内蒙古区块链科技有限公司,内蒙古区块链研究院

内蒙古区块链科技有限公司和内蒙古区块链研究院是内蒙古地区专业从事区块链技术研究与应用的领先企业和机构，今天我们就来聊聊三个关于区块链技术的关键词：区块链、智能合约、跨链技术。

区块链是一种分布式账本技术，它以链式结构记录了一系列的不可篡改的数据，这些数据可以来自于账户余额、交易记录、合同等，它们被组织成一个个的“区块”，每一个区块都会包含一定数量的交易数据，这些区块会按照时间顺序依次连接起来，形成一条“链”。

智能合约是一种可以在区块链上执行的自动化合约，它可以让双方在安全可信的环境下进行数字资产的交易，而且不需要第三方的介入，智能合约可以让双方更加安全、高效地完成交易，同时也可以更好地保护双方的权益。

跨链技术是一种能够让不同区块链之间进行交互的技术，它可以让不同的区块链之间进行资产交换，这样可以让不同的区块链之间的资产得到更好的流通，也可以让不同的区块链之间的应用更好地融合在一起，从而让整个区块链生态更加完善。

以上就是关于内蒙古区块链科技有限公司和内蒙古区块链研究院的三个关键词：区块链、智能合约、跨链技术的介绍，这些技术都可以为内蒙古地区的区块链应用发展带来更多的可能性，也可以让企业和机构更好地利用区块链技术来提升效率和安全性。

㈠ Inner Mongolia will ban Bitcoin mining, what message does this send

This may cause the overall mining landscape to undergo some form of transformation.

Banning mining activities in Inner Mongolia should not have a significant impact on the network hash rate, as miners will simply find a "new home" for their mining rigs - either in another province in China or in the EU or North America.

This also means that since miners in Inner Mongolia mainly use coal, a larger proportion of the mining industry in China will use renewable energy. As the rainy season begins in May, many miners in Inner Mongolia will move to Sichuan at that time.

Miners receive two types of rewards during the mining process: new currency rewards for creating new blocks, and transaction fees for transactions included in the blocks. In order to get these rewards, miners compete to complete a mathematical problem based on a cryptographic hash algorithm, that is, using a Bitcoin mining machine to calculate the hash algorithm. This requires powerful computing power, a long calculation process, and good calculation results. Bad as proof of the miner's computational workload, it is called "proof of work". The algorithm's competition mechanism and the winner's right to have the transaction recorded on the blockchain ensure the security of Bitcoin.

㈡ Inner Mongolia plans to close all virtual currency mining projects. What is the significance of this move?

Inner Mongolia plans to close all virtual currency mining projects. This move is of great significance. It has been stopped. Mining, which consumes a lot of energy, can also lay the foundation for the issuance of digital renminbi. Because mining Bitcoin consumes a lot of electricity, resulting in a lot of waste of resources. Inner Mongolia announced that it will comprehensively clean up and close virtual currency mining projects, and withdraw all virtual currency mining projects before the end of April 2021, specifically mentioning the ban on new virtual currency mining projects.

Digital RMB is issued by the central bank in accordance with the law and has all the characteristics of RMB cash. Giving full play to the functions of value scale, circulation means and payment instruments will help standardize currency transaction behavior, save social costs, and make modern financial and economic activities more convenient, efficient and safe. After the digital yuan is issued, some bad behaviors such as the rejection of cash may be reduced.

㈢ What safeguard measures are proposed in the Blockchain Guiding Opinions and how to promote their implementation in the next step?

The Blockchain Guiding Opinions propose to actively promote application pilots, increase policy support, Guide local governments to accelerate the exploration and construction of public service systems, strengthen the cultivation of industrial talents, and deepen international exchanges and cooperation in six safeguard measures, and provide local authorities with working methods and starting points.

In the next step, the enthusiasm of all parties will be mobilized to accelerate the implementation of the "Guiding Opinions".

(1) Organize publicity and implementation training. Targeted at local industrial and information authorities, blockchain technology and service providers, and user companiesindustry, etc., interpret and publicize the contents of the "Guiding Opinions" in detail, and organize relevant training courses and symposiums.

