a real-name system to achieve supervised information dissemination. The significance of blockchain is that it has established decentralized trust from a technical level for the first time and realized a completely distributed credit system.

Secondly, blockchain solves the problem of value exchange:

Traditional networks can achieve point-to-point transmission of information, but cannot achieve point-to-point transmission of value. Because information is allowed to be copied, and value must be authentic and unique, it is necessary to rely on a centralized organization to achieve value transfer. Blockchain perfectly solves this problem and provides a method to realize point-to-point transfer of value. During the value transfer process, accounting is realized by the network without relying on a centralized institution. Therefore, blockchain is expected to become the basis for building a new type of finance.Infrastructure has become the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The use of blockchain

There are currently two main modes of blockchain use:

1) Native blockchain use: directly based on decentralized blockchain technology to realize value Transmission and transaction use, such as digital currency;

2) "Blockchain +" model: combine traditional scenarios with the underlying protocol of the blockchain to improve efficiency and reduce costs. It is expected that the use of blockchain in various industries will be dominated by the second model.

Blockchain has five core attributes, namely: transaction attributes (value attributes), certificate attributes, trust attributes, intelligence attributes, and traceability attributes. The above core attributes are combined with the needs of the industry to solve the industry's pain points and become the business model used by blockchain in various industries.

Blockchain + Bank

1. Cross-border payment

Cross-border payment is a pain point that has long plagued the banking industry. Traditional cross-border payment methods include two major categories: one is online payment, including electronic account payment and international credit card payment, which is suitable for small retail amounts; the other is the bank remittance model, which is suitable for large-amount transactions; both have payment cycles Long, high fees, low transaction transparency and other issues. Especially in recent years, with the rise of cross-border e-commerce, convenient, fast, safe and low-cost cross-border payment has become an urgent need for the industry.

The role of blockchain:

The characteristics of blockchain are deintermediation and open and transparent transactions. There is no third-party payment institution to join, which shortens the payment cycle, reduces fees, and increases transaction transparency. For example, in December 2017, China Merchants Bank teamed up with Wing Lung Bank and Wing Lung Shenzhen Branch to successfully implement cross-border RMB remittances between the three parties using blockchain technology. Its clearing process is safe, efficient and fast, greatly improving customer experience.

2. Supply chain finance

The pain points in this field are the long financing cycle and high costs. Centered on the core enterprise system of the supply chain, it is difficult for third-party credit enhancement institutions to authenticate the authenticity of various relevant vouchers in the supply chain, resulting in long manual review times and high financing costs.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, existence proof, non-tampering, traceability and other characteristics into supply chain finance, and does not require third-party credit enhancement agencies to authenticate various relevant credentials in the supply chain. authenticity, thereby reducing financing costs and shortening the financing cycle. For example, in April 2017, the listed company Yijian and IBM China Research jointly launched the blockchain supply chain financial service system "Yijian Block". The system focuses on pharmaceutical scenarios and currently has more than 30 pharmaceutical distribution companies. Successfully registered in the "Yijian Block", as of the end of July, the number of transactions had been close to 8,000, and the total investment amount exceeded 100 million yuan.

3. Digital Bills

The pain point of the digital bill industry lies in the long-term problems of "false bills" and "one vote selling many", which have brought risks to the bill financing business of the banking industry.

The role of blockchain:

The existence proof and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain effectively solve the problem of false digital bills; at the same time, blockchain solves the double-spending problem and can avoid "t; One ticket sells many. For example, Shenzhen Blockchain Financial Services Co., Ltd. issues ticket chain products to provide ticket financing services based on blockchain to solve the ticket financing needs of small, medium and micro enterprises. Cooperative banks include Ganzhou Bank and Guiyang Bank , Suzhou Bank, Shizuishan Bank, Langfang Bank, Wuhai Bank, Jilin Jiutai Rural Commercial Bank, Yaodu Rural Commercial Bank, Shenzhen Rural Industrial Bank, Weifang Bank, Zhongyuan Bank, etc. In addition, Zheshang Bank, Jingdong Finance, Hang Seng Electronics , HNA, etc. are also verifying blockchain digital bill services.

Blockchain + Securities

1. Asset Securitization

Asset securitization uses future income as a guarantee to obtain current financing. The The pain points in the field are: there are many participating entities, many operating links, low transaction transparency, information asymmetry, and the authenticity of the underlying assets cannot be guaranteed.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces existence to asset securitization With attributes such as proof of authenticity, non-tamperability, and consensus mechanism, it can monitor the true status of assets in real time and solve the problem of trust in underlying assets by all parties in the transaction chain. Various assets such as equity, bonds, bills, income certificates, warehouse receipts, etc. It can be integrated into the blockchain and become a digital asset on the chain, improving the efficiency of asset circulation and reducing costs. For example, in May 2017, Internet Finance and partners including Baiqian Leasing, Huaneng Trust, etc. jointly issued a blockchain The asset securitization ABS project supported by technology has an issuance scale of 424 million yuan.

Blockchain + Insurance

1. Insurance business

There is information asymmetry in the insurance industry and a lack of trust between customers and insurance institutions Problems such as: It is difficult for users to choose insurance products that suit them, and insurance institutions face the risk of insurance fraud.

The role of blockchain:

The decentralization, openness, transparency, and traceability of blockchain, Establish a good communication channel between insurance institutions and users; insurance subject information is managed uniformly on the blockchain and cannot be tampered with, helping insurance institutions avoid the risk of fraudulent insurance; at the same time, smart contracts can improve work efficiency and reduce costs. For example, France Insurance giant AXA is using the Ethereum public blockchain to provide automatic flight delay compensation for air passengers. If the flight is delayed for more than 2 hours, the "smart contract" insurance product will automatically pay the claim to the passenger.

2 , Credit information management

The pain point in this field is that credit information agencies have limited data collection channels and a lack of data sharing, making it difficult to accurately characterize the credit status of individuals or institutions; in addition, there are also issues about how to protect user privacy during the data collection process. .

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness, consensus, and non-tampering. At the technical level, it ensures that limited and controllable credit data can be achieved on the basis of effectively protecting user privacy. Sharing and verification. For example, Ping An’s blockchain credit reporting business is now online. In addition, domestic startups such as Shanghai Juzhen, LinkEye, Bubi Blockchain, etc. are also conducting joint credit reporting and safe certificate deposits. Exploration.

