r3区块链联盟是金融科技企业吗,r3区块链联盟百度百科

R3区块链联盟是一个以金融科技为核心的全球性联盟，由多家金融服务机构、银行、技术公司和其他机构组成。联盟旨在帮助金融服务行业把握区块链技术的潜力，探索其在金融服务中的应用，促进金融科技的发展。

R3区块链联盟成立于2015年，由美国金融服务公司R3 LLC发起，现有成员超过100家，包括摩根大通、花旗集团、德意志银行、高盛集团等世界知名金融机构，以及阿里巴巴、京东金融等科技公司。

R3区块链联盟的主要目标是通过技术研究、合作开发和应用，把区块链技术应用于金融服务领域，为企业提供安全、可靠、可信的金融服务。联盟推出的Corda平台是其主要的技术产品，可以建立基于区块链的金融应用系统，为金融服务提供支持。

R3区块链联盟还在不断拓展全球合作，目前已在中国、日本、韩国、印度、新加坡、澳大利亚等地建立联络机构，与当地企业建立合作关系，推动区块链技术在当地的应用。

总之，R3区块链联盟是一个以金融科技为核心的全球性联盟，旨在帮助金融服务行业把握区块链技术的潜力，探索其在金融服务中的应用，促进金融科技的发展。

请查看相关英文文档

1. Is blockchain a scam?

The reason why the word blockchain was first mentioned is because after Bitcoin entered people’s sight, as Bitcoin With the fermentation of heat and the proliferation of topics, blockchain has become a topic familiar to the general public. It once became a greeting among entrepreneurs (Are you working on blockchain? Is your entrepreneurial project related to blockchain? etc.) Now the market The applications of blockchain are very crowded, and ordinary people’s concept is almost stuck in the stage of speculation. What is blockchain? Is blockchain a lie?

From a global perspective, it is not only our listed companies, shareholders, everyone in the currency circle and investors who are fascinated. In 2016, Citibank, BBVA, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, Swiss Bank of China and other leading financial institutions have jointly established the R3CEV Alliance (Goldman Sachs Group has now separated from the R3CEV Blockchain Alliance). Therefore, from this perspective, blockchain technology has been applied to a certain extent around the world. At this level, blockchain It is a new invention, and I am not lying. Many readers are curious why many people now hear that blockchain (digital currency) is like a scam. Buffett said: Stay away from Bitcoin, it is just an illusion. In my opinion, it has great intrinsic value The idea is a joke.

The author believes that there are no correct mistakes in technical books, but the application macro practitioners think that the correct mistakes are correct. Many people envy the currency circle (application of blockchain) to make a fortune overnight, but forget that Returning to poverty overnight (its multiple currency operation methods are the same as those of silver spot stamps, cards, etc. at that time). This should be people’s most intuitive concept of blockchain.

What is blockchain? Is blockchain a lie?

The definition of blockchain in the Internet Encyclopedia is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The consensus mechanism is to realize the connection between different nodes in the blockchain system. Mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain rights and interests.

2. How to grab crowdfunding on the blockchain

How to connect the PHP website to the blockchain crowdfunding
How to connect PHP website to blockchain crowdfunding, blockchain-based crowdfunding platform, methods and processes

Feng Xuexuan
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The present invention belongs to the field of crowdfunding, and in particular relates to a blockchain-based crowdfunding platform and method.
Background technology:

Currently, there are a series of critical illness fundraising systems on the market, such as Shuidichi, EasyCho, and Wuyouchi. Patients can raise funds on these critical illness fundraising systems. . These critical illness fundraising systems claim to not charge any handling fees, but many people cannot believe this. After all, any company wants to make a profit. No one dares to publish remittance records. There is the possibility of secret operations, which has a lot of credibility. lacking.

Technical implementation elements:

The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the existing technology and provide a basicIn the blockchain crowdfunding platform and method, the blockchain is used to record every fundraising transaction record. Anyone can query the transaction records to solve the concerns of donors.

The purpose of this invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a blockchain-based crowdfunding platform, including:

Patient module, used by patients in crowdfunding Publish crowdfunding information on the platform;

The review module is used to review the crowdfunding information released by the patient;

The promotion module is used to review the crowdfunding information that has passed the review Publish and promote crowdfunding information;

Donation module, used by donors to use digital currency to donate to patients’ crowdfunding accounts;

Blockchain module, used Used to record data information in the crowdfunding process;

The processing module is used to establish a crowdfunding account in the blockchain module for patients whose crowdfunding information has passed the review, and after the fundraising deadline Convert the funds in the crowdfunding account into cash flow and remit it to the patient's bank account based on the current currency exchange rate; and use it to transfer the patient's crowdfunding information, donor's donation information and remittance to the patient's bank account The remittance information is recorded in the blockchain module;

The query module is used for queryers to view crowdfunding information, donation information and remittance information.