(2) Establish a working mechanism. Establish a collaborative working mechanism to connect with local industry and information technology authorities, strengthen collaboration, and ensure that key tasks are implemented in place.

(3) Task breakdown and implementation. Formulate and form a implementable and executable key task division schedule and time roadmap, and clarify promotion responsibilities. Strengthen communication and exchanges with local authorities, summarize experience in a timely manner, and form a demonstration drive.

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only "blockchain technology" approved by the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" carried out by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. Professional” pilot workstation. The professional position is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

㈣ What are the policies to accelerate the research and development and industrialization of blockchain technology?

In order to speed up the research and development and industrialization of blockchain technology, the government can adopt a series of policy measures. First, investment in the blockchain industry must be increased to provide enterprises and researchers with sufficient funds to develop new applications. Secondly, corresponding laws and regulations must be implemented to promote industry standardization, regulatory compliance, risk management, and market competition. In addition, it is necessary to publicize, educate and promote Sprocket blockchain technology; and carry out some national strategic talent training such as "learning talents". In short, through the above methods to promote_

㈤ Inner Mongolia has announced measures to crack down on virtual currency mining. Will other places follow suit?

Inner Mongolia has announced measures to crack down on virtual currency mining. I think Other places will also follow up, because on the one hand, this thing itself has risks and can easily cause losses to people. On the other hand, this thing itself is not our legal tender. We are also cracking down on some related things. In addition, In addition, I think this thing is also for the development of our digital currency, and I will explain it to you in detail next. 3. I think it is also for the development of our own digital currency.
Virtual currency is not protected by us, so once something goes wrong, it will be very troublesome, but we also have our own digital currency. In the future, we will use our own digital currency as much as possible. On the one hand, it can prevent us from losing money. On the other hand, it can also facilitate our lives and even help promote the development of our economy. Therefore, by cracking down on some unprotected virtual currencies, it is also conducive to the development of our own digital currency, and also It is conducive to the development of our economy, so it is a very good measure.

In short, with the development of society, many people have money. Under this situation, some people are more concerned about virtual currencies. I think these things are more risky. Big, and now Inner Mongolia has issued measures to combat virtual currency mining, I thinkOther places will follow suit, because our general attitude now is that we absolutely do not advocate it. In addition, in the future, I also believe that we will use our own digital currency to promote the development of our economy.

㈥ What is the service level of Guoxinchuang?

Yingcheng, an industrial and urban think tank, is a cutting-edge representative of industrial park operations. It has been deeply involved in the field of practical industrial parks. Yingcheng adheres to the principle of "industrial operation empowers parks" "Value" thinking innovation has built an integrated operation and service system of "industry, network and city people", and continues to provide customers with high-quality value creation services.
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Report produced by: CITIC Securities Industry and City Think Tank - dedicated to sharing high-quality dust removal industry insights, hot spot analysis, and related The latest information on industrial development. A 20,000-word report, one article to understand how the digital economy can help China’s economy create new growth! Audio: 00:0001:15:15♬ Click the audio above to listen to the reading

"Digital economic development is a common need for technological innovation and expansion of domestic demand.
Digital resources are the oil of the 21st century. The digital economy is the core of the fourth industrial revolution.
What is the digital economy? The digital economy is the main economic form after the agricultural economy and the industrial economy. It uses data resources as the key element and modern information networks as the main carrier. , with the integrated application of information and communication technology and all-factor digital transformation as important driving forces, promoting a new economic form that is more unified with fairness and efficiency. We understand that based on data as a production factor, our country will continue to improve digital production relations and generate digital New productivity including industrialization and industrial digitalization."

