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❶ What technology does the blockchain apply to achieve this function?

The blockchain applies the following technologies to achieve it
The first is the consensus mechanism, commonly used consensus The main mechanisms include PoW, PoS, DPoS, PBFT, PAXOS, etc. Since there is no center in the blockchain system, there needs to be a preset rule to guide the nodes of all parties to reach an agreement on data processing. All data interactions must be carried out in accordance with strict rules and consensus;
The second It is cryptography technology. Cryptography technology is one of the core technologies of blockchain. Many classic algorithms of modern cryptography are used in current blockchain applications, mainly including: hash algorithm, symmetric encryption, asymmetric encryption, digital Signature etc.
The third type is distributed storage. Blockchain is a distributed ledger on a peer-to-peer network. Each participating node will independently and completely store and write block data information. The advantages of distributed storage compared with traditional centralized storage are mainly reflected in two aspects: data information is backed up on each node to avoid data loss due to single point failure; data on each node is stored independently, effectively avoiding Malicious tampering with historical data.
Smart contracts: Smart contracts allow trusted transactions without a third party. As long as one party reaches the pre-set goals of the agreement, the contract will automatically execute the transaction. These transactions are trackable and irreversible. It has the advantages of transparency, credibility, automatic execution, and mandatory performance. Blockchain technology has many unique features that make it a unique invention and give it unlimited horizons to explore.

❷ What are the applications of the hot blockchain technology in the financial system

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❸ What exactly is blockchain? Which blockchains have physical applications

What is blockchain?

Official definition: Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission consensus mechanism encryption algorithm, etc. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

Vernacular understanding: A block is to package all the data generated within a time period in chronological order. Generally, the length of a block is 10 minutes, which means that within 10 minutes, all the data on the Internet will Data isPacked into a complete package, this complete data package is called a block. The blockchain links these data packages in order to form a structure, and uses cryptography to ensure that it cannot be tampered with or forged to form a distributed ledger. , this is the blockchain.

It seems that everyone has a preliminary knowledge and understanding of the blockchain. So whether the blockchain has any practical application in daily life, the answer is yes, the current practical application There are mainly the following aspects. Of course, I may not know some of them. Friends are welcome to leave messages to add.

Financial Industry

Blockchain should be used the most in the financial industry.

For example, in May 2017, OMG (Omise Coin) announced that it would cooperate with Alipay to launch an electronic wallet, integrating the "Alipay" payment solution into its own payment service suite to help local electronics in Thailand. Business merchants accept online payment transactions from Chinese tourists.

Another example is PPT, which is a financial transaction system for bills based on blockchain.

Gaming

The gambling industry entered the blockchain probably last year. Why does gambling favor blockchain? Because blockchain provides a relatively fair betting system. Why? It is relatively fair. As can be seen from the previous introduction, the blockchain cannot be tampered with or forged.

For example, WICC (WikiChain) can realize rich application scenarios such as asset issuance, betting applications, copyright traceability, mutual insurance, decentralized exchanges, and cross-border settlement.

For example, the STX (King of Fighters Token) stox application is designed to provide the full functionality of a prediction market application without the need for any central server. Prediction markets require functions such as event planning, market production, providing information and analysis to traders, reporting event results, and of course collection and payment.

I believe that if the current lottery industry is built on the blockchain, people will become more and more enthusiastic about buying, because there are too many insider tips that make people give up.

Internet of Things

The Internet of Things still has many applications on the blockchain, because the traceability and immediacy of blocks are very suitable for this industry.

For example, DATA is the concept of the Internet of Things. It is a decentralized p2p network. Data sources can connect to any node in the entire network, then publish data, and the network will immediately send it to subscribers. Horizontal scalability is achieved through sharding pattern. This timeliness and accuracy are very important in IoT applications.

Game industry

For example, GTC (G coin) is a decentralized digital asset based on Ethereum erc20 issued by Game Global. G coin is committed to becoming a universal number in the global game industry. Monetary standards.