As a basic technology, blockchain has distributedIt has great use value in industries that require automatic processing, point-to-point transactions, and rapid establishment of trust relationships. Its core is to solve the problem of credit and realize point-to-point transfer of value. Therefore, it is considered to be the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The core of the blockchain business model is to use the innovative attributes introduced by the blockchain and combine it with traditional industry uses to realize the reconstruction of business logic in order to create new usage scenarios, or improve efficiency and reduce costs.

It is expected that the use of blockchain will first start in the pan-financial field that has high requirements for credit, efficiency, and security: the financial industry pays more attention to efficiency and security, and blockchain has a high degree of matching with its pain points, and can be used for Systematically solve trust issues, efficiency issues, default risks, etc. that exist in all aspects of financial services; blockchain’s attributes such as “transaction, certificate storage, and traceability” are more likely to generate value in the financial industry. At the same time, the market space in the financial industry is huge, and small progress can bring huge benefits.

Blockchain will also extend to all areas of social life: Blockchain solves problems such as the management, transaction, and transfer of digital assets, and therefore will play an important role in the wave of asset digitization, such as supply chain management, data Applications such as services, asset management, public services, and the Internet of Things are gradually being implemented in various fields, and "blockchain+" is becoming a reality.

⑵ What are the application cases of blockchain?

Currently, companies in medical, government, transportation, technology, manufacturing, entertainment, games and other fields are already using blockchain technology. As shown in the figure below, blockchain has proven to be very useful in various fields. Currently, listed companies using blockchain include Facebook, Alibaba Group, Microsoft, Siemens, Ford Motor Company, etc.

⑶ Re-understand the blockchain: Enlightenments brought by more than 1,550 application cases

Author: Ran Wei

( This article is excerpted from the "2021 Global Blockchain Application Market Report")

When we talk about blockchain, anyone who knows something about blockchain can talk more or less about related topics. express some of their own opinions. For example: from the perspective of technical system, blockchain is a new application of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm; from the perspective of functional attributes, blockchain is decentralized, non-tamperable, and full-process. Features such as leaving traces, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency.

Looking back at the history of blockchain, there is no way around Bitcoin. On January 3, 2009, the Bitcoin genesis block with serial number 0 was born. A few days later, on January 9, 2009, Bitcoin block number 1 was born. When two blocks are connected, the blockchain is "born."

The inventor of Bitcoin, whose pseudonym is "Satoshi Nakamoto", may find it difficult to imagine: In the past 12 years, with Bitcoin as the center, a huge "cryptocurrency family" has spread all over the world. Financial markets set off a turmoilThe “big wave” that continues to this day. During this period, innovation and risks related to cryptocurrency are intertwined, progress and bubbles coexist, and pursuit and criticism coexist, and it drives government departments of various countries to continuously improve the monetary and financial systems, social governance and supervision systems.

At the same time, the blockchain that accompanies Bitcoin is also evolving rapidly, and has long gone beyond the scope of "Bitcoin's underlying technology" and has been applied to every corner of social and economic development.

So, what mechanism does blockchain work through? What are its advantages compared to traditional technologies and models? What is its application effect? In the "2021 Global Blockchain Application Market Report" jointly released by Capital Lab and Yuanwang Think Tank, we tried to provide a certain basis for the above issues through research on more than 1,550 application cases around the world in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. Empirical answer. At the same time, based on the study of these cases, we can establish a new understanding of blockchain: blockchain is trust, blockchain is sharing, blockchain is transaction, blockchain is substitution, and blockchain is efficiency.

In the Bitcoin creation paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Currency System", "Satoshi Nakamoto" repeatedly emphasized that Bitcoin has the characteristics of not relying on a "trusted third party". That is the characteristic of “decentralization”.

On the other hand, the underlying technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, is precisely designed for "trust." In other words, reshaping "trust" in the digital age is the most basic function of the blockchain, but this trust has been transformed from trust between people and legal entities to trust between machines and machines. Trust between blocks and between nodes. Interestingly, the subsequent “smart contract” function has further strengthened this trust through its integration with the blockchain.

Identity coding and authentication are the first steps to achieve the above-mentioned trust mechanism, and the distributed identity (Decentralized Identity, DID) system is the core of it. With DID applications, everyone from individuals to organizations to IoT devices, from physical items to virtual products, can be given digital "identities" and achieve trusted interactions. It is precisely because of this that blockchain-based certificate storage, empowerment, verification, circulation, and transactions can be realized, and only then can blockchain be implemented in various industries.

Application cases from around the world show that new trust mechanisms provide new rules and motivation for social and economic operations:

l China is comprehensively promoting blockchain electronic certificates Applications such as "one fish, one code", "one fruit, one code", "one tea, one code" and other applications are driving the global Anti-counterfeiting traceability of agricultural products and upgrading of food safety system;

l Through the combination of blockchain, big data, and artificial intelligence, a company's credit "portrait" is more accurate, and it can obtain faster and lower-cost financing services;

l Public welfare organizations have put donations on the chain to form a more transparent and standardized public welfare tracking and management system;

l Relevant cities in China have launched blockchain-based gas cylinder product traceability management system, the credibility of the source of gas cylinder file information and the level of gas cylinder safety management have been greatly improved;

l Germany is establishing a digital registration system based on identity authentication for its distributed energy assets to promote renewable energy Energy development and trading, and responding to the advent of the digital energy era….

Among the three types of blockchains (public chain, alliance chain, private chain), alliance chain has been the most widely used. In addition to considerations of technical performance, operational efficiency, operability, expected results, etc., this is mainly because all parties in the alliance already have a certain foundation of trust. This also shows from another perspective that in blockchain applications beyond cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, "multi-centralization" rather than complete "decentralization" is a more realistic option.

In addition, it is undeniable that unlike the proof-of-work mechanism that Bitcoin “mining” relies on, the blockchain cannot completely ensure the integrity of the on-chain data from the source in the actual application process. Authenticity. In other words, a certain alliance member or node may provide false data intentionally or unintentionally. However, with the help of blockchain's non-tampering, traceability, multi-party consensus and other characteristics, the alliance can identify counterfeiting behavior and impose corresponding punishments, such as "kicking" the counterfeiting members from the nodes. Therefore, in a sense, blockchain-based trust largely establishes alliance members’ awe for the authenticity of data and deters data fraud.