The positioning of the digital economy: smooth supply and enrich demand.
On the one hand, digital transformation and good use of data elements will break the limitations of time and space, extend the industrial chain, and thus smooth the economic cycle. The digital economy is characterized by high innovation, strong penetration, and wide coverage, and can assist economic transformation and deepening reform.
On the other hand, digital industrialization and industry digitization have created a large number of economic increments and are an important component of high-quality development. This includes not only the vigorous development of the digital industry with the ICT industry as the core, but also a large number of digital consumption upgrades such as digital retail and digital payment.
In general, the digital economy is an important part of the dual tasks of technological innovation and expanding domestic demand.
On the one hand, from the perspective of technological innovation, digitalization is the core feature of the fourth industrial revolution, matching the national strategy of innovation-driven development:
Frontier research: quantum computing, quantum communications, neural chips , DNA storage. Cross-innovation between information science, life sciences, materials and other basic disciplines.
Breakthroughs in "stuck neck" links: high-end chips, operating systems, key artificial intelligence algorithms, sensors and other key areas.
Strategic emerging industries are booming:Digital industries such as artificial intelligence, big data, blockchain, cloud computing, and network security; advanced manufacturing industries such as communication equipment and core electronic components.
On the other hand, from the perspective of expanding domestic demand, digital technology will empower agriculture, industry, and service industries, becoming an important area for comprehensively promoting consumption and expanding investment space:
Further upgrading and expansion of digital consumption : From the already booming e-commerce, mobile payment, and online entertainment (games, social networking, videos, etc.) to gradually evolving into new life scenarios such as education, medical care, and culture. With the help of digitalization, the inefficiency characteristics of the service industry are changing.
Digital infrastructure has become an important part of the new infrastructure: building high-speed ubiquitous, integrated sky and earth, integrated interconnection, safe and efficient infrastructure. Focus includes: 5G network, optical fiber communication, IPV6, Internet of Things, big data center, etc.
Digital scenarios are rapidly gaining popularity in the social economy, and intelligent and digital transformations are accelerating: there is huge space for industrial digitalization. Scenarios will be further popularized, including: digital agriculture and industrial Internet of Things, smart cities and digital villages, digital government affairs and digital government, digital logistics and digital trade.

China has achieved digital competitive advantage and the digital economy is booming

In 2020, the scale of China’s digital economy has reached nearly 40 trillion yuan, ranking second in the world. Compared with 2005, the scale of China's digital economy has increased 15 times in 15 years, with an astonishing growth rate. Data released by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in March 2021 show that during the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, China’s digital economy grew at an average annual rate of more than 16.6%. This is much faster than the average GDP growth rate of 7.4%, and more than twice that. Therefore, after China's economy has entered a stage of high-quality development, the digital economy has become an engine of economic growth that cannot be ignored, and the penetration rate of the digital economy has also continued to increase. The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences pointed out that my country’s digital economy is expected to reach 45 trillion yuan in 2021, accounting for more than 40% of GDP.

While digital industrialization is advancing steadily, China's industrial digitalization is proceeding smoothly. According to domestic customary classification, the digital economy can be divided into two parts: digital industrialization and industrial digitization. According to Professor Jiang Xiaojuan’s explanation, digital industrialization refers to the industrial application of digital and related technologies, which mainly includes electronic information manufacturing, telecommunications, software and information technology services, and data services. In 2020, the added value of my country's core digital economy industries accounted for 7.8% of GDP. The so-called industrial digitalization refers to the output growth and efficiency improvement brought about by the application of digital technologies in various industries, including digital agriculture, digital manufacturing, digital services, digital integration and other broad industrial fields. In terms of proportion, digital industrialization and industrial digitization currently account for about 1/5 and 4/5 of the digital economy respectively.
However, objectively speaking, my country’s digital economy is still large but not strong.
On the one hand, althoughAlthough the scale of China's digital economy ranks second in the world, according to the 2018-2019 Digital Economy Index, China scored 36.2, ranking second in the world (ninth place). Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States all exceeded 40.
On the other hand, the development level of digital economy across China is also different. The digital economy in Beijing and Shanghai accounts for more than 50%; the growth rate in Guizhou, Chongqing, and Fujian in 2020 will exceed 15%. The "14th Five-Year Plan" Digital Development Plan clearly states that my country's digital economic development also faces some problems and challenges: insufficient innovation capabilities in key areas, and the situation that industrial and supply chains are controlled by others has not fundamentally changed; differences between different industries, different regions, and different groups The digital divide has not been effectively bridged and is even likely to expand further; data resources are huge, but their value potential has not yet been fully unleashed; and the digital economic governance system needs to be further improved.

