区块链与蓝光存储的区别,区块链与蓝光存储有关吗

最近，区块链和蓝光存储一直是热议的话题，那么区块链和蓝光存储有什么区别，它们有没有关系呢？今天我们就来探讨一下。

区块链：区块链是一种分布式记账技术，它可以将记录分散在各个节点上，而不是集中在一个地方，从而保证数据的完整性和可靠性。区块链的最大特点是比特币，它是一种去中心化的货币，可以在不需要第三方信任的情况下进行交易。它的另一个特点是智能合约，可以在网络上实现自动执行，并且不受任何人的控制。

蓝光存储：蓝光存储是一种新型的光存储技术，它可以把数据存储在蓝光光盘上，比传统的CD和DVD存储技术容量大得多。蓝光存储技术比传统的CD和DVD存储技术有更高的容量，可以存储25GB的数据，而传统的CD和DVD只能存储4.7GB的数据。蓝光存储技术还可以把数据存储在蓝光光盘上，存储的数据更加稳定，不容易丢失。

区块链与蓝光存储的关系：虽然区块链和蓝光存储技术都是新型的存储技术，但它们之间并没有什么直接的联系。区块链是一种分布式记账技术，它可以将记录分散在各个节点上，而不是集中在一个地方，从而保证数据的完整性和可靠性。而蓝光存储技术是一种新型的光存储技术，它可以把数据存储在蓝光光盘上，比传统的CD和DVD存储技术容量大得多。

总的来说，区块链和蓝光存储技术都是新型的存储技术，但它们之间并没有什么直接的联系。区块链是一种分布式记账技术，它可以将记录分散在各个节点上，而不是集中在一个地方，从而保证数据的完整性和可靠性。而蓝光存储技术是一种新型的光存储技术，它可以把数据存储在蓝光光盘上，比传统的CD和DVD存储技术容量大得多。

① An easy-to-understand explanation of blockchain

A simple explanation of blockchain technology is as follows:

To put it simply: blockchain is the use of a package The existing network technology is used to build a new generation network system. This network system has a new structure, a new mechanism, and unprecedented new value. Five major technologies or innovations are specifically used: encryption technology, P2P network technology, distributed storage technology, consensus mechanism, and smart contracts.

Essentially: it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". ” and other characteristics. Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation for "trust and sales" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism. Yunchun has broad application prospects.

2. Openness.

In addition to encrypting the private information of all parties to the transaction, the blockchain data is open to everyone and provides a flexible script code system. The entire system information is highly transparent and within the rules specified by the system. Nodes cannot deceive each other.

3. Autonomy.

Consensus technology, smart contracts.

② How does blockchain empower digital city construction | Blockchain classroom

Cities are actively embracing digital technologies such as blockchain, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence to accelerate urban economy growth, improving the quality of urban life and environmental sustainability. The digital transformation of cities also provides a good experimental field for the value mining and application of blockchain technology.

The construction of a digital city not only requires city-wide coverage of connected devices, but also needs to consider the collection of full-process data and automation of decision-making. The data on the blockchain has the advantages of being difficult to tamper with, safe and trustworthy, and can help the construction of digital cities in the following aspects:

The blockchain adopts a distributed storage structure, so each node in the system All data on the system is stored, making the data open, transparent and easy to manage. At the same time, cryptographic technologies such as privacy computing integrated in the blockchain can achieve safe sharing of data without leaking data privacy, or by setting access permissions, authorized nodes can obtain corresponding data to ensure data security.

Thanks to the distributed network structure, even if a single or a small number of nodes fail, the entire blockchain network can still operate normally, greatly reducing the risk of system failure due to network attacks or technical problems. Compared with traditional cities, digital cities rely more on technology. Improving system stability will also help maintain the normal operation of digital city life.

Digital city innovation case empowered by blockchain

Dubai’s digital city project integrates blockchain, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence Intelligent and other new types ofDigital technology is committed to making Dubai "the happiest city in the world".

A major innovation in Dubai Digital City is to strive to realize the on-chain operation and management of all government data transactions in 2021, and realize the electronicization of an average of 100 million paper-based processes per year. This blockchain-enabled digital reform is expected to save process management costs worth US$1.5 billion, save 25 million hours of process processing time, and reduce 114 million tons of carbon emissions. In addition, the Dubai government is actively cooperating with many blockchain companies, focusing on key areas and implementing multiple blockchain application cases.