If "trust" is the foundation of blockchain applications, data sharing is the core of blockchain applications. Without data sharing, there will be no cooperation, and the practical application of blockchain will be impossible.

l The State Administration of Foreign Exchange's "Cross-border Financial Blockchain Service Platform" pilot has been fully launched, promoting foreign trade exports through information exchange between foreign exchange bureaus, taxation, banks and enterprise-related market entities. Business development;

l The "Insurance/Claims Alliance Chain" jointly established by 11 insurance companies in Taiwan has been put into operation, and each company has achieved "single application and common documents" on this platform;

l Blockchain platforms such as Contour and TradeLens are reshaping the global supply chain and providing impetus for the digital transformation of international trade through data collaboration among enterprises, financial institutions, shipping companies, terminals, customs and other institutions... .

l In China, various government departmentsThrough data collaboration, "one number, one source, one source for multiple uses, one network, and the entire process can be handled online";

l Through the "Judicial Chain" platform, all types of electronic evidence can be integrated with notarization, arbitration, Forensic appraisals, courts and other judicial institutions are seamlessly connected, which improves the efficiency of the judicial system while reducing costs;

l The "cross-domain collaboration mechanism for trial auxiliary matters" for grassroots courts across the country can achieve different regional "Cross-domain service and cross-domain evidence collection" between courts have effectively improved the efficiency of trial auxiliary matters and the quality and effectiveness of trials, and reduced judicial operation costs...

l China's "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Combination Port" project was officially launched, which can support the interconnection and interoperability of trade parties among the five major customs jurisdictions of the Greater Bay Area and become the first connected port in the Greater Bay Area , customs, logistics, enterprise, finance and other trade processes, interconnected and shared blockchain network;

l Japan's KDDI Telecom, Hitachi, Kansai Electric Power, Sekisui Construction and other large enterprises have established blocks Chain Alliance NEXCHAIN ​​to form a cross-industry real estate information sharing and management model and promote cross-industry innovation;

l The French Renault Group completed the test of its blockchain project "XCEED" for zero Sharing compliance information between component suppliers and automakers and simplifying compliance certification….

Although the above application cases in finance, government affairs and various industries are only a few typical cases, they are enough to illustrate that: on the one hand, data sharing is an inherent requirement of blockchain applications. In terms of specific implementation, everything must start from breaking "data islands" and "information asymmetry"; on the other hand, the application practice of blockchain has in turn promoted cross-level, cross-department, cross-industry, cross-region, and cross- Data sharing and unprecedented cooperation across national borders.

It can also be seen from the above cases that based on the transparency, security, trustworthiness and other characteristics of the blockchain, data sharing allows cooperation that originally seemed impossible to be achieved, and more Open innovation results; data sharing can effectively improve the operating efficiency of business systems, financial systems and social governance systems; various organizations promote their own organizational changes and process changes while sharing and cooperating with external institutions.

Based on trust and sharing, "transaction" is the most intuitive and deepest manifestation of the value of blockchain applications. Currently, blockchain is opening a new chapter in the transformation of transaction models in various industries around the world.

From a functional architecture point of view, blockchain-based transactions are by no means just a change in the transaction process, but integrate the unique functions of the blockchain, which are the key to anti-counterfeiting traceability, supply and demand docking, and warehousing. Integrated integration of blockchain applications such as logistics, payment/settlement, supply chain financing, insurance, and network security.

From the perspective of application form, based on blockChain transactions go beyond the traditional concept of product or service transactions and represent the value realization of a wider range of data in circulation.

From the perspective of application scenarios, transactions based on blockchain involve the upgrading of the physical industry, the digital advancement of the financial industry, and the innovative application of the "token economy".

In the physical industry, take the application of agricultural blockchain as an example: on the one hand, supply chain traceability based on blockchain has become an important barrier to food safety; but on the other hand, for growers or For farmers, the supply chain traceability function is far from enough. How to help them expand the sales of agricultural products and obtain more income as much as possible is the "hard truth" for blockchain technology to continue to promote agricultural development. In other industries, the same applies.

Against the above background, new trading platforms in the global physical industry continue to emerge:

l The Indian government uses blockchain platforms to help farmers in remote areas sell agricultural products to reduce the While eliminating intermediate fees, obtain higher income;

l The Swiss company Cerealia builds a blockchain-based agricultural product trading and financing platform to promote the export of agricultural products in emerging market countries around the world;

l The world's largest independent refined sugar producer, Al Khaleej Sugar Company of the United Arab Emirates, launched DigitalSugar.io, a blockchain-based sugar product trading platform, to realize spot-based international raw sugar trading;

l Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, has launched an international timber electronic trading platform based on blockchain, which will manage the entire timber transaction process on the chain, and will provide the timber market with full industry chain services such as cloud warehouse supervision, logistics, finance, and insurance;
< br /> l Shandong Province launched the Shandong Internet Traditional Chinese Medicine Trading Platform, which will use blockchain and other technologies to achieve online integrated services of quality control, trading, payment, settlement and supervision;

l Suzhou Phase Weitang Town in the urban area has released a blockchain-based pearl online trading platform, which will store the core parameters and test reports of pearls on the chain, and will also add functions such as supply chain management, trade finance, smart contracts, payment settlement, and incentive mechanisms;

l Honeywell launched GoDirect Trade, an online trading platform for new and second-hand aircraft parts, providing a valuable reference for large manufacturers on how to apply blockchain to parts trading and circulation... ….

In the financial industry, blockchain is promoting the digital advancement of financial transaction business in aspects such as securities trading, asset securitization, trade financing, and cross-border settlement:

l The Australian National Stock Exchange has launched ClearPay, a digital securities trading platform based on distributed ledger technology, which can provide multi-currency, real-time DVP settlement on the same day and will replaceReplace the original exchange settlement system;

l The Swiss company Finka launched a related securitization token investment platform based on livestock from Bolivia’s organic pastures to promote the development of the local livestock industry;

l The American company Securitize has established a Japanese real estate investment platform based on digital securities, aiming to revitalize idle real estate in rural Japan and enhance the vitality of the rural economy;

l Postal Savings Bank of China and Construction The bank completed the first cross-blockchain platform forfaiting transaction, and Hua Xia Bank Kunming Branch implemented forfaiting resale business in the secondary market for the first time;

l Nanjing Iron and Steel cooperated with Rio Tinto of Australia and Freshwater of Brazil respectively. River Valley Company completed a blockchain-based iron ore transaction;

l Baosteel Co., Ltd. and Australia's Rio Tinto completed the first blockchain-based RMB cross-border settlement transaction...

Of course, while blockchain promotes the advancement of financial transaction business, dark sides such as hype, scams, money laundering, and cyber attacks related to blockchain and cryptocurrency continue to follow. How to continue to promote financial innovation while also carrying out efficient risk prevention and control and effectively cracking down on illegal crimes is an important issue that requires long-term response. From a global perspective, China has responded with clear attitudes, strict measures, and effective measures in this regard.