From the perspective of the “14th Five-Year Plan” goals, China has high hopes for the development of the digital economy
In summary, the “14th Five-Year Plan” digital economic goals basically cover digital industrialization, digital foundation Facilities, industrial digital transformation, digital government and digital governance, traditional digital consumption (e-commerce) and many other aspects reflect the policy level’s hope for full bloom and vigorous development.
The added value of the core industries of the digital economy (digital industrialization part) will account for 10% of GDP in 2025 from 7.8% in 2020. A static view requires an average annual growth rate of about 5.3%. However, considering that the average GDP growth rate during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period is also expected to be around 5.3%, it actually requires a growth rate of about 11%, or twice the growth rate. In particular, China's digital industrialization has developed rapidly in the past ten years, with the rise of domestic substitution in the ICT field and the birth of a large number of global giants in the Internet field, and the base is not low. Therefore, this goal represents China's high hopes for the development of the digital economy.
The five-year target for the number of active IPv6 users has almost doubled. From 460 million households in 2020 to 800 million households in 2025.
The five-year goal for the number of gigabit broadband users is almost ten times. From 6.4 million households in 2020 to 60 million households in 2025.
The penetration rate of industrial Internet platforms has more than tripled in five years. From 14.7% in 2020 to 45% in 2025. If the continued growth in the number of companies is taken into account, the actual growth rate is even faster. The number of real-name online government affairs users has doubled in five years. From 400 million people in 2020 to 800 million people in 2025.
National online retail sales and e-commerce transaction volume need to grow by 45% and 24% respectively in five years. As the world's largest online shopping country, China still has set high growth goals. National online retail sales and e-commerce transaction volume are planned to increase from 11.76 trillion yuan and 37.21 trillion yuan in 2020 to 17 trillion yuan in 2025 respectively. Yuanhe 480,000billion.

Digital new infrastructure, the government guides the investment direction, and enterprises control the investment intensity

New infrastructure is an important starting point for the development of the digital economy, and its degree of marketization is high
The concept of "new infrastructure" first originated from the Central Economic Work Conference in 2018, and the relevant connotation and extension have continued to evolve in recent years. The term "new infrastructure" was first mentioned at the Central Economic Work Conference in December 2018. In 2019, the National Development and Reform Commission clarified the scope of new infrastructure construction, which includes three categories: information infrastructure, converged infrastructure, and innovative infrastructure. In November 2021, the National Development and Reform Commission further clarified the key contents of new infrastructure and established the development idea of ​​"accelerating the construction of information infrastructure, steadily developing integrated infrastructure, and deploying innovative infrastructure appropriately in advance".

New infrastructure is integrated into the entire process of digital industrialization and industrial digitization. In summary, it focuses on two major industrial chains: the communication facilities industry chain and the data computing industry chain. Judging from the definition of new infrastructure given by the National Development and Reform Commission in 2019:
1) Information infrastructure mainly includes the three major industries of communication networks, new technologies and computing infrastructure. Specifically, the sub-industries include 5G, Internet, regional Typical digital industrialization industries such as blockchain, cloud computing and data centers are the products and services brought by digital technology; 2) Integrated infrastructure mainly includes intelligent transportation and smart energy, which uses digital technology to transform traditional industries. Empowerment to improve operating efficiency is a typical industrial digitalization behavior; 3) Innovation infrastructure includes technology, science and education, and industrial technology innovation infrastructure. Its model is similar to building scientific research centers, building universities, and building technology industry clusters, which are high-tech Technical institutions and enterprises build supporting traditional industrial parks and related infrastructure.
In theory, software application industries in information infrastructure do not belong to the traditional theoretical government infrastructure category. They are essentially "elements" that need to be purchased during the transformation of old infrastructure. In information infrastructure, apart from the hardware industry, the software industry is not strictly speaking infrastructure in the narrow sense. From the traditional definition of infrastructure, infrastructure refers to material engineering facilities that provide public services for social production and residents' lives. It is a public service system used to ensure the normal conduct of national or regional social and economic activities. Some industries that favor software applications, such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing and blockchain technology, are essentially services that serve to improve the efficiency of public service systems and are not public service systems themselves. Integrated infrastructure can be regarded as the digital transformation of traditional infrastructure. Part of the information infrastructure is the service element that needs to be purchased during the transformation, and innovative infrastructure is the traditional infrastructure supporting the development of new infrastructure.