Preferably, the blockchain-based crowdfunding platform also includes:

A reporting module for whistleblowers to report crowdfunding information released by patients;

The verification module is used to verify the reporting information of the whistleblower.

Preferably, the patient module includes:

Registration sub-module, used by patients to register platform accounts;

Login sub-module, used Log in to the platform account on the patient side;

The information release sub-module is used by the patient side to publish crowdfunding information after logging in to the platform account.

Blockchain-based crowdfunding methods include:

Patients publish crowdfunding information on crowdfunding platforms;

Crowdfunding platforms Review the crowdfunding information released by the patient. If the review passes, a crowdfunding account will be established for the patient on the blockchain module, and the patient's crowdfunding information will be recorded in the blockchain module. on;

Publish and promote the approved crowdfunding information;

Donors use digital currency to donate to the patient’s crowdfunding account, the crowdfunding platform Record the donor's donation information on the blockchain module;

After the patient's fundraising ends, the crowdfunding platform will transfer the funds in the patient's crowdfunding account based on the current currency exchange rate. The funds are converted into cash flow and said cash flow is transferred to the patient's bank account.

Preferably, the blockchain-based crowdfunding method also includes:

Inquiries check the patient’s crowdfunding information, the donor’s donation information through the crowdfunding platform, and Remittance information from the crowdfunding platform to the patient’s bank account.

Preferably, the blockchain-based crowdfunding method also includes:

The reporter reports the crowdfunding information released by the patient;
< br />The crowdfunding platform will verify the crowdfunding information released by the patient based on the reporting information of the reporter. If the report is true, the crowdfunding information will be revoked and the donation in the patient's crowdfunding account will be returned to the corresponding amount. Donors.

Preferably, the method of promoting the approved crowdfunding information includes one or more of app promotion, mini program promotion and circle of friends promotion.

The preferred blockchain-based crowdfunding method also includes: if the donor does not have digital currency, open an account for the donor on the crowdfunding platform, and then convert the funds according to the current exchange rate for the corresponding digital currency.

The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

(1) In the present invention, all fundraising data are recorded in the blockchain. Due to the non-tampering characteristics of the blockchain data, , making fundraising data open and transparent, users can easily view each transaction record of crowdfunding, making all donation details open and transparent, which helps eliminate the concerns of donors and patients about black-box operations;

(2) In the solution of the present invention, donations of digital currency are accepted, thereby allowing digital currency to participate in public welfare services.

Explanation of drawings

Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the blockchain-based crowdfunding platform;

Figure 2 is a blockchain-based crowdfunding platform Process diagram of the crowdfunding method.

Detailed embodiments

The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the implementation of the present invention. examples, not all examples. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any creative efforts fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Refer to Figure 1-2, the present invention provides a blockchain-based crowdfunding platform and method:

As shown in Figure 1, the blockchain-based crowdfunding platform The fundraising platform includes patient module, review module, promotion module, donation module, processing module, query module, blockchain module, reporting module and verification module, etc.

The patient module includes a registration sub-module, a login sub-module and an information release sub-module. The registration sub-module is used by the patient to register a platform account. When registering, the patient sets the corresponding account name and login password.One account name can only be used once, that is, there cannot be two identical account names. The login sub-module is used by the patient to log in to the platform account. The patient logs in to the corresponding platform account according to the account name and login password. The crowdfunding platform verifies whether the account name and login password match. If they match, the patient logs in to the corresponding platform account successfully. Otherwise, it prompts to log in. fail. The information release sub-module is used by patients to publish crowdfunding information after logging into the platform account. The crowdfunding information includes the patient's real personal information, fundraising reasons and supporting materials, fundraising amount, fundraising time, etc.

The review module is used to review the crowdfunding information released by the patient. If there are problems such as incomplete data, incorrect data or falsified data in the crowdfunding information, the crowdfunding information will be Dismiss directly.

The promotion module is used to publish and promote the approved crowdfunding information. The methods for promoting the approved crowdfunding information include app promotion, mini program promotion and circle of friends promotion. one or more.

The donation module is used by donors to make donations to the patient’s crowdfunding account.

The processing module includes a crowdfunding account creation sub-module, a fund processing sub-module and an information recording sub-module. The crowdfunding account creation sub-module is used to establish a crowdfunding account in the blockchain module for patients whose crowdfunding information has passed review. The fund processing sub-module is used to convert the funds in the crowdfunding account into cash flow based on the current currency exchange rate after the fundraising deadline, and then remit the cash flow to the patient's bank account. The information recording sub-module is used to record the patient's crowdfunding information, donor's donation information and remittance information to the patient's bank account in the blockchain module.