The transaction changes realized by the blockchain in the real industry and financial industry are only the initial stage of the blockchain changing the traditional transaction method. The "Token Economy" is the blockchain "transaction" A higher level of functionality.

Under the framework of the "token economy", from electronic certificates to skill certificates, from credit records to public welfare activity participation records, from social media tracks to carbon emission reduction actions, when various data become When an encrypted digital proof of rights is circulated and exchangeable, it is given the function of "token".

Regardless of the investment/speculation craze of "Non-Fungible Token (NFT)", we can already see many early applications of "token economy" around the world:

l The HotCity project supported by the Austrian government uses a crowdsourcing model combined with blockchain and gamification tokens to encourage residents to submit heating waste heat hotspots to meet urban heating needs more efficiently; < br />
l Ford establishes "Green Miles" for commercial and municipal fleets using hybrid vehicles to help improve urban air quality;

l Weibin District, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, in its In the blockchain industrial park project, tokens are issued based on the points system of merchants and enterprises to establish a new business service platform;

l Chengdu released a blockchain-based community governance product "Liandong Community". Residents can obtain "time bank" points from the platform through volunteer services and other activities, and exchange them for benefits and discounts provided by community merchants; < br />
l The Electric Vehicle Charging Network Working Group (EVGI) of the global non-profit organization "Mobile Open Blockchain Initiative" launched a global standard system for decentralized vehicle charging technology, covering tokenized carbon credits ( TCC) scenario;

l The blockchain reward platform MiL.k cooperates with Korean retailers to provide blockchain-based points management services for its members. Members can convert existing points into local MLK tokens through the MiL.k platform, or exchange them into other third-party points...

As can be seen from the above cases and more, the "token economy" has several distinctive features:

The "token economy" gives assets to a wider range of data Attributes and tradable attributes, and through cross-domain and cross-platform mutual trust and circulation, can improve the operating efficiency of the entire social and economic system;

"Token economy" is a new value creation and The realization process does not necessarily use currency directly as the medium of exchange, but is more reflected in the exchange, mutual benefit and reallocation of various elements and resources;

"Token economy" is often combined with incentive mechanisms. At the same time, through incentives for "good people and good deeds", "good companies" and "good institutions", the social value system and social credit system will be effectively reshaped.

Generally speaking, the "token economy" will spawn new production factors, reshape production relations, and greatly liberate social productivity; the "token economy" represents the direction of the "information Internet" The evolution of the "Internet of Value" indicates the most exciting future of the digital economy; the "token economy" based on the blockchain has begun to take shape and has begun to bring changes to economic operations, social governance, and everyone's lifestyle. Continuously visible change. All types of institutions and individuals should be mentally and physically prepared for this change.

Like other new technologies, in the process of application and popularization, blockchain continues to produce substitution effects in terms of platforms, media, models, methods, etc.: physical documents are replaced by electronic documents, and credit records are replaced by electronic documents. Tokens are replaced, manual review is replaced by data verification, and the city management platform is replaced by the "city brain"...

Such substitutions have become the norm:

l Argentina’s central bank has begun a proof-of-concept for a new blockchain clearing system, which may replace the existing clearing system;< br />
l Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation (KOMSCO) expands blockchain digital gift certificate business to replace paper gift certificates and expand its use in banknotes and coinsWhile the issuance volume has dropped significantly, record revenue has increased;

l Courts across China have begun to use blockchain electronic seals to replace traditional paper seals in the enforcement of real estate seizures;

l The Shanghai court system is exploring the use of digital trial records to replace manual trial transcripts through the adoption of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain;

l Japanese company SUSMED launches "Using Blockchain" "Clinical Data Monitoring System Demonstration of Blockchain Technology" pilot, indicating that the necessary monitoring processes in clinical trials of drugs or medical equipment can be replaced by blockchain systems;

l Alipay and Wukong Car Rental have cooperated to launch "Face Scanning" "Car rental service, through blockchain technology and credit-free model, tourists can rent a car by simply "swiping their face" and return the vehicle through mobile phone operations;

l Under the new crown epidemic, various cities in China have Local governments have intensively launched "non-face-to-face, no-contact, zero errands" government services combined with blockchain technology, replacing traditional offline service methods and providing remote bidding, "cloud" customs clearance, financial support, and resumption of work during the epidemic. This provides a strong guarantee for the smooth progress of work such as resumption of production...

In addition, we can also see that through the use of blockchain technology, various enterprise-level services are also realizing substitution and evolution: from paper contracts to electronic contracts, to program-based, Blockchain contracts that can automatically execute smart contracts. Blockchain is pushing contract signing into the era of "chain signing"; from offline human resources companies to online human resources platforms to the blockchain-based human resources market , global human resources services have experienced continuous changes from the 1.0 era to the 2.0 era, and then to the 3.0 era.

Generally speaking, when the blockchain "invades" various industries, it will "mercilessly" delete all unnecessary links and processes, all unnecessary manual operations, and accelerate the The era of paperless, unmanned and automated is coming.

In the process of our analysis of more than 1,550 blockchain application cases around the world, words like "improve", "accelerate", "shorten", "lower", "reduce", "save", " Words such as "save" appear frequently in front of our eyes. These words show that the improvement of efficiency is the common pursuit of all parties involved in blockchain applications and is also the most direct result of the substitution effect of blockchain.

Numerous application practices are contributing to this:

l Kenyan company Shamba Records provides blockchain traceability, transaction and financing services to farmers in the country, currently covering more than 6,000 small farmers and helped them increase their income by at least 40%;

l Tra, a blockchain trading platform invested by NTT DATA, Mitsubishi and other companiesdeWaltz completed a trial run, and the results showed that the platform can reduce the workload of traditional trade processes by up to 50%;

l Walmart Canada uses the DL Freight blockchain platform to connect it with carriers Invoice disputes have been significantly reduced by 97%;

l The State Grid Corporation of China’s power transaction certificate traceability inquiry platform has been put into operation, automating the entire authenticity review process for registered users and saving 99% of trustworthy Manual review time;

l COSCO Shipping Lines and Shandong Port Group Qingdao Port have cooperated to launch a blockchain paperless import delivery model, which can save customers nearly 24 hours on average per container in picking up goods;< br />
l Zhejiang Taizhou uses the "Internet of Things + Blockchain" recycling system to solve the problem of marine pollution control. Compared with traditional treatment methods, this recycling system can save 94% of labor costs and 84% of operating costs... ….