From the perspective of the digital economy, the content that the government can directly exert efforts on is concentrated in industries that fall under the traditional concept of infrastructure. Most new infrastructure relies on corporate investment, and the government is more of a procurement player:
Digital EconomyPart of it is a supplement to traditional infrastructure, such as 5G base stations, data centers, intelligent computing centers and other relatively "hard" facility industries. This part is similar to traditional infrastructure and can be led by the government in investment, but in actual construction Chinese companies replace the government. It assumes a large part of the responsibilities; the other part is the motivation and support provided in the process of transformation from traditional infrastructure to new infrastructure. On the one hand, it includes relatively "soft" data application service industries such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and blockchain. On the other hand, it involves the hardware facilities required in digital transformation such as transportation and energy. This part of investment relies more on the enterprises' own investment, and the government's role in it is mainly to purchase related services and equipment.
New infrastructure is more market-oriented. Taking Shenzhen’s 2020 new infrastructure plan as an example, 60% of the funds come from the market, and government investment projects only account for 40%. Traditional infrastructure projects such as "Railway Public Infrastructure" are basically led by the government or state-owned enterprises. However, the situation of new infrastructure is different from that of old infrastructure. It is closely connected with new industries, new business formats, and new products, and directly serves vertical industries such as manufacturing. Therefore, new infrastructure projects have a higher degree of market-oriented operation. Judging from the summary of 411.6 billion new infrastructure investment projects announced by Shenzhen in July 2020, there are 34 social investment projects with a total investment of 244.7 billion yuan; there are 61 government investment projects with a total investment of 167.2 billion yuan. The investment ratio of social investment and government investment is 64%. In terms of project types, there are 28 information infrastructure projects such as 5G networks, satellite communications, and computing facilities, with a total investment of 245.2 billion yuan; 42 innovative infrastructure projects such as integrated circuits, 8K ultra-high definition, and biomedicine, with a total investment of 101.6 billion yuan; There are 25 integrated infrastructures including smart manufacturing, smart energy, and smart transportation, with a total investment of 65.1 billion yuan. By breaking down the mainstream investment projects in new infrastructure, we believe that the peak of 5G base station construction is passing, while data centers rely on corporate investment. Although counting from the east to the west is a national strategy, it still requires corporate-led investment.
5G base stations: The three major mobile operators dominate the investment process, and the investment peak is passing
Currently, domestic 5G base station investment is dominated by the three major operators. The growth rate of downstream demand has slowed down, and the investment peak may have passed. Domestic 5G base stations are asset projects of the three major operators, and their investment is basically fully borne by the three major operators. Judging from the expected indicators for 5G base stations proposed by the "14th Five-Year Plan", it requires that the number of 5G base stations per 10,000 people will reach 26 by 2025, which means a total of 3.77 million 5G base stations need to be built. As of the end of 2021, China has built 1.425 million base stations, which means that an average of 586,000 5G base stations will be built annually from 2022 to 2025. Judging from the goals of the three major operators this year, it is expected that more than 670,000 new base stations will be built in 2022 .

NumberAccording to the center: Enterprises’ own investment behavior still dominates, and local governments provide land, finance and taxation support
According to the classification of computing power, data centers can be divided into supercomputing, general intelligence computing and edge computing. For a long time, my country's data centers have been dominated by general computing power, and the application and number of supercomputing, intelligent computing and edge data centers have yet to grow. At present, general computing power is the main force of data centers, accounting for more than 90% based on rack scale; supercomputing centers are mainly used in key national scientific research fields, with few commercial scenarios; the current scale of intelligent computing centers is not high, and edge data As my country's digital transformation accelerates, its demand will be further enhanced. (Source of the report: Future Think Tank)
Supercomputing centers with a lower proportion of government investment have a higher proportion
Investment in supercomputing centers relies on government will, national fund guarantees, and technical support from enterprises. Judging from international experience, the construction and operation resources of supercomputing centers basically come from the government. The operation and management models can be divided into government-directed systems represented by the United States and joint-stock systems represented by Europe. The development of my country's supercomputing center relies on the supercomputer research and development institute plan in the "863" support plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The host development is done by manufacturers signing cooperation agreements with various provincial ministries and commissions. In terms of financial security, the Ministry of Science and Technology supports host R&D manufacturers to invest in host R&D through the "863" special fund, and local governments need to bear the funding guarantee for subsequent operations and maintenance. In terms of technology, the National University of Defense Technology, Shuguang Group, Jiangnan Computing Institute and Inspur Group ensure the performance of my country's supercomputers.