The European Commission also recognized the importance of blockchain in reforming government services, and established the European Blockchain Partnership in 2018, covering local law enforcement agencies, national governments and the private sector in Europe. enterprise. The Commissioner of the European Commission’s Department of Digital Economy and Society is also confident in the value of blockchain technology in digital city construction and stated: “We believe that all public services in the future will be built on the infrastructure of blockchain.”

For example, the government of South Tyrol in Italy has used blockchain technology to digitize citizen data. Residents only need to register basic personal information once to enjoy services provided by different government departments, streamlining government affairs processing procedures, reducing costs and increasing efficiency.

At the same time, based on blockchain technology, Estonia has built a national health information electronic system. Through this blockchain platform, doctors can easily query patients' blood tests, recent treatments, X-ray examinations and other related data with authorization. Patients can also clearly check their medical records, prescriptions issued by doctors and other information. The characteristics of data on the blockchain, such as being difficult to tamper with and fully traceable, can ensure the security and integrity of the data on the platform.

Wanxiang Blockchain has also begun active exploration in blockchain-enabled digital city construction, using blockchain to integrate new digital technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence to build a safe and trustworthy digital base. And through technologies such as private computing, knowledge graphs, digital twins, and distributed business incentives, we can manage production and life in a more refined and dynamic way, forming a smart, low-carbon, and comfortable resilient city with technology integration, comprehensive application, and high-end development. Help build a harmonious urban ecology with economic prosperity, job happiness, and sustainable development.

Wanxiang Blockchain is committed to building a digital city that “truly understands you”. Through the integration of blockchain and new technologies, a trusted digital base is built to allow every resident to have an exclusive digital avatar. Truly gain data sovereignty and enjoy a safe and comfortable urban life without having your privacy protected from prying eyes.

③ Frequent related transactions and substantial pre-performance losses. What is Yi Hualu hiding?

Recently, Yi Hualu disclosed the 2021 annual performance report. The company is expected to achieve operating income of 2.013 billion yuan in 2021.A year-on-year decrease of 22.46%; the net profit attributable to the parent company was -174 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 131.78%; the net profit attributable to shareholders of the listed company after deducting non-recurring gains and losses was -287 million yuan.

The reason behind the company’s first large loss in performance since 2021 is the subtle operation and embarrassing situation of Yi Hualu’s “data lake” business.

It is worth noting that less than a month after the performance forecast was disclosed, Yi Hualu changed the company’s audit agency on February 23, replacing Baker Tilly International Accounting Firm with Zhongqin Wanxin Accounting Firm. . The service time of Baker Tilly International is less than 3 months.

Coincidentally, at the same time, the company's explanation for the decline in performance was "mainly due to adjustments in accounting policies," which affected profits by about 200 million yuan. It is worth noting that with the adjustment of accounting policies, Yi Hualu’s previous long-term internal short-term and vertical transactions have also surfaced.

How is the “data lake” blockchain progressing?

The full name of Yihualu is Beijing Yihualu Information Technology Co., Ltd., which was established in April 2001. Yihualu’s main business is to promote the integration and opening of public big data and deepen the integration of big data, cloud computing, and wisdom. Urban innovative applications provide massive data storage, computing, urban brain and other big data value-added applications, operations and other services.

According to Yihualu’s disclosure, the company’s current main business is to undertake the construction of data lakes for local governments. Such projects are digital economic infrastructure with Yihualu’s optical and electromagnetic intelligent hybrid storage platform as the core technology.

As early as 2018, Yi Hualu stated on the interactive platform that the data lake business is currently the core strategy of the controlling shareholder, and the company will develop a broader business territory through the implementation of the data lake strategy.

It is reported that a data lake is a repository or system that stores data in its original format. Based on the data lake business, Yihualu has also carried out blockchain-related layout.

On September 17, 2019, Beijing Smart Cloud City Investment Fund initiated by Yihualu and Liding Capital signed an investment agreement with AI chip company Jingshi Technology. This round of financing was funded by Smart Cloud City Fund and Bitmain participates together.

According to previous reports, Yihualu has joined forces with Bitmain to strategically invest in Crystal Vision Technology, which will provide access to computing resources for Yihualu’s “Data Lake+” strategy and implant advanced AI chips into Data Lake+. Intelligent transportation, data lake + intelligent security, data lake + big health and other fields. At the same time, it can also provide data storage and reuse services to Jingshi Technology and Bitmain to enhance the application analysis capabilities of AI computing power.