The query module is used by the queryer to view the crowdfunding information, donation information and remittance information.

The blockchain module is used to record crowdfunding information, donation information and remittance information, and to establish crowdfunding accounts. The process of recording information by the blockchain module is: creating a transaction (tx); broadcasting the transaction (tx) through the p2p network; verifying the transaction (tx); broadcasting the verification result of the transaction (tx) through the p2p network; Transaction (tx) is written to the ledger.

The reporting module is used by whistleblowers to report crowdfunding information released by patients.

The verification module is used to verify the reporting information of the reporter. If the report is true, the crowdfunding information will be revoked and the donation in the patient's crowdfunding account will be returned to the corresponding amount. Donors.

The blockchain-based crowdfunding platform also includes an account opening module, which is used to provide digital currency account opening functions. If the donor does not have digital currency, he or she can open an account for the donor on the crowdfunding platform. operation, and then convert the funds into the corresponding digital currency based on the current exchange rate.

As shown in Figure 2, blockchain-based crowdfunding methods include:

s1. The patient publishes crowdfunding information on the crowdfunding platform.

Before step s1, it also includes: the patient registers a platform account on the crowdfunding platform, and the patient logs in to the platform account.

s2. The crowdfunding platform will review the crowdfunding information released by the patient. If the review is passed, a crowdfunding account will be established for the patient on the blockchain module and all information will be transferred to the patient. The patient’s crowdfunding information is recorded on the blockchain module.

s3. Publish and promote the approved crowdfunding information. The ways to promote the approved crowdfunding information include one or more of app promotion, mini program promotion and circle of friends promotion.

s4. The donor uses digital currency to donate to the patient’s crowdfunding account, and the crowdfunding platform records the donor’s donation information on the blockchain module. Donors transfer funds based on the patient's account address (in the crowdfunding information) provided by the crowdfunding platform. They can add remark information when transferring; they only need to provide the patient's account address when transferring, and any error in the transfer cannot be withdrawn.

s5. After the patient’s fundraising ends, the crowdfunding platform will convert the funds in the patient’s crowdfunding account into cash flow based on the current currency exchange rate, and transfer the cash flow Transfer to the patient's bank account.

In this embodiment, crowdfunding information, donation information, remittance information, etc. are recorded in the blockchain module, and the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain data are used to prevent relevant information from being tampered with and ensure that Ensure the authenticity of relevant recorded information.

The blockchain-based crowdfunding method also includes:

Inquiries use the crowdfunding platform to view the patient’s crowdfunding information, the donor’s donation information, and the crowdfunding information. The remittance information of the remittance platform to the patient's bank account.

Anyone can easily view crowdfunding information, donation information, remittance information and other records through the query module, so that relevant information can be traced and traced, making the fundraising data open and transparent, which is conducive to Eliminate the concerns of donors and patients about behind-the-scenes operations.

The blockchain-based crowdfunding method also includes: the reporter reports the crowdfunding information released by the patient; the crowdfunding platform uses the reporter’s report information to report the crowdfunding information released by the patient. The information will be verified. If the report is true, the crowdfunding information will be revoked and the donation in the patient's crowdfunding account will be returned to the corresponding donor.

Blockchain-based crowdfunding methods also include: If the donor does not have digital currency, you can open an account for the donor on the crowdfunding platform (that is, form a blockchain wallet for the donor ), and then convert the funds into the corresponding digital currency based on the current exchange rate.

The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the form disclosed herein and should not be regarded asOther embodiments are excluded and may be used in various other combinations, modifications and environments, and can be modified through the above teachings or technology or knowledge in the relevant fields within the scope of the ideas described herein. Any modifications and changes made by those skilled in the art that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention shall be within the protection scope of the appended claims of the present invention.

How to connect PHP website to blockchain crowdfunding
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3. What is the difference between public chain, private chain and consortium chain

Public chain is open to everyone, and private chain is open to those who meet certain conditions. Open to individuals, the alliance chain is open to authorized organizations or institutions.

Public blockchains, also known as public blockchains, refer to consensus blocks that anyone in the world can read, anyone can send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed. chain.

Private chains, also known as fully private blockchains (Fully private blockchains), refer to blockchains where write permissions are completely in the hands of an organization. All nodes participating in this blockchain will Being strictly controlled.

Consortium blockchains, or Consortium blockchains, refer to blockchains that are jointly managed by several organizations or institutions. Each organization or institution controls one or more nodes and jointly records transactions. Data, and only these organizations and institutions can read, write and send transactions to the data in the alliance chain.