The investment entities of local supercomputing centers are local governments, and part of the funding source comes from special bonds. In 2020, Shandong Province's special bonds (fourteenth phase) raised 200 million yuan to support the construction of the Jinan Supercomputing Center project, with project capital of 912 million yuan and other financing methods of 1.493 billion yuan.
Among them, only the Capital City Supercomputing Center project uses the operating income from computing and storage resources during the operating period as the source of debt repayment. The other two projects use the rental and sales income of factories, office buildings and other properties as the source of repayment. . The fund-raising construction plan does not highlight the characteristics and advantages of the data center project, showing that the current project subject lacks judgment on the business prospects. This situation is relatively common across the country. This is also the most prominent problem for local governments in preparing to build local government data centers.
General-purpose centers, which account for 90% of the total, mainly rely on corporate investment
The overall investment in general-purpose data centers is mainly based on market investment, supporting the participation of multiple entities in the construction, with the government as assistance and guidance. According to Guangzhou data center construction and development guidance, construction guidelines and green data center evaluation standards, it is necessary to insist on market investment as the mainstay of data centers, support the participation of multiple entities in the construction, coordinate resources such as land, electricity, network, energy consumption indicators, etc., and reasonably Lay out and build various data centers and optimize the existing data center resources. The parts that the government can support for general data centers include the following aspects:
1) Land, loans and energy consumption indicators: Central and national documents have emphasizedLocal governments must improve supporting land use, loan and energy use policies. In "Several Policies and Measures on Accelerating the Construction of New Information Infrastructure and Expanding Information Consumption", Jiangsu Province proposed to ensure quotas for land use and energy consumption indicators, and to promote the conversion of power supply to direct power supply. Inner Mongolia proposed in the "Several Policies of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to Promote the Development and Application of Big Data" that for data center projects with an investment of more than 1 billion yuan in the autonomous region, the income from the transfer of state-owned land use rights involved will be the land after accruing various special funds in accordance with regulations. The portion of the transfer proceeds retained by Zhongmeng City and Banner County (city, district) will be used to support project construction.
2) Electricity tariff discount: Shandong Province proposed in the "Shandong Province Opinions on Supporting the Development of Data Economy" that it implement industrial, commercial and other electricity price reductions for all types of data centers, disaster recovery centers, supercomputing centers, communication base stations, etc. that meet the requirements. The two-part electricity price. For regional and industrial data centers that comply with the planned layout and serve the province and even the country, the electricity price will be halved from 0.65 yuan/kWh and reduced to about 0.33 yuan through financial incentives and subsidies at all levels. Support will be provided in different levels based on actual power consumption and industry-leading role.
3) Guide layout: Taking Hebei as an example, the document requires optimizing the layout and construction of Internet Data Centers (IDCs), and guiding the clustering of ultra-large and disaster recovery data centers to areas with obvious energy and climate advantages such as Zhangjiakou and Chengde. , large and medium-sized data centers focusing on low latency and high bandwidth are moderately developed in Shijiazhuang, Langfang and other areas. Judging from the national plan, the current Eastern Digital and Western Computing encourages a large number of digital economy enterprises engaged in data storage, offline data analysis and other businesses to deploy data centers in the western region or purchase western data center cloud services to effectively reduce operating costs. In terms of energy conservation, Shanghai proposes that the PUE of existing renovated data centers should not be higher than 1.4, and that the PUE of new data centers should be limited to less than 1.3.
Data center construction still mainly relies on corporate investment, and local governments have relaxed investment preferential conditions to attract investment in data centers. At present, domestic data center operators can be divided into basic telecom operators represented by China Telecom and China Mobile, and third-party data center operators represented by Equinix, Digital Reality Trust, GDS, etc. At present, basic telecom operators and third-party data center operators rely on their resources, funds and technology research and development advantages to accelerate the layout of data centers globally by cultivating independent brands, broadening international marketing channels and providing a full range of supporting data center services. As analyzed above, data centers, as new infrastructure, are characterized by a high degree of market-oriented operation. What the government can do in the investment process is to provide production factors and provide preferential conditions to attract manufacturers to invest in data centers.