In summary, through the joint action of trust mechanism, sharing mechanism and transaction mechanism, blockchain has formed an obvious substitution effect, improved the operational efficiency of finance, government affairs and various industries, and will Continue to create systemic change. This change is reshaping the relationship between people and machines, people and society, and people and the environment, and clearly points to three ultimate goals: efficiency, well-being, and environmental protection.

⑷ What are the application examples of blockchain technology

Application of blockchain technology in voting
Kuaishang is the first country to apply blockchain technology to In the field of voting, it effectively solves the problem of trust in voting data, provides the most authentic and effective data to activists, protects the rights and interests of real voting users, and at the same time makes blockchain technology "people-friendly" so that the general public can quickly perceive and enjoy the area in the field of life services. The convenience brought by blockchain technology.
The application of blockchain technology in digital asset registration
The Golden Master Digital Asset Service Platform is the first to use blockchain technology. This technology is a global distributed ledger technology that is traceable and non-transitory. Tamper-proof and unforgeable properties. The digital assets of the platform come from regulated digital asset issuers, and the value of the assets is determined through the open market to avoid overestimation or underestimation of value.
The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry
Ant Financial’s independently controllable financial-grade commercial blockchain platform has been deployed globally in multiple institutions and countries in multiple social and commercial application scenarios. Ant Blockchain Chain platform transactions support second-level confirmation, and the consensus mechanism uses an efficient parallel consensus algorithm to ensure the high performance of the blockchain platform. Ant Blockchain has already had multiple production-level applications, applying leading technology to people's livelihood and business. , finance and other fields.

⑸ Give examples of other practical applications of blockchain

Starting from November 8, the Walmart Jinhai Road branch in Baoan, Shenzhen will provide users with blockchain electronic invoice issuance services. , issued electronicallyThe tickets will be directly entered into the consumer's WeChat card wallet. This is the first time that electronic invoices have been applied to large chain retailers.

In fact, on August 10 this year, Shenzhen’s Guomao Revolving Restaurant issued the country’s first blockchain electronic invoice. So, what are the characteristics of blockchain electronic invoices that make Shenzhen, a pioneer city in the country, willing to use it as an important "Internet + Taxation" project between the Shenzhen Taxation Bureau and Tencent in the "Smart Tax" Innovation Laboratory this year? What about floor-to-ceiling products?

1. It is more convenient to issue invoices

In the past, when issuing invoices in supermarkets, you had to check out at the cashier and then go to the service desk to queue up and issue invoices based on the shopping receipt. If the user provides wrong information at this time, it will be very troublesome to void the invoice and reopen it. The emergence of blockchain electronic invoices allows enterprises to apply for invoices on the blockchain; users can issue invoices on the chain, and after the transaction is completed, they can apply for invoices by themselves by scanning WeChat on their mobile phones, and invoice collection is electronic. and convenience, achieving "instant invoicing of transactions", making the entire process more convenient and faster.

2. Supervision is more convenient

Since blockchain electronic invoices are issued directly in the system, there are fewer human intervention factors, and for tax regulators and managers, the tax bureau In other words, technological innovation can achieve full-process supervision, realize paperless intelligent tax management, and make the tax process more controllable.

3. Financial information is more authentic and reliable

Due to the addition of the underlying technology of blockchain, the information on electronic invoices cannot be tampered with, which makes internal financial statistics within the enterprise. Various opportunities for fraud are avoided, the financial reimbursement process is optimized, and work efficiency is improved.

It is almost foreseeable that with the participation of global giants such as Wal-Mart, electronic invoices will be used in more fields. In the context of this year's tax reform, technological development will also provide greater support to the tax system of Shenzhen, an international metropolis.

⑹ What is blockchain and are there any product cases?

Blockchain refers to the method of decentralization and trustlessness A technical solution for collectively maintaining a reliable database.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Currently, whoever owns the system keeps the accounts. Tencent keeps the accounts of WeChat, and Alibaba keeps the accounts of Taobao. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write his recorded content into the ledger, and record this Within a period of time, the contents of the ledger are sent to all other people in the system for backup. In this systemEveryone has a complete ledger. In this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Now, blockchain technology is very popular, especially in the financial world. Ant Financial, Laikelib, Wanda, Ping An, Minsheng, etc. have successively tested blockchain projects, and European crowdfunding is even more popular. At the forefront of utilizing blockchain technology. The most successful case is digital currency!

⑺ [One of the top ten blockchain government cases] Ant Blockchain-Hangzhou Internet Court Judicial Chain Case

According to Hangzhou Daily, September 18, 2018, Hangzhou The Internet Court announced that the judicial blockchain was officially launched online, becoming the first court in the country to apply blockchain technology to resolve disputes. The judicial blockchain makes the entire process of electronic data generation, storage, dissemination, and use trustworthy.
Plaintiffs can submit electronic evidence such as contracts, rights protection processes, and service process details online through the online complaint portal, which will be submitted by notary offices, judicial appraisal centers, CA/RA institutions, courts, Ant Financial and other on-chain nodes. Joint witness and joint endorsement provide one-stop service for the prosecutor. The judicial chain has greatly reduced the cost of offline evidence storage and collection, and improved the efficiency of the judgment process, thus enabling many cases that were previously unworthy of prosecution due to the high cost of rights protection to be able to achieve better rights protection through the blockchain; Judicial The chain solves the problem of low judicial service efficiency, realizes the integration and sharing of judicial data, and breaks down data silos; the judicial chain promotes the construction of a social credit system, reduces judicial costs, uses technology as an engine, promotes innovative development, and leads the transformation, upgrading and reduction of judicial services.

Citing the analysis of the "Blockchain Judicial Evidence Application White Paper" from the Trusted Blockchain Promotion Plan, with the rapid advancement of informatization, a large amount of evidence in litigation is presented in the form of electronic data. The specific manifestations of electronic evidence in judicial practice are becoming increasingly diverse, and the frequency of use and data volume of electronic data storage have increased significantly. Different types of electronic evidence are formed in different ways, but they generally have the characteristics of being easy to perish, easily tampered with, and highly dependent on technology. Compared with traditional physical evidence, it is more difficult to determine the authenticity, legality, and relevance of electronic evidence in judicial review. .

In judicial practice, parties generally lack the ability to produce evidence, and the electronic evidence provided to the court is of poor quality. There are a large number of problems such as improper evidence collection procedures, incomplete evidence, and poor pointing to the facts of the case, which directly affects the electronic evidence. The proportion of evidence admitted in litigation.

The traditional storage method of electronic evidence is essentially a centralized storage method, which may easily cause the storage data to be lost or be compromised. .