(3) Extended reading on r3 blockchain alliance crowdfunding:

There are three types of blockchain: public chain, private chain and alliance chain.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain (Blockchain) is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a disintermediated database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

Reference material: Blockchain network

4. Blockchain financial application

Blockchain financial application is a key area where it plays a role in reality. The financial industry needs such high-end Technology, the traditional way of operating will undergo profound changes because of such technology. Blockchain goldFusion applications have many distinctive features, which make people talk about them. Moreover, because of the actual effects, they have attracted more and more attention and have an increasing impact.

Abstract: Developed countries and technology companies have taken the lead in the research and application of blockchain technology. Judging from the application of patent technology, there may be a gap of about one and a half years between my country and the United States in blockchain technology. Based on the above situation, how can China achieve "asymmetric" catch-up? The first thing is to see the situation clearly, seize opportunities and meet challenges. Secondly, after understanding the necessity of the underlying construction of blockchain for the existing business and future development of the financial industry, a consensus was reached among various financial companies to establish a "China's Financial Blockchain Alliance". The last step is to advance collaboratively and embrace change.

How to understand blockchain?

Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. In 2009, after the paper was published, Bitcoin was born as a virtual currency in the digital world of the Internet. At present, the total market value of Bitcoin is about US$6.5 billion. Although the market value is constantly changing, it is still the largest virtual currency in the world.

Another important concept is blockchain. Blockchain is an underlying technology of Bitcoin, and Bitcoin is just an application of blockchain. As we all know, Bitcoin can realize point-to-point value transfer. In addition to the Bitcoin blockchain, there are many other blockchains, such as the Ethereum blockchain, etc. Therefore, we should distinguish between concepts such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain, and blockchain technology.

Currently, people have several misunderstandings about blockchain. Blockchain can be described in English as "Decentralized Blockchain", where Decentralized is translated as "decentralized". However, I think the blockchain has realized the unintermediary dissemination of value, which is point-to-point value dissemination. This does not mean that after entering the blockchain era, there is no need for a center, but that it should move from a single centralization to a center and a center. parallel development. Then, the existing center is likely to become a branch center or a weak center. Currently, all banks have their own data centers. If a financial blockchain alliance is established in the future, they can become nodes in the blockchain alliance, so blockchain does not require a center.

Blockchain does not require credit

We often see some articles that believe that blockchain needs to “remove credit”. In fact, blockchain relies on consensus The algorithm builds trust and ensures the correctness of transactions through consensus among nodes. Build trust at low cost through mathematics and algorithms instead of "removing credit". However, digital asset transactions between people do not require two people to know each other or have a trust relationship with each other, nor does it require a third-party credit agency. It only requires everyone to trust the trusted network of the blockchain.

Why is it considered credible? because it isA distributed database has a consensus-based mechanism: a set of encryption algorithms that make it immutable. On the one hand, the public key makes information transparent and traceable; on the other hand, the private key can protect privacy.

Blockchain is not a mature technology, nor is it omnipotent. Blockchain technology is still in its early stages of development. At the beginning of this year, we sent a delegation to Barclays South Africa’s blockchain research laboratory to study. During the seminar, Barclays African blockchain experts believed that it will take at least five to ten years for blockchain technology to become a truly mature technology. At present, blockchain has the disadvantages of relatively slow computing speed and small storage space. Moreover, not all data processing requires the use of blockchain.

Research and application of blockchain in foreign countries

We found that established financial developed countries are already leading the way in the research of blockchain technology. The British government believes that it is very important for the government to participate in the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks, and the government encourages in-depth research on blockchain technology. The British government is actively evaluating the potential of blockchain technology and considering its use to reduce financial fraud and reduce costs. In addition, the UK government plans to develop application systems that can be used between government and public agencies.

In February this year, the European Commission placed cryptocurrency at the top of the list of rapid development target areas. This initiative promoted policy research on digital currencies by various agencies. Technology companies are also leading the way in research on blockchain technology.

IBM launched the "Open Ledger Project" to develop an enterprise-level blockchain software structure and promote the commercial use of blockchain technology through the Bluemix and API foundation of the IBM cloud computing platform. Architecture to support the docking of external data. IBM still has a lot of practice in blockchain technology. Recently, it and a company in South Korea conducted creative experiments using blockchain technology and the Internet of Things, and achieved some results.

Microsoft uses the Azure platform to provide users with "blockchain as a service", which can enable R3 and its bank members to speed up the experiment and learning process, and accelerate the development, testing and deployment of distributed ledgers.

Intel also released SawtoothLake, an efficient modular platform for building, deploying and running distributed ledgers; at the same time, Intel is also studying to create a trusted execution environment for hardware chips for blockchain applications, providing Greater security and privacy.

Meanwhile, Wall Street is also taking action. Although founded relatively late, R3’s core function is to formulate industry standards for the development of blockchain technology in the banking industry, as well as explore practical uses and establish a blockchain alliance for banks.