For example, MANA is a distributed shared virtual platform. On this platform, users can browse and discover content and interact with other people and entities. Users can also use zone-basedBlockchain land ledgers claim ownership of virtual territories. The territory is demarcated by rectangular coordinates (x, y), and its owner can decide the content published on the territory, including static 3D scenes to interactive systems such as games.

There are many other industries. The emperor did not list them one by one, but listed a few representative ones. What is the purpose? It shows that the blockchain is definitely not just a currency transaction, it is a real implementation project, and it is a product of the changes of the times with real practical uses.

The development of human society is actually like the blockchain, it is irreversible and unstoppable. As far as I feel, the blockchain will enter thousands of households sooner or later. Regardless of whether it is bull or bear, hold it in your hands. Value coins and Flush have started quoting digital currencies, which shows that society is accepting it step by step. The power of social development cannot be blocked by any country or person.

❹ What are the technological innovations and applications of blockchain

1. Blockchain system

As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain system It is generally composed of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer.

1. Data layer

The data layer encapsulates basic data and basic algorithms such as underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamps. It mainly describes the physics of the blockchain. The form is the chain structure on the blockchain starting from the genesis block. It includes the block data and chain structure of the blockchain, as well as the random numbers, timestamps, public and private key data on the blocks, etc. It is the underlying data structure in the entire blockchain technology.

2. Network layer

The network layer mainly implements distributed network mechanisms through P2P technology, including P2P networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data verification mechanisms. Therefore, in essence, the blockchain is a P2P network with an automatic networking mechanism, and nodes maintain communication by maintaining a common blockchain structure.

3. Consensus layer

The consensus layer includes consensus algorithms and consensus mechanisms. The consensus layer allows highly dispersed nodes to efficiently reach consensus on the validity of block data in a decentralized blockchain network. It is one of the core technologies of the blockchain and is also the governance mechanism of the blockchain community. There are currently dozens of consensus mechanism algorithms, including proof of work, proof of equity, proof of equity authorization, proof of burning, proof of importance, etc.

4. Incentive layer

The incentive layer mainly includes the issuance system and distribution system of economic incentives. Its function is to provide certain incentives to encourage nodes to participate in the security of the blockchain. Verification work, and incorporating economic factors into the blockchain technology system, incentivizing nodes that abide by the rules to participate in accounting, and punishing nodes that do not abide by the rules.

5. Contract layer

ContractThe layer mainly includes scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, and is the basis for blockchain programmability. It embeds code into the blockchain or token, and can implement customized smart contracts. When certain constraints are reached, it can be automatically executed without going through a third party, which is the basis for trustless blockchains.

6. Application layer

The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases, similar to applications on computer operating systems, portals on Internet browsers, search Engine, e-mall or APP on mobile phone. It deploys blockchain technology applications on Ethereum, EOS, QTUM, etc., and implements them in real life scenarios. In the future, programmable finance and programmable society will be built on the application layer.

The data layer, network layer and consensus layer are necessary elements to build blockchain technology. Without any layer, it cannot be called blockchain technology in the true sense; the incentive layer, contract layer and The application layer is not a necessary factor for every blockchain application, and some blockchain applications do not completely include this three-layer structure.

From a business perspective, blockchain technology has its own characteristics, that is, it is sufficiently digital, it is cross-border, cross-time and space, and cross-organization. The flow of data has no boundaries, so the blockchain is distributed at the same time, it is self-organized and decentralized.

So the origin of blockchain and the application of any new disruptive technology have always had two routes, or two methods. One way is to regard it as a tool and use it to improve the traditional business model and obtain an improvement in marginal benefits. The other is to treat it as a system to reconstruct the underlying logic of business.