However, the strategic cooperation between Yihualu and Bitmain has made no progress after signing the investment agreement.

The company mentioned on the 2018 investor interaction platform that China Unicom and China Telecom have signed strategic cooperation agreements with the company to jointly promote the data lake project. maleThe company is currently exploring research into combining data lakes with blockchain technology. In addition, the company attaches great importance to the Xiongan market and will increase its efforts to promote the implementation of relevant projects.

However, on March 24, Yi Hualu said in an exchange with investors that "the company currently has no data lake project in Xiongan."

Internal trading "brushes" performance?

On February 23, 2021, Yi Hualu, whose performance has been growing steadily, suddenly hired an accounting firm and announced a change in accounting policy, deducting previously unrealized internal transaction profits and losses from the book value of long-term equity investments. Record up to zero.

This change will have an impact on Yihualu’s net profit from 2019 to 2021 of 204 million yuan, 138 million yuan and 175 million yuan. In 2021, the maximum loss is expected to be 190 million yuan.

Regarding the large loss in the company’s 2021 performance forecast, Yi Hualu said it was an “accounting treatment policy adjustment.” Such an adjustment in accounting treatment policy also reveals the "moisture" of Yi Hualu's performance in recent years.

According to the company's 2020 annual report, Yihualu's top four suppliers are all related parties, with a total purchase amount of 793 million yuan, accounting for 51.71% of the total annual purchases. At the same time, the four major customers of Yihualu's former Douxian are also related parties, with a total sales volume of 955 million yuan, accounting for 34% of the total annual sales.

It is worth noting that the company has implemented data lakes at a rapid pace in recent years. So far, it has more than 30 data lakes. Most of the company's early revenue and profits mainly come from the construction of data lakes. According to the previous treatment of Yi Hualu's relevant accounting policies, it is obviously more conducive to its performance.

However, while the company’s non-public issuance of financing in 2020 did not meet expectations, and the 2021 convertible bonds are still in the approval stage, Yihualu’s debt level is relatively high, and financial expenses continue to grow. obvious. Under this circumstance, the company also proactively slowed down its investment in data lake projects.

However, Yi Hualu has recently begun to lay out the Yuanverse business. On April 6, Yi Hualu stated on the interactive platform that the blockchain encryption technology of the company's "data bank" can be applied to NFT projects, and the non-tampering characteristics of blue-ray storage are also suitable for the permanent preservation of digital art collections.

Who are the related parties of insider trading?

First let’s look at the suppliers. Hualu Group, the controlling shareholder of Yihualu, and Panasonic jointly established China Hualu Panasonic Electronic Information Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Hualu Panasonic"), which mainly produces audio and video equipment and storage equipment mainly Blu-ray. In 2018, Yihualu became the exclusive domestic seller of Hualu Panasonic Blu-ray products. In 2020, Yihualu purchased Hualu Panasonic electronic products, with a transaction volume of 624 million yuan, accounting for 41% of the total annual purchases of listed companies.

According to Yi Hualu’s disclosure, after purchasing from Hualu Panasonic and putting them into storage, these blueprintsThe optical discs were packaged into data lake solutions and resold to Yihualu’s equity subsidiaries.

In 2020, Yihualu provided project construction cost services to Taizhou Yihualu Data Lake Information Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Taizhou Yihualu") and Lan'an Data Information Technology Co., Ltd., totaling 3.16 billion. Information shows that Yihualu holds 60% of Taizhou Yihualu’s shares and 81% of Lan’an Data.

Yihualu’s 2021 semi-annual report also shows that the company’s accounts receivable are close to 3 billion yuan, of which 2.1 billion yuan are aged within one year. Yihualu's operating income in the first half of 2021 was 1.5 billion yuan, and its operating income in the second half of 2020 was 1.605 billion yuan, with a total income of 3.21 billion yuan in the two half-years. This means that from June 2020 to June 2021, more than 60% of the orders sold by Yihualu were not paid back, but formed accounts receivable.

Most of these accounts receivable are generated by Yi Hualu's shareholding companies. In the list of debtors, the three equity-owned subsidiaries of Yihualu owe a total of about 800 million yuan, namely Taizhou Yihualu owes nearly 400 million yuan, Dalian Data Lake Information Technology Co., Ltd. owes more than 200 million yuan, Maoming Yueyun Information Technology Co., Ltd. owes nearly 200 million yuan.