From what we know, in addition to these two new companies on Wall Street catering to the digital financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchaintechnology, are building their own blockchain concepts and technical teams.

Currently, blockchain technology already has practical application cases.

In Canada, the blockchain startup company "Blockchain Tech Ltd" has successfully been listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange GEM; the Estonian government will launch the government's blockchain medical insurance Record.

Domestic attention and research on blockchain technology

Blockchain is an optional technology. Previously, the People's Bank of China also held a digital currency seminar. In addition to the central bank, relevant departments such as Zhejiang Province and Beijing Municipality also expressed support for blockchain application research last year.

From an enterprise perspective, Bubi blockchain has been used in equity, supply chain, points and other fields, and is currently conducting trials and application tests with exchanges and banks. Bubi Blockchain focuses on the innovation of blockchain technology and products. It already possesses a number of core technologies and has developed its own blockchain service platform. And many blockchain innovative and entrepreneurial companies are constantly emerging.

In addition, a number of industry alliances are being established. In terms of financial institutions, the current cases of blockchain application by my country's large banks and financial institutions still need to be solved.
At the end of 2015, Bank of America had obtained 15 patents on blockchain. There may be a gap of about one and a half years between my country and the United States in blockchain technology.
Blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will attract more and more attention, and a huge new trend will form. .

5. What kind of blockchain does the alliance chain belong to?

The alliance chain is still essentially a private chain. The alliance chain is still essentially a private chain, but it is smaller than a single chain. The private chain developed by small organizations is larger, but not as large as the public chain. It can be understood that it is a kind of blockchain between private chain and public chain. A consortium blockchain is a blockchain whose consensus process is controlled by pre-selected nodes; for example, imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each running a node and requiring each block to be valid. It has been confirmed by 10 institutions (2/3 confirmed). The blockchain may allow everyone to read it, or it may only be limited to participants, or it may take a hybrid route, such as the root hash of the block and its API (application programming interface) that are made public, and the API allows outsiders to use it. Make a limited number of queries and obtain information about the blockchain status. These blockchains can be considered “partially decentralized.” Characteristics of the alliance chain 1. Partial decentralization is different from the public chain. The alliance chain is only owned by the members within the alliance to a certain extent, and it is easy to reach a consensus because after all, the number of nodes in the alliance chain is very limited. of. 2. The public chain has strong controllability. Once the blockchain is formed, it cannot be tampered with. This is mainly due to the public chain.There are generally a large number of nodes. For example, there are too many Bitcoin nodes and it is almost impossible to tamper with the block data. However, in the alliance chain, as long as most of all institutions reach a consensus, the block data can be changed. 3. Data will not be made public by default. Unlike public chains, the data of the alliance chain is only accessible to institutions and users in the alliance. 4. The transaction speed is very fast. Like the private chain, the alliance chain is essentially a private chain. Therefore, due to its small number of nodes, it is easy to reach consensus and the transaction speed is naturally much faster. There are currently many alliance chain applications. The more well-known ones are: 1. R3 Blockchain Alliance. The R3 Blockchain Alliance was established in September 2015. At present, more than 40 international banking organizations have joined, and its members Almost all over the world. R3CEV is a well-known alliance chain 2. Hyperledger Hyperledger was launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015. 3. Russian Blockchain Shenqiao Chain Alliance (Russian version R3).