There is a good example of these two application methods in the past few years. When Internet companies are promoting "Internet+", we also see many traditional business organizations saying that it is not "Internet+", but "+Internet". So where are those people who shout "+Internet" now? Some people think that the Internet is just a technology used to improve it. Some Internet technologies can be added to traditional things. For example, if you use the Internet as email, you build an email system and think it is the Internet. But some people treat the Internet as a system and reconstruct the business from the bottom up. In the end, you will find that you are unemployed.

The second is decentralization. Why go to the center? Regional center technology in business has brought about business decentralization, which is an inevitable trend in history. Where is this trend? I think there are two points. One is economic globalization and entering version 2.0. Now through the Internet, it is no longer the company that is globalizing, nor the company turning itself into a multinational company, but the Internet is empowering any individual, so that it can sell its products through the Internet in a small county in China. worldwide. When economic globalization develops to personal globalization,Solving point-to-point transactions and point-to-point services has become a prominent issue. Then the real-time clearing and settlement and point-to-point transaction settlement brought by blockchain technology can just help the globalization of personal business activities.

The third is the digitalization of the economy. When data is collected to a certain extent, its circulation is basically across time and space. The demand for financial payments from commercial activities is carried with them anytime and anywhere, but it is impossible to provide scenario-based and virtualized payment settlement anytime, anywhere and on demand. Services will eventually be eliminated by technology and the market.

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❺ Where can I find a more detailed explanation of blockchain applications?