Industrial and commercial information shows that Yihualu holds 60%, 49% and 49% of the equity of these three companies respectively, but these three joint-stock subsidiaries are not included in the consolidated statements of Yihualu’s semi-annual report. .

According to the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises, for downstream transactions where the investor invests or sells assets to an associate or joint venture, the impact of unrealized internal transaction gains and losses should be offset, and the book value of long-term equity investments should be adjusted at the same time.

In this regard, some investors asked the company on the platform, saying, "Internal transactions of related companies should be offset against internal profits when consolidating accounting statements, because the profits of one company are the costs of the other."

According to Yi Hualu's explanation, there has been no clear provision on the accounting treatment for the offsetting of unrealized internal profits and losses of associates when the downstream offset amount is greater than the balance of long-term equity investments.

Before this policy change, the company adopted the equity method for subsequent measurement of long-term equity investments, and the unrealized internal transaction profits and losses were limited to writing down the book value of long-term equity investments to zero, and the insufficient amount was offset for off-book recording. , when the long-term equity investment balance of the data lake project company increases, additional offset processing will be made.

This means that after the data lake project company enters the operation period, unrealized internal transaction profits and losses will be realized along with the depreciation and amortization of assets, thereby increasing the company's investment income in future years.

Most of these joint ventures are not included in Yihualu's consolidated statements, which has also become a weapon for Yihualu to "boost performance." Now, the new accounting firm has retroactively offset the previous related transactions, and Yi Hualu's performance has also revealed its true colors.

But on January 28 this year, Yi Hualu released the 2021Shortly after the announcement of the annual performance pre-loss, Yi Hualu issued another announcement on February 23, saying that due to the impact of successive epidemic outbreaks in Beijing, Dalian, Tianjin and other places during the audit process, it was unable to carry out on-site audit work as originally planned. Hualu plans to appoint Zhongqin Wanxin Accounting Firm as the audit agency for the 2021 financial report. On the same day, it announced that it plans to appoint Man Xiaoguo, the former deputy financial director, as the company's financial director.

④ What is blockchain

Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.

The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.

We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".

The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.

A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:

For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.

Then some people think that this kind of low-probability event can use any technical means to avoid individual risks, and not only hand over the data to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.

The database structure may look like this:

This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the outcome?

At this time, the "consensus mechanism" in the definition of blockchain comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: who will process a data request (what qualifications are required); who will verify the results (to see if he has handled it well); how to prevent processors and verifiers from colluding with each other, etc.

Some people may like to be questioned when a "rule" is made. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive so that people are interested and motivated to participate in data processing. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. We will start again later when we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currencies.

When we hand over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can goFind a lawsuit against it). They all have my data, why should I trust them?

At this time, encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on stage.

In the blockchain network, the data requests we send will be encrypted according to cryptographic principles into a string of characters that the recipient cannot understand at all. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.

Hash algorithms can quickly convert any type of data into hash values. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Because of these characteristics, the person handling my data request could record the information for me, but they had no idea who I was or what I was doing.

So far, the working principle of the decentralized network has been introduced. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a net. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call it blockchain?

To understand this matter, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:

The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the basic rules and processes of the blockchain system for processing information. . And specifically at the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure", like this:

Figure Each ring in can be regarded as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, unlike ordinary data storage: on a blockchain, the data in a later block contains the data in the previous block.

In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we tried to use a book metaphor to describe what a blockchain data structure is.

Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, the order of each numbered page can be determined.

Inside the blockchain, each block is labeled with a page number, the second page contains the first page's content, the third page's content contains the first and second page's content. The tenth page contains the previous Nine pages of content.

It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.

This brings up an important attribute of blockchain: traceability.

When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is when new blocks are generated in sequence, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a new block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.

This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.

Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."

Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn this feature on, you don’t have to worry about anything.The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it is due.

When your friend borrows money from you but doesn't remember to pay it back, or makes excuses not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to pay back the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.

Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.

This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.

A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.

Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?

Let’s go back to 2008.

On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.

Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Three-party trust institution." The text of the post is a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.

Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block". The genesis block was compiled into block 0 and was not uploaded to the chain. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to mine this block. This also sparked discussion in the bitcointalk forum. Bitcoin "believers" thought of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."

Although concepts such as decentralized, token, and economy did not appear in the paper, Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail the role of blocks and chains in the network. working principle. So, there is Block Chain.