6. What is the connection between blockchain and equity crowdfunding

Now let’s talk about the feasibility of blockchain equity crowdfunding in China. We all know that as far as China is concerned, companies are divided into two broad categories: joint-stock companies and limited companies.
Joint-stock companies are divided into "listed companies" and "unlisted joint-stock companies". The shares of a listed company are registered with the China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation, so its issuance of shares or share transactions are subject to the management regulations of the China Securities Regulatory Bureau. We won’t go into details here; shares issued by non-listed joint-stock companies do not need to be registered by any institution, and rights can be confirmed by issuing shares themselves and maintaining a shareholder register. Of course, many of them register through third-party institutions such as the industrial and commercial authorities or the China Securities Depository and Clearing Corporation, using local share custody centers to provide third-party registration services for public disclosure. Moreover, when the company's equity changes, it needs to be registered through Manual processing of paper equity certificates, option issuances and convertible notes will make the maintenance of shareholder registers very complex and cumbersome, and the tracking and maintenance of transactions will become more difficult to trace as the number of transactions increases.
If you use Techshares blockchain technology for equity crowdfunding, it will perfectly solve all the above problems. The blockchain ledger is safe and transparent, cannot be tampered with, and is easy to track. It can record the company's equity and its changes at any time. history.
Convenient equity transfer and circulation
For equity crowdfunding, equity circulation is an important part of the business, which can stimulate user activity and promote more registration and issuance. Traditional OTC over-the-counter equity transactions are based on the credit of both parties to the transaction. The parties to the transaction bear the credit risks themselves. Transactions can only be carried out after establishing bilateral credit lines. The trading platform collectively bears the credit risks of market traders.
Techshares Blockchain technology can reduce the credit risk of transactions, and it essentially provides credibility as a third party.Fang has become more completely decentralized, that is, it is no longer limited to specific third-party entities, but relies on all participants to jointly maintain a registration system. From the perspective of the functions achieved, the blockchain, on the one hand, hands over the rights to record to the company itself, embodying the spirit of autonomy; on the other hand, it can also ensure the openness, transparency and authenticity of information records, minimizing rights disputes. change. The ownership of equity is registered in the blockchain, and equity transactions must be signed by the owner's private key to be verified; after the transaction is confirmed, changes in equity will also be recorded in the blockchain, thus protecting the interests of both parties to the transaction.
How to ensure safety
As an investor, the most worrying issue is the security of funds. Traditional equity crowdfunding often may cause "double spending" problems (note: double spending - double spending, That is, the only share is transferred repeatedly to two people), until the central clearing agency ensures that the entire system can balance the accounts after the transaction is fully digitalized. However, the risks are often borne by the platform, and the equity crowdfunding business is different from traditional on-site trading. It is conducted by many independently operating companies, so these trading activities are scattered across various platforms. After using the Techshares blockchain technology, the decentralized trust built by the blockchain is not based on human will. It can also ensure the normal operation of the system and business without the need for mutual trust. Everyone becomes a node in the blockchain, has their own public and private keys, and jointly participates in rapid transaction verification and accounting. Furthermore, in the early stages of equity crowdfunding, many parties, including the sponsor, crowdfunding platform, lead investors, sponsors, etc., jointly sign a crowdfunding contract to stipulate their respective responsibilities and obligations. This contract can be converted into a smart contract and stored in the blockchain, and the blockchain ensures that the contract cannot be tampered with during execution. In this way, there is no need to worry about safe space.
Strongly scalable, reasonable and legal
Blockchain equity crowdfunding consists of a three-layer structure. The bottom layer is the blockchain network, which builds a decentralized and trusted distributed ledger; The middle layer combines business logic with the blockchain to jointly establish account center, equity registration, equity certificates, equity transactions, equity management and other functions; the top layer is a crowdfunding platform for customer-oriented services, and the business of the platform is theoretically It can be infinitely extended to various fields and industries.
The use of TechShares’ blockchain technology enables decentralized trust (Decentralized trust) by building a P2P self-organizing network, a time-ordered and tamper-proof cryptographic ledger, and a distributed consensus mechanism. In addition, neither the Company Law, the Company Registration Regulations nor other laws and regulations impose any specific restrictions on the form of the shareholder register maintained by the company itself. A company may choose to create and maintain a shareholder register in any documented form, and is not limited to a specific medium. Therefore, using TechShares as a carrier, it is carried out on the blockchainEquity crowdfunding is completely legal and legal. Once chosen voluntarily by a company, it can provide legally valid proof of the company's equity (shares).

7. What are the application characteristics of blockchain?

Blockchain has been very popular recently, with a large number of news media reports, and many domestic giant companies have entered the field to deploy blockchain. , regard blockchain as a great disruptive innovation in the Internet era, and all want to seize their own market opportunities on the blockchain. So what exactly is blockchain?