Blockchain applications include mathematical currency, payment and settlement, digital bills, proof of rights, and bank credit reporting
Each application is explained in detail as follows:
1. Digital currency
Currently, blockchain technology is the most widespread. The most successful application is digital currency represented by Bitcoin. Digital currency has developed rapidly in recent years. Due to the characteristics of decentralized credit and frequent transactions, it has a high transaction value and can maintain a relatively stable price through the development of hedging financial derivatives as a quasi-super-sovereign currency. Digital currency has established digital currency transaction credit backed by sovereign currency. The greater the transaction volume and the more frequent transactions, the stronger the digital currency transaction credit foundation. Once the blockchain credit system is implemented globally, digital currency will become a gold-like global payment credit.
2. Payment and settlement
At this stage, settlement and payment of commercial trade transactions all rely on banks. This traditional method of conducting transactions through intermediaries requires the account opening bank, counterparty bank, central bank, and overseas bank. In this process, each institution has its own accounting system, needs to establish an agency relationship with each other, and needs a credit line; each transaction needs to be recorded in its own bank, and must also be cleared and reconciled with the counterparty, resulting in Transactions are slow and costly. Compared with the traditional payment system, blockchain payment is carried out directly by both parties to the transaction without involving intermediaries. Even if part of the network is paralyzed, it will not affect the operation of the entire system. If a universal distributed inter-bank financial transaction protocol is built based on blockchain technology to provide users with cross-border, real-time payment and clearing services in any currency, cross-border payments will become convenient and low-cost.
Take cross-border exchange as an example. If I open an account in a small bank in my country and transfer money to another small bank abroad, the transfer process under the traditional SWIFT system requires the following steps: First, I send money to the small bank to which I belong. Banks submit applications; second, small banks submit applications to large banks in the same country that have signed exchange terms; third, large banks wire transfers to overseas cooperative banks; fourth, cooperative banks remit funds to small overseas banks. Currently, the process takes anywhere from 10 minutes to two days, depending on the country. If you use blockchain-based settlement technology and place pending orders at the market maker while remitting RMB,A trading bank participating in the system in the world receives the order, and the two parties shake hands to complete the exchange. The average payment confirmation speed is within a few seconds.
3. Digital bills
Digital bills are a brand-new bill presentation form developed by combining blockchain technology with bill attributes, regulations, and markets. It is completely consistent with the technical architecture of the existing electronic bill system. different. The core advantages of digital bills are mainly reflected in: First, the disintermediation of the value transfer of bills. In traditional bill transactions, bill intermediaries often use information differences to match. After point-to-point transactions are realized with the help of blockchain, bill intermediaries will lose their intermediary functions and reposition their identities. The second is to effectively prevent bill market risks. Due to the blockchain's non-tamperable timestamps and the fact that it is open to the entire network, once a transaction is made, there will be no default, thus avoiding the problems of "one vote selling more" for paper tickets and out-of-sync payment and endorsement of electronic tickets. Third, the system construction and data storage do not require a central server, eliminating the development costs of central applications and access systems, reducing the maintenance and optimization costs of the system under the traditional model, and reducing the risks caused by system centralization. The fourth is to standardize market order and reduce regulatory costs. The non-tamperable timestamp formed by the continuous connection of blockchain data greatly reduces the cost of regulatory review. The completely transparent data management system provides a trustworthy traceability path, and shared constraints can be established in the chain for regulatory rules through programming. code to achieve full coverage and hard control of regulatory policies.
4. Proof of Rights and Interests
Every node participating in the maintenance of the blockchain can obtain a complete data record. Using the characteristics of the blockchain's reliability and collective maintenance, the rights of the owners of rights and interests can be confirmed. For the need to store permanent records, blockchain is an ideal solution for scenarios such as land ownership and equity transactions. Among them, proof of equity is the field with the most applications currently. Equity owners can prove their ownership of the equity with their private keys. When the equity is transferred, it is transferred to the next owner through the blockchain system. The property rights are clear and the records are clear. The entire process does not require the involvement of a third party.
During a keynote address at the 2015 European Financial Journalism Awards for Excellence in Trading Technology in London, Nasdaq CEO Bob Greifeld announced that the exchange intends to use blockchain technology to manage its proxy voting system. Proxy voting is an important and time-consuming operation used by a listed exchange. The application of blockchain technology can allow shareholders to vote without having to attend the company's annual meeting. People can vote using their mobile phones, and Always keep voting records. Blockchain technology is regarded as an advanced technology in the field of equity trading that can ensure transparent transactions in a shorter time.
5. Bank Credit Reference
At present, when developing commercial bank credit business, whether it is for enterprises or individuals, the most basic consideration is the financial credit of the borrower itself. Each bank uploads the repayment status of each borrower to the central bank's credit reference center. When inquiries are needed, the bank will download the reference from the central bank's credit reference center with the customer's authorization. There isProblems such as incomplete information, inaccurate data, low usage efficiency, and high usage costs. In this field, the advantage of blockchain is that it relies on program algorithms to automatically record massive information and store it on every computer in the blockchain network. The information is transparent, difficult to tamper with, and has low cost of use. Commercial banks store and share customers' credit status in their own institutions in an encrypted form. When applying for a loan, customers do not have to go to the central bank to apply for a credit check, that is, decentralization. The lending institution can retrieve the corresponding information data from the blockchain. Complete all credit reporting work.
In short, blockchain has become one of the hot spots of innovation in the financial industry. However, as a new technology, blockchain also has considerable risks. The current settlement system based on blockchain technology is very sensitive to regulatory risks. If participants are worried about the uncertainty of regulatory policies, it may cause the payment system to collapse due to instability. In addition, since its operating rights are controlled by developers, the obvious technical disadvantage is that if the operator itself controls more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network, it can achieve double payment, leading to a breakdown of trust. This is also an important issue that needs to be solved during the application of blockchain technology.

❻ What are the fields involved in blockchain applications and what are the specific scenarios?

Blockchain technology is widely used, and the main applications of blockchain are under the integration of new technologies. The scenarios cover many fields such as finance and insurance, intelligent manufacturing, intelligent environmental protection, energy and electricity, medical and health care, education, cultural and creative industries, smart cities, social welfare, agriculture, etc.

Blockchain + Finance

Blockchain can help financial institutions solve problems such as trust and data sharing.