At the same time, electronic data relies on electronic media for storage. For storage security, multiple backups and other methods are often needed. In addition, electronic media have a long service life, which makes storage costs higher.

(2) Problems in evidence collection

Currently, when some locally generated electronic data is collected for evidence, the original is intelligently retained in the device that generated the electronic data, and the original evidence and the device are inseparable. . Once the original evidence leaves the device, it becomes a copy and cannot become the basis for a final verdict. This results in many limitations in litigation cases.

In addition, the Internet software service provider cannot give a definite answer as to whether the so-called original is the true, original and complete data at the time when the time occurred. It is also doubtful whether the evidence obtained is the original.

(3) Problems in demonstration

Electronic data display and fixation are important aspects of data use. Since electronic data exists in the form of electronic information stored in electronic hardware, To obtain its content, you need to use responsive software to read and display it, which makes it difficult to demonstrate. It may also increase the burden of proof on the parties due to the need for notarization, and waste social judicial resources.

(4) Issues in Evidence

In litigation, both parties will submit their own electronic data as evidence. When the parties individually control their own data, it is easy for the evidence submitted by both parties to be inconsistent or even contradictory. In the absence of other supporting evidence, it is very difficult to determine the authenticity of the evidence, and the electronic data submitted by both parties cannot be used as the basis for deciding the case. In this situation where the facts of the case cannot be determined, the judge is likely to have to rely on assigning the burden of proof to decide the case. The general principle of allocating the burden of proof is that whoever makes the claim must provide evidence. If he cannot provide evidence, he will bear the consequences of losing the case. In this case, a party that actively tamperes with its own data can benefit from this burden of proof arrangement.

(5) Problems in evidence identification

All evidence "must be verified to be true before it can be used as the basis for finalizing a case", which is the most important and universal evidence in the world. One of the principles of justice. The identification of evidence is usually a process of identifying the "three properties" of evidence, namely the authenticity, legality and relevance of the evidence. Electronic data used as evidence also needs to pass the "three characteristics" judgment. Due to the large amount of data, strong real-time nature of electronic data, high storage costs, and difficulty in identifying original documents, it is still difficult to identify the "three properties" of evidence. Electronic data often cannot support the case because it is difficult to identify, which is detrimental to the case. Both the judge and the parties caused greater pressure.

Quoting from the sharing by Li Zhiguo, head of Ant Financial’s judicial evidence deposit products, titled “Ant Blockchain’s Exploration in the Field of Judicial Evidence”, he believes that in the past 20 years, the Internet industry has The key word is connection. In the PC Internet era, terminals were connected through PC interconnection. At that time, companies that discovered this trend seized huge business opportunities such as portals and search engines. In 2013, we entered the era of mobile Internet. In this era, many smart phones have been integrated into the mobile Internet through mobile Internet.Terminals and personal devices are connected together, and the number of terminal devices and online time have been greatly improved. Those who seized the opportunity at this stage created super applications such as Weibo, WeChat, and Alipay. A very important change that we are currently paying attention to is that as the changes in connections continue to expand, the quality of connections has also changed greatly. This is called the second curve. The original object of connection was information, but now it is likely to become assets.

So what is the difference between assets and information? There are three main differences.

First, assets are unique, while information can be copied infinitely. In the Internet era, the cost of information transmission can be minimized through copying. However, when the connected object is an asset, there is a fatal flaw, that is, it cannot be transmitted through copying. After the asset is given to a person, It cannot be given to anyone else.

The second point is that assets are more fragile and precious than information. Assets are money. In the process of information digitization, it is easy to put information on the Internet, but for assets, this does not work, because behind the assets are real interests.

The third point: Compared with assets and information, assets have very high security requirements, and many problems must be faced, including attacks by hackers, competitors, fraud, etc. These are all linked assets. issues that need resolving. This is the third difference between assets and information. If there is a dispute over assets, they need to be resolved. In reality, it can be resolved by the court, but if it is on the Internet, it is difficult to deal with it.

The three characteristics of assets mentioned above are difficult to solve through traditional Internet methods. At the same time, the development of the Internet has made people lazier and lazier. If 10 years ago, many people could accept that asset connection would take a long time, but now it is difficult for people to accept it. For example, in order to sign a contract, it takes two to three days. It takes weeks to mail, and it costs a lot to go in and out of many traditional institutions frequently in order to make a cross-border payment. And compared with the connection method 20 years ago, the current Internet connection has become much more difficult, because many people find that after information is connected, the data becomes very valuable. What to do if it is valuable? The only way is to sink the value. When it sinks, it becomes a deep well of value. The larger the scale, the deeper the value. At the same time, another problem will be formed called data island. These issues need to be considered and resolved by the judicial chain.

Now, the court is standing at a historical opportunity node and has the opportunity to become a basic component of data generation and completion of connections. Disputes will inevitably occur over assets, and after a dispute occurs, the court will conduct a full-link review. This is a unique value, the value of the last mile of the Internet. Only by connecting assets, breaking data islands and value wells, canIt is the realization of real value. This model actually belongs to small and medium-sized enterprises, including individual users. The above is the value basis of the judicial chain.

If there is an island of value and it needs to be connected, there must be various connection methods. There are four main ways to connect.

The first is not to connect. , put it in a bank safe;

The second way is a bad connection, that is, through technological leadership and inequality, depriving the ownership of data assets through hacking technology, when there is no legal When connecting, bad connections must exist;

The third type is a connection that seems to be a good connection, but is actually a fragile connection. Nowadays, there are many ways to connect. When the market situation is relatively good, it is a bubble. It has a certain market when it is relatively large, but once it encounters real value, it breaks down;

The fourth type is the judicial chain, which can be summarized in 15 words, that is, the whole process record, the whole chain The road is trustworthy and witnessed by all nodes.

How can the judicial chain be technically credible and institutionally credible at a low cost?

First of all, the first problem is that assets are fragile, so when connecting assets, they must have the basic characteristics of real security. Security includes privacy protection, which is not a simple matter. The first day Alipay was born started with secured transactions, solving the problem of the authenticity of previous transactions between buyers and sellers. Later, based on Alipay, Sesame Credit was proposed, and many Everyone has Zhima Credit points, and through past credit records, big data and artificial intelligence are provided as a reference for whether the user can fulfill the contract, making real security a step further. Next comes the blockchain. The blockchain provides a very important capability, that is, the truth cannot be tampered with, which makes trust a big step forward in the level of real security. Therefore, the first problem solved by the judicial chain is to ensure that the bottom connector is real and safe when connecting assets. This real safety is not something you talk about in words, nor is it a technology in a laboratory, but a technology in a laboratory. It has been recognized by users, tested by the market and tested by large-scale business volume.