Today I will briefly introduce the blockchain tutorial. After all, it is not difficult. The core concept is very simple and can be explained clearly in a few sentences. I hope everyone can understand the blockchain after reading it, and also understand what mining is, why mining is getting more and more difficult, and other issues.
Blockchain, Blockchain, is easier to explain in English. It is a technological innovation based on the Internet, with limited technical content and exquisite architecture. It is the technical foundation of the Internet currency king "Bitcoin". Today, blockchain is moving from behind the scenes to the front desk. This is an advancement in Internet technology, although it is still immature. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
1. Blockchain Characteristics
Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify its Validity of information (anti-counterfeiting) and generation of the next block. It mainly contains the following characteristics:
Decentralization
Due to the use of distributed computing and storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations of any node are equal, and the data in the system Blocks are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions throughout the system.
Openness
The system is open. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and information through the public interface. Develop related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
Autonomy
The blockchain adopts consensus-based specifications and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the entire system to exchange data freely and securely in a trustless environment, making Trust in "people" has been changed to trust in machines, and any human intervention has no effect.
Information cannot be tampered
Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node will not be allowed. is invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high.
Anonymity
Since the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction does not require trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is valid by itself), so the counterparty does not need to disclose it through the identityThis method allows the other party to trust themselves, which is very helpful for the accumulation of credit.
2. Do all blockchain projects require mining?
Not all blockchain projects will adopt a "proof of work" method similar to Bitcoin. This occurs more in early blocks. chain project. If other proof mechanisms are adopted, such as "Proof of Stake (PoS)" and "Delegate Proof of Stake", there is no need to adopt such a mining method.
What are the types of blockchains?
There are currently three types of blockchains:
1. Public chain
Any node is open to anyone, and everyone can participate in this Calculations are performed in the blockchain, and anyone can download and obtain the complete blockchain data (all ledgers). Bitcoin is the most typical public chain.
2. Private chain
In some blockchain application scenarios, it is not expected that anyone can participate in this system. Anyone can view all data, and only authorized nodes can participate and view it. All data, this blockchain structure is called a private chain.
3. Consortium chain
Consortium chain refers to a blockchain in which several institutions or organizations jointly participate in management. Each of them runs one or more nodes, and the data in it is only allowed by different institutions in the system. Perform read and send transactions, and jointly record transaction data. The bank blockchain alliance formed by R3 will build a typical alliance chain.
Does a certain currency necessarily appear in a blockchain project?
Not necessarily.
Bitcoin itself is a payment system, so there needs to be a tool for measuring value, and Bitcoin must appear. In addition, in order to encourage more people to contribute their computers to provide calculations for the system, Bitcoin is also needed for rewards.
In some private chain systems, special assets can be designed for transactions, and each node must participate in the calculation. This is the responsibility and right of each node, and there is no need to consider incentives to encourage their participation. In such a system, it may no longer be necessary to design the existence of a certain currency.
3. In which industries can blockchain be applied?
The main advantages of blockchain are that it does not require intermediary participation, the process is efficient and transparent, the cost is very low, and the data is highly secure. Therefore, industries with needs in any of these three aspects have the opportunity to use blockchain technology.
4. What is the connection between big data and blockchain
Using blockchain technology in big data, the technology ecology of big data is flourishing. No software can solve all problems. Within a range, even Spark, Flink, etc. In scenarios that emphasize transparency and security, blockchain has its place. Using blockchain technology on big data systems can prevent data from being added, modified and deleted at will. Of course,Its time and data magnitude are limited. Taking time and data volume as the coordinate axes, it lists the range in which current big data engines are generally good at processing data, in which blockchain can be a good supplement. For example, for archived historical data, because they cannot be modified. Yes, we can hash the big data, add timestamps, and store it on the blockchain. At some point in the future, when we need to verify the authenticity of the original data, we can perform the same hash processing on the corresponding data. If the answers obtained are the same, it means that the data has not been tampered with. Or, only aggregate data and results are processed, so that only incremental data processing needs to be processed, then the data magnitude and throughput to be dealt with may be something that today's blockchain or improved systems can handle. By combining big data with blockchain, the data in the blockchain can be made more valuable, and the predictive analysis of big data can be implemented into actions. Both of them will be the cornerstone of the digital economy era.

8. Is the risk of a blockchain crowdfunding platform like ico365 high? How is it different from traditional crowdfunding platforms?

Any crowdfunding project has a very high risk rate Investment Products.
Blockchain project crowdfunding platforms are essentially the same as traditional equity crowdfunding platforms.
It can be said that blockchain project crowdfunding is a subcategory of equity crowdfunding.
Equity crowdfunding is subject to legal and regulatory restrictions, with restrictions on the number of investors and the amount of investment. Investors also need to undergo investment review. The cost and threshold for ordinary people to participate are relatively high, and the target group is high-net-worth individuals.
Equity crowdfunding has poor liquidity, and it often takes a long time to exit, and even most of the investment in projects seems to be in vain.
Blockchain crowdfunding is a bit similar to universal crowdfunding, because its crowdfunding funds are settled in Bitcoin and are not regulated by laws and regulations. Therefore, there are no excessive requirements on the number of people and investment amount. The investment cost is low but the threshold is relatively high.
Since blockchain projects are based on the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is difficult for ordinary people to understand it. In fact, it can simply be regarded as a technical method of distributed collaborative work.
There are relatively few successful blockchain projects in the market, so there is no unified reference standard, and projects are completely dependent on personal judgment. Settlement is done in Bitcoin, so if you need to participate, the requirement itself is to accept the high-risk threshold of digital currencies. (There are many projects that cheat money)
Blockchain crowdfunding has good liquidity. Basically, after the so-called "tokens" appear, you can completely withdraw from the transaction. The risk of fluctuation is also very high.
Of course, as a technology being studied by the central bank, blockchain projects deserve attention, but caution is also required. As for the ico365 platform, it is recommended that individuals make their own decisions. The new platform has no reference basis for evaluation.