Blockchain + Copyright Art Category

Tianhe Guoyun’s Blockchain Copyright System

3. Blockchain + Government Affairs

In terms of statistics, voting, budget management, etc., blockchain can reduce costs, improve efficiency, and increase transparency to prevent the risk of failure of centralized systems.

4. Blockchain + Insurance

Fraud identification and risk prevention: By placing insurance claims under an immutable general ledger, blockchain can help eliminate confusion in the insurance industry. Common sources of fraud.

Property insurance and casualty insurance: Policies and shared ledgers recorded in the form of smart contracts can improve the efficiency of property insurance and casualty insurance.

Health insurance: Blockchain technology allows medical records to be encrypted and shared among health service providers, thereby improving the interoperability of the health insurance ecosystem.

Reinsurance: The information security of reinsurance contracts on the blockchain platform is guaranteed through smart contracts, which can reduce the amount of information and simplify the payment process between insurers and reinsurers.

❼ Functional characteristics of blockchain technology

Blockchain is essentially a distributed storage system. Because it adopts a transaction accounting storage model, it also It can be called a distributed accounting system. Beijing Muqi Mobile Technology Co., Ltd., a professional blockchain development company, HuanWelcome exchanges and cooperation. Let’s talk about the functional characteristics of blockchain technology.

In traditional platform technology, central decision-making is a very common data processing method. For example, in the traditional bank transfer method, transaction information must be processed by the bank's central server cluster, and the transaction information is processed through the layers of the bank's central server cluster. The data upload and instruction distribution complete the transaction between the two accounts. Every transaction in the blockchain is directly communicated and transacted by both parties. From the initiation of the transaction to the confirmation of transaction completion, all nodes are equal and have exactly the same permissions without going through any intermediaries. This kind of The peer-to-peer transaction model in the network makes blockchain applications free from the risks of intermediary transactions.

It should be noted that although blockchain is often called a distributed ledger, and is even essentially a distributed storage system, blockchain is different from conventional distributed systems. The distributed structure is even more special. Distribution is a concept corresponding to centralization. All sub-nodes in the centralized structure only interact with the central node and have no connection with each other. Therefore, the central node needs to bear all the load. A centralized system Efficiency is basically only related to the processing speed of the central node. At the same time, once the central node encounters problems such as blocking, deadlock, and downtime, the entire centralized system will stagnate or even collapse directly. The characteristic of the distributed structure is that there are multiple nodes that can interact with other nodes for data. Distributed network storage technology stores data dispersedly on multiple independent machines and devices. This sounds a bit confusing, but it is easy to understand if it is classified and described based on the characteristics of centralization. The distributed structure includes multi-centralized structure and decentralized structure.

A polycentralized system refers to a system composed of multiple centralized systems, each of which includes a master node and several slave nodes. When performing task processing, the master node decomposes the task into multiple sub-tasks and sends them to multiple subordinate slave nodes for simultaneous processing. After the slave node transmits the processing results back to the master node, the master node will integrate the processing results of each sub-task and finally complete the task. Of course, this is just a simplified description of task processing. A multi-centralized system may have a multi-layer master-slave structure, forming a tree-like task allocation structure. At the same time, slave nodes may also take orders from multiple master nodes to maximize efficiency based on complex task management mechanisms. But the fundamental difference between multi-centralization and decentralization is whether there is a central node that controls the operation of each master node. If the top-most node is multiple nodes, then it is decentralized. On the contrary, if there is only one node at the top, it is decentralized. It's multi-centered.

In decentralization, there is a more special structure that does not have any center, which can be called a completely decentralized structure. This is also a point-to-point network structure. This structure is This is reflected in the Bitcoin network. The relative advantage of point-to-point network structure is high fault tolerance, strong node scalability, strong privacy and data consistency, etc., but there are also problems such as redundant communication and message delay.