The second question is very critical. When everyone is connected through a real and secure connector, once the data assets are compromised, how to deal with disputes? The judicial blockchain has been moving in this direction in the past two years. By bringing notary offices, judicial appraisal centers, and courts to the bottom of the judicial chain, the data is authenticated accordingly, ensuring that once a dispute arises about data assets, it can be dealt with fairly and effectively. This is a very powerful system, which is the fundamental reason why the judicial chain is the real solution to the last mile problem of the Internet. So far, the judicial chain has ensured technical credibility and institutional credibility.

The third problem is that in the interconnection of assets, the connectionThe cost cannot be too high. Users have developed the habit of obtaining countless information with just a click of the mouse and a search button. Blockchain has been popular for many years, but so far there are less than 20 million real users, and the daily activity is very low. The first reason is that it is too difficult to use, and the second reason is that the cost of use is too high. Therefore, when connecting assets, it must be very simple, very easy to use, and low cost. Just like when Alipay first implemented real-name authentication, it could quickly complete user payments through face scanning, and at the same time, the security level was very high. Therefore, real connectors must have the characteristics of low cost and high applicability.

The judicial chain has achieved technical credibility and institutional credibility, and the cost of connection is not high, opening a new era of blockchain for asset connection.

The Hangzhou Internet Court’s judicial blockchain makes the entire process of electronic data generation, storage, dissemination, and use trustworthy. Through the overall complete structure, it can solve the entire life cycle of electronic data generation, storage, dissemination, and use on the Internet, especially the whole-process trust issue at the generation end.

The blockchain consists of a three-layer structure:

1). The first is the blockchain program. Users can directly record the entire process of operation behavior in the blockchain through the program. , such as online submission of electronic evidence such as electronic contracts, rights protection processes, service process details;

2), The second is the full-link capability layer of the blockchain, which mainly provides real-name authentication, electronic signature, time Stamping, data storage and trusted services throughout the blockchain process;

3), the third is the judicial alliance layer, which uses blockchain technology to integrate notary offices, CA/RA institutions, forensic appraisal centers and The courts are connected together in the alliance chain, and each unit becomes a node on the chain.

The electronic evidence platform launched on the judicial chain of Hangzhou Internet Court directly establishes a special data channel between evidence and trial, making the collection, fixation, transmission and use of evidence more convenient and efficient.

In the past, when litigating in Internet courts, evidence was submitted electronically and then uploaded to the "Hangzhou Internet Court Litigation Platform" (www.netcourt.gov.cn). For example, notarized documents are usually uploaded by scanning. The electronic evidence platform launched today first has a long "tentacle", and it can achieve seamless connection with other electronic data, such as notary offices. Then the notarized documents can be uploaded to the electronic evidence platform with one click and used directly as litigation evidence. For example, in transaction disputes involving e-commerce platforms such as Taobao and JD.com, mutual financial platforms, and wealth management platforms, third-party data service providers (such as operator platforms, electronic contracting platforms, and certificate depository institutions) can also directly transmit electronic data. The electronic evidence platform effectively solves the difficulties faced by parties in collecting electronic data evidence on their own and greatly saves the economic and energy costs of producing and cross-examining evidence in court trials.

The "electronic" evidence that was originally merely scanned or typed has truly transformed into "electronic evidence". Through the third-party depository platform, it breaks the curse of "electronic data" being easily lost and tampered with. Form a unique "data ID card" that cannot be tampered with and synchronize it to the electronic evidence platform in real time. After entering the litigation process, the "data ID card" that has been saved on the electronic evidence platform will be automatically compared with the original electronic data to determine whether the electronic evidence has been tampered with later, thus ensuring the authenticity of the electronic evidence.

These electronic data have coded ID cards, which become the "elements" of each case. The platform classifies these elements and then matches them to each case. In this way, the system automatically matches The key element is to import electronic evidence into each case to form a system that automatically files cases without a judge. We can imagine that we will soon be able to achieve a case filing speed of tens or hundreds per minute.

Finally, when these evidences become electronic data and are stored on the platform, in addition to the Hangzhou Internet Court, which can carry out judicial use on the platform during the trial of the case, other relevant institutions (such as other people with permission) Courts, judicial appraisal agencies, notary agencies, filing agencies) can all retrieve relevant evidence from the platform in accordance with procedures, and the co-construction and sharing of resource data will also be achieved.

Taking the Shanghai Pudong Notary Office’s data storage platform that has opened up the Hangzhou Mutual Judicial Chain as an example, we will introduce the complete closed-loop process from the data protection platform to judicial litigation.

1. Register the business platform and perform real-name authentication

Enterprise A, a design company, opens the Shanghai Pudong Notary Office data storage platform page and completes real-name identity authentication after registration.

2. Original data storage

When design company A completes the design of a work and archives the original work data, it initiates a remote storage call through its own business system Interface, call the RESTful API of the notary office's data storage platform to complete the storage of the design work file HASH and related elements. The deposit certificate will also be sent to the Judicial Blockchain, Pudong Notary Chain and China Time Service Center simultaneously. After all are successful, a certificate of deposit with the corresponding LOGO will be obtained. The HASH fingerprint data of the work files that are completely consistent on each chain and platform shows the validity and non-tamperability of this certificate.

5. Log in to Hanghu Court to submit a complaint and verify the legality of the evidence

The judicial chain is a specific application case of Ant Blockchain BaaS. Ant Blockchain BaaS (Blockchain as a Service) is an open "zone" based on the Ant Financial Alliance blockchain technology and Alibaba Cloud.Blockchain as a Service" platform. It outputs blockchain as a cloud service, supports numerous business scenarios and on-chain data traffic, and is the foundation of industry blockchain solutions. Ant Blockchain BaaS is committed to building a An open and collaborative platform provides convenient services to enterprises and individuals around the world.

The above picture is a product map of Ant Blockchain, in which the technical architecture of BaaS is mainly divided into three layers:

1. The bottom layer is BaaS Core

The BaaS Core layer is based on a cloud resource management platform that provides flexible support for hosts and containers, enabling convenient cross-platform operation and deployment. For trusted hardware, that is, based on Alibaba Cloud's Shenlong server provides corresponding hardware services and can provide a trusted execution environment with high reliability and high privacy protection. In addition to the certificate storage platform and smart contract platform, heterogeneous chain cross-chain services will soon be launched on the basis of homogeneous chain cross-chain services. Chain cross-chain services. In the current market, a single chain or a chain has its own limitations. In the future, cross-chain technology will become a very important part of establishing trust infrastructure and a mutual trust ecosystem. Currently, the BaaS platform has passed Cross-chain services realize internal interconnection, and can also access trusted data sources on the external Internet through smart contracts and cross-chain services. In addition, for other basic capabilities, such as alliance management, security and privacy, Certificate key management, etc., BaaS Core has corresponding functions and support. While providing the independently developed Ant blockchain system, the BaaS platform also supports open source systems to better meet the diverse needs of customers, including enterprise Ethereum Quorum and Hyperledger Fabric.