9. What is a consortium chain?

With the development of blockchain technology,More and more individuals and companies are beginning to pay attention to blockchain, and the one most closely related to blockchain is probably the financial industry.

However, although the Bitcoin blockchain is very popular, after all, the Bitcoin blockchain is a public blockchain. The public blockchain has the characteristics of being non-editable and non-tamperable, which makes Public chains are no longer suitable for corporate use. After all, if a financial company develops a blockchain that cannot be controlled subjectively, it will be of little significance to it.

Therefore, the private chain came into being. However, although the private chain can solve the above problems, if each enterprise only builds it independently, it will still be an isolated island.

It would be best if we could join forces to develop private blockchains.

This is the topic we are going to talk about today: alliance chain.

The consortium chain is still essentially a private chain

The consortium chain is still essentially a private chain, except that it is larger than the private chain developed by a single small organization, but it is It is not as large as the public chain, so it can be understood that it is a kind of blockchain between the private chain and the public chain.

A consortium blockchain is a blockchain whose consensus process is controlled by pre-selected nodes; for example, imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each running a node and for Making each block effective requires confirmation from 10 of the institutions (2/3 confirmations). The blockchain may allow everyone to read it, or it may only be limited to participants, or it may take a hybrid route, such as the root hash of the block and its API (application programming interface) that are made public, and the API allows outsiders to use it. Make a limited number of queries and obtain information about the blockchain status. These blockchains can be considered “partially decentralized.”

Characteristics of the alliance chain

1. Partial decentralization

Unlike the public chain, the alliance chain only belongs to the members within the alliance to some extent. All, and it is easy to reach consensus, because after all, the number of nodes in the alliance chain is very limited.

2. Strong controllability

Once the blockchain is formed, the public chain cannot be tampered with. This is mainly due to the fact that there are generally a large number of nodes in the public chain, such as Bitcoin. There are too many nodes, and it is almost impossible to tamper with the block data. However, in the alliance chain, as long as most of all institutions reach a consensus, the block data can be changed;

3. The data will not Public by default

Different from the public chain, the data of the alliance chain is only accessible to the institutions and users in the alliance.

4. The transaction speed is very fast

Like the private chain, the alliance chain is essentially a private chain, so due to its small number of nodes, it can achieveThe consensus is easy, and the transaction speed is naturally much faster.

Applications of alliance chains

Currently there are many alliance chains, the more well-known ones are:

1.R3 Blockchain Alliance

The R3 Blockchain Alliance was established in September 2015. Currently, more than 40 international banking organizations have joined, with members almost all over the world. It is mainly committed to providing banks with channels to explore blockchain technology and establishing blockchain conceptual products. After the alliance was established, a series of seminars were held. R3 said its "initial window" to allow banks to join has closed and in 2016 the consortium will look to work with non-bank financial institutions and groups. R3 uses Ethereum and Microsoft Azure technology to connect 11 banks to the distributed ledger. R3 is very certain about what it is doing. It said that blockchain technology has been welcomed by banks around the world. Some banks are not only cooperating with R3 to explore blockchain technology, but also conducting investigations on blockchain technology themselves. Research. In April 2016, R3CEV officially established a partnership with Microsoft to research and experiment with blockchain applications.

R3CEV is a well-known alliance chain

2. Hyperledger (Hyperledger)

Hyperledger (Hyperledger) is a promotion launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015 An open source project for blockchain digital technology and transaction verification. Its members include more than a dozen different interest groups such as ABN AMRO and Accenture. The goal is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet the needs of multiple stakeholders. Various user cases in different industries and simplify business processes. Due to the characteristics of peer-to-peer networks, distributed ledger technology is completely shared, transparent and decentralized, so it is very suitable for applications in the financial industry, as well as other industries such as manufacturing, banking, insurance, the Internet of Things, and countless other industries. By creating open standards for distributed ledgers, virtual and digital value exchanges, such as asset contracts, energy transactions, and marriage certificates, can be tracked and traded safely, efficiently, and at low cost. According to relevant information, a total of four Chinese companies, including Beijing AiYi Digital Financial Technology Company, Belink, BitSE and Onchain, have joined.

3. Russian Blockchain Alliance (Russian version of R3)

This private chain alliance was officially established on July 1, 2016. Its members include payment company QIWI, B&N Bank, Khanty-Mansiysk Otkritie Bank, Tinkoff Bank, Business World Bank MoscowMDM Bank and Accenture. This blockchain alliance, known as the "Russian version of R3", was officially announced at the 25th Russian International Financial Conference. The organizer of the conference was the Central Bank of Russia. The main goals of this blockchain alliance are to develop blockchain proof-of-concepts; conduct collaborative research and policy advocacy; and create common standards for blockchain technology. At the same time, they publicly announced that they would actively establish cooperation with domestic regulatory authorities and governments.