This paper later became the "Bible" of the "Bit God Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documentation became ""Code of Hammurabi".

After that, Bitcoin realized the first real-life payment by exchanging pizza, WikiLeaks, whose account was blocked by the US government, miraculously survived by relying on Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto's "decentralization" and retirement, A series of legends, such as true and false appearances and refuting rumors, merged with the expectations, imaginations and speculations of later generations, and became "Bible stories".

There are also people who are not satisfied with the world depicted in the "Old Testament". Created new sects, written doctrines into white papers, and told the story of their faith in the ten years after Bitcoin. Just like the writing of 66 volumes of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and after 2,000 years of interpretation, Christianity has divided into 33,000 Zhiya.

CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%, and the recent price is around US$7,200 per coin. Wandering.

So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain value storage and hedging characteristics; Digital currencies represented by Ethereum have become the "operational fuel" in its network system; stable coins represented by USDT and Libra have good payment capabilities due to their low volatility; central banks represented by DCEP issue digital currencies , replacing M0 to a certain extent, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to not delay receipts and payments when they have no cash and are disconnected from the Internet.

It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, the initial and largest application It’s digital currency.

Digital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain the public chain.

So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used?

Let us Let’s recall what the essence of blockchain is—a decentralized database, and its corresponding characteristics: traceability, openness, anonymity, and tamper-proofing. In theory, all traditional scenarios where centralized databases are used are You can try to use blockchain to transform it and see if it is suitable.

Next, let’s talk about a few industries and scenarios that have successfully implemented blockchain:

Blockchain can prove that certain The existence of individual files or digital content at a specific time provides a perfect solution for forensic authentication, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting traceability, etc.

In the field of anti-counterfeiting traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used through supply chain tracking Food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, luxury goods and other fields.

Give two examples.

Blockchain can allow government data to be run and greatly streamline the work process

The distributed technology of blockchain can Let government departments be centralized on one chain, and all service processes be delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contract can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent approvals and signatures can be completed in sequence.

Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the blockchain electronic invoice "Tax Chain" platform. The tax department,The issuer and payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing upon transaction" and "immediate reimbursement upon invoicing" - invoicing in seconds and reimbursement in minutes, significantly reducing tax collection and management costs and effectively solving Data tampering, over-reporting of one vote, tax evasion and other issues.

Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Give two examples as well.

The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.

Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes

In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.

In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complicated. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer can handle the issuance on its own through smart contracts. , regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification, and investors can also bypass intermediaries for direct operations.

In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Give me an example.

The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have Corresponding vouchers will be split by the first-tier supplier and handed overto second- and third-tier suppliers in the chain to help them with financing; core enterprises can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid the pressure of emergency payment.

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing

The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. As more new technologies develop, blockchain may be able to be combined with them and play a role in unexpected cross-fields and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.

In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.

Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.

In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

During this trial process from traditional technology to blockchain, we found that when certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, they also have problems with the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance). , the requirements are not high, and this field is quite suitable for combining blockchain.

At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.

Typical examples of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, Fabric, a major contribution from IBM, and Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.

These trustless systems represent more secure data authentication and storage mechanisms, where data is effectively authenticated and protected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.

It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improvesHigh transaction efficiency.

Generally speaking, there has been a lot of progress in the implementation of blockchain compared to two years ago.

Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.

I hope that after reading this, you have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.

Related Q&A: What is blockchain

Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.

In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Blockchain infrastructure:

Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.

⑤ What is blockchain

Blockchain is a database with a data "hash verification" function. Blocks are data blocks. Data blocks are combined into a chain structure in chronological order, and cryptographic algorithms are used to collectively maintain the reliability of the database in a distributed accounting manner. All data blocks are connected in chronological order, forming a blockchain.
The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.
Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations for this problem:
(1) Distributed ledger, which means that transaction accounting is performed by multiple accounts distributed in different places. The nodes work together, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction and can also jointly testify for it.
Different from traditional distributed storage, blockchain’s distributed storage is uniqueThe characteristics are mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally divides the data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node. [8]
No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.
(2) Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. The transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner, thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.
(3) Consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.
The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be computing power, the number of shares, or other computers. Feature quantities that can be compared. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
(4) Smart contracts, smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can be automated Enforce some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to carry out automated claims settlement in some standardized insurance products
In fact Individuals can simply understand that it is actually a financial database.