2. The upper layer is BaaS Plus

The BaaS Plus layer encapsulates and services the underlying services and capabilities, opens them into standardized interfaces, and provides them to partners They can access and use it. This can greatly reduce customers’ investment in basic resources and significantly shorten the time it takes to access services. So far, the platform has launched trusted certificate storage, universal traceability, real-person authentication, Services such as enterprise certification will gradually launch more services in the future.

3. The top layer is the BaaS Marketplace and solutions

Ant’s many partners can Provide their own capabilities. At the same time, practical applications in different scenarios will precipitate a set of standard application solution templates, so that customers can learn from the platform capabilities of other similar scenarios in their own applications. The Pudong Notary Office data storage platform can Become a member of the BaaS Marketplace.

1. Account system

Ant BlockAll transaction operations on the chain are carried out around the account system, so before sending and executing transactions, you need to ensure that you have created a corresponding account on the Ant Blockchain. Then you can use the created account to submit the transaction, and you can also complete related tasks based on the account structure. Modifications to account configuration.

The specific account data structure model fields and descriptions are as follows:

Among them, the account contains three types of keys:

Ant Blockchain adopts the account It is implemented in a decoupled manner from the key, which to a certain extent prevents security risks such as data loss on the chain caused by key loss. The main account operations supported by Ant Blockchain include:

2. Privacy protection

Ant Blockchain supports the privacy protection capabilities of sensitive account information data by introducing some features of cryptography. , by extending the relevant command functions at the smart contract level to realize the encrypted storage and addition and subtraction operations of the amount in the smart contract. Only individuals who obtain a valid key can decrypt the sensitive data in the smart contract and view the original amount information.

At present, the cryptographic features introduced by Ant Blockchain include zero-knowledge proof, that is, by introducing zero-knowledge proof, the legality of the transfer amount can be proved under the condition of encrypted ciphertext.

3. Cross-chain services

Ant Blockchain cross-chain service is an on-chain data service provided for smart contracts. This service deploys cross-chain services in the customer's blockchain environment. Contract/chain code, and provides an API interface for user contracts/chain codes to call and use. The cross-link service currently provides two types of services: ledger data access and contract message push, and their corresponding API interfaces. The ledger data access service can help user smart contracts obtain data on other blockchain ledgers, including but not limited to block headers, complete blocks, transactions, etc. The contract message push service can help communicate messages between smart contracts on different blockchains that have deployed cross-chain data services, satisfying scenarios such as cross-chain business association processing.

On May 22, 2019, Shanghai No. 1 Intermediate People's Court, Hangzhou Internet Court, Hefei Intermediate People's Court, Suzhou Intermediate People's Court, and Wuhu, Anhui Province jointly signed a letter of intent for cooperation, and will use the Hangzhou Internet Relying on the court's judicial blockchain platform, the four places are interconnected and jointly build the Yangtze River Delta judicial chain, creating a judicial-level trust mechanism with "full process records, full link credibility, and full node witness" to jointly promote judicial integration in the Yangtze River Delta region. develop. It was introduced at the meeting that the judicial blockchain operating mechanism of the Hangzhou Internet Court has become increasingly mature, and has collected 390 million pieces of electronic data. The dismissal rate of relevant cases has reached more than 96%. played an important role.
The technology provider of the Hangzhou Internet Court’s judicial chain is Ant Financial Blockchain, which has the world’s leading core patented technology, 20,000 TPS high-performance certificate storage capabilities, and extremely high privacy security protection.Capabilities, top-level security prevention and control capabilities protect the judicial chain. Its Ant Blockchain trusted certificate storage platform supports third parties to access the judicial chain.

For example, in terms of specific aspects, the judicial chain has greatly improved the effect of users' rights protection. For example, in China, copyright protection is very backward. For example, only 5% of the pictures are genuine, and the rest are pirated. However, from the filing of the case to the trial, the first instance takes 8 months, and the compensation obtained is only 500. -600 yuan, but the time cost and economic cost far exceed the compensation amount. However, the emergence of the judicial chain can reduce the cost of rights protection by one to two orders of magnitude. Secondly, the judicial chain can enhance the trust of the brand. On the one hand, it allows enterprises to stand together with the judicial chain and the brands and platforms recognized by the government. On the other hand, it allows enterprises to clearly and transparently tell their business models through trust connection. users, giving users a very strong sense of trust. Entrepreneurs, in particular, can have huge traffic in the early stages. Finally, the judicial chain solves the problem of the last mile of the Internet, which greatly reduces the user's cost of use. Therefore, using the judicial chain model really upgrades the traditional business model into a trust business model.

Contributor Wang Denghui introduced:
Copyright chain/notarization chain project CTO of Hangzhou Xiabi Youshen Technology Company,
Shanghai partner of HiBlock technology community,
Focusing on "blockchain +" industrial implementation and implementation plan, hoping to preach blockchain together with industry practitioners.

⑻ What are the application cases of blockchain?

Triporg: a travel service application that uses blockchain to provide booking services such as air tickets and train tickets.

⑼ What are the practical application cases of blockchain in China

The most widely used application of blockchain is still in the field of financial technology, such as digital asset trading. As an underlying technology, blockchain is the technical implementation method of Bitcoin. The rapid application of blockchain technology also requires virtual currency. In the past, a large-scale economic scenario that required mutual trust and extensive collaboration among many people could only be solved through a centralized approach, which was very inefficient. The emergence of blockchain technology solved this problem and eliminated this center. An important reason why this center can be removed is that virtual currency provides an endogenous economic incentive mechanism for the blockchain, giving people the motivation to join the economic activities transformed by the blockchain. Of course, blockchain will have more extensive and mature applications in more fields in the future. For example, in November last year, the State Grid submitted a patent application titled "About blockchain power transaction control methods and devices." This year, Xi'an The City Wall International Marathon is also the first in the world to use blockchain technology to register athletes’ race data, winning links and other information on the blockchain, using its traceable and non-tamperable technical features to open up information channels between events and effectively Guaranteed the reliability of competition results.