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of network structure division

The "decentralization" emphasized in the general blockchain field mostly refers to the ownership level of the system. The system is decentralized if it belongs to the community and all accounts, and the system is centralized if it belongs to an institution or even an individual. Decentralization is a common feature of blockchain, but the completely decentralized structure of peer-to-peer networks has few current applications. Only public chains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum belong to this structure, because anyone in the world can Enter the system at any time to read data, send confirmable transactions, and compete for accounting activities, which results in the inability to guarantee its security and system efficiency. Private chains often have one or more centers that control the nodes, and all operations require permission from the center and are subject to its constraints and restrictions. Although it uses a decentralized mechanism for routine data processing, it is strictly A distributed blockchain deployment model. The alliance chain can be regarded as a collection of private chains, which is a compromise between the security and efficiency of the public chain. It adopts a multi-center technical architecture.

Due to the natural characteristics of the blockchain that cannot be tampered with, it is based on the consensus algorithm to ensure data consistency. No node in the system can tamper with or forge transactions. All transaction contents are certain and undisputed. There will be no credit risk in transactions, and the blockchain system will also have trustless characteristics.

Based on the changes in the content carried in the block from transactions to smart contracts, the trustlessness of the blockchain has two stages. The first stage is to verify the authenticity of historical transaction behaviors in the blockchain network. Trust, the second stage is trust in future transaction behavior based on smart contract rules.

The first stage of trust in the authenticity of historical behaviors can be simply understood as the blockchain system eliminates the process of proving historical transactions. When we tell others that something has happened, we need evidence to make others believe it, and this evidence often needs to be proved by a credible third party and provided with a credit guarantee through verification. For example, the electronic transaction slip provided by the shopping platform is evidence when shopping online, the tax bureau invoice provided by the restaurant when dining out is evidence, or the marriage certificate provided by the institution when purchasing a house using the identity of a couple is evidence. The person who accepts this information also needs to verify the evidence to be sure that these things have indeed happened. Corresponding to the previous article, when an online shopping dispute occurs, it is necessary to check whether the electronic transaction slip of the shopping platform actually exists; When reimbursing expenses, the signature of the invoice needs to be verified; when confirming the identity of two people as a couple, the anti-counterfeiting mark of the marriage certificate needs to be verified. However, the data of the blockchain system is considered to be non-tamperable and non-forgery, so as long as you explain a historical event to other nodes on the chain, you do not need any third-party certification, because the data on the data blockInformation can be taken out for direct verification at any time, which results in the distrust of historical transactions in the blockchain.

The second stage is trust in future transaction behavior, because in an ideal state, the smart contract of the blockchain is bound to the business, that is, the smart contract has mandatory execution in the blockchain system. force. Because the smart code is completely public and is recorded in the main chain and stored by all accounts. After the smart contract is called or triggered by a certain mechanism, the transaction will be enforced and there is no possibility of denial. Therefore, users in the blockchain system do not have to worry about the other party's credit risk in the future, and there is a lack of trust in future transactions.

In the public chain, the ledger of each node completely records all transactions. The blockchain does not directly record real-time account information, but obtains real-time account information through transaction traceability. At the same time, since anyone can create a blockchain account to form a blockchain node, the information in the public chain can be considered open to everyone, which forms the open and traceable characteristics of the blockchain. And because the code of the public chain is often open source, what is open and traceable is not only the transaction data in the system, but also the transaction rules of the entire system. The high degree of openness and transparency enables the blockchain to meet many application scenarios that require open data. .

However, the blockchain has developed many variants based on the Bitcoin network, such as light nodes, private chains and consortium chains. These variants cannot meet the strict requirements of openness. Traceable. Light nodes can only execute and verify transactions, and do not have all transaction data for traceability, so light nodes do not have traceability. However, this problem only lies in the user's choice. If there is a good enough hardware environment, the user can choose to become a full node instead of a light node in order to master all data. In addition, access permission or verification is required to join a private chain or alliance chain, and read permissions are selectively open to the outside world and are not open to the entire network, which does not meet the strict sense of openness.