Digital data in the east and data in the west: a typical market-led new infrastructure plan, with the government actively cooperating and guiding
Digital data in the east and data in the west is a national industrial plan for data centers. From a planning perspective, the ideas are similar to the previous South-to-North Water Diversion, West-to-East Gas Transmission, and West-to-East Electricity Transmission.The state guides and promotes the rational allocation of resources across regions. On February 17, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Central Cyberspace Administration of China, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the National Energy Administration jointly issued a notice agreeing to implement the plan in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the Yangtze River Delta, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Chengdu, Chongqing, Inner Mongolia, Guizhou, Gansu, Ningxia and other eight places have launched the construction of national computing power hub nodes, and have planned 10 national data center clusters.
The western region has a cost advantage over the eastern region, and green power supply can reasonably complement the data center industry. The economic development level of the western region is still at a low level and there is broad room for development in the future. As a high-energy-consuming industry, data centers have electricity costs that account for more than 50% of data center operating costs. Therefore, under the national dual energy consumption control requirements, data centers have difficulty in expanding their business in first-tier cities in the east. However, there is a surplus of new energy power consumption in the west. In order to solve the difficult problem of accommodation, the “digital data in the east and calculation in the west” plan combined with its lower land and energy prices can bring about a win-win situation for data centers and green power companies in the west. In addition to considering cost and energy consumption, Eastern Digital and Western Computing also considers supporting economically backward areas. The western region is expected to cultivate labor-intensive industries such as back-end processing and offline analysis.
The core goals of East and West: green, efficient, technological innovation, and multi-faceted progress in regional balance. This point is very clear in the "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Construction of a National Integrated Big Data Center Collaborative Innovation System": By 2025, data centers across the country will form a rationally laid out, green and intensive infrastructure integration pattern; the eastern and western data centers will achieve Structural balance, the power utilization efficiency of large and ultra-large data centers has dropped below 1.3; the intensification, scale, and greenness of data centers have significantly improved, and the utilization rate has increased significantly; the public cloud service system has initially taken shape, and the computing power of the whole society has been obtained Costs have been significantly reduced; data barriers between government departments and governments and enterprises have been further broken down, and the vitality of data resource circulation has been significantly enhanced; the collaborative application of big data has become more effective, and a number of industry data brains and city data brains have been formed nationwide, and the computing resources of the whole society, The trend of efficient transformation of data resources into intellectual resources has basically taken shape, and data security capabilities have been steadily improved.

In the context of digitalization from the east to the west, the investment model of data centers will change to a data center industrial park jointly established by local governments and data center companies, and the role of the government may be limited. As a national-level plan, "Eastern Data and Western Computing", the future investment model of data centers may shift from enterprise self-built/leased buildings to build data centers to joint ventures and cooperative construction of data center industrial parks/bases. Local governments mainly provide other approvals for land and energy use. convenient. In terms of industrial ecology, data center industrial parks/bases established by local governments attract investment around the upstream and downstream of the data center industry chain to create data center industry clusters. The core equipment in the data center industrial park still needs to rely on the investment of the settled enterprises themselves. The role of the central government is to provide policy direction guidance, and the role of local governments is more to provide land and energy indicators and loan facilities, network transmission infrastructure construction and reasonable planning to form industrial productionEcological clusters drive the development of settled enterprises.
Similar to major national plans such as South-to-North Water Diversion, West-to-East Gas Transmission, West-to-East Electricity Transmission, and Three Gorges Construction, the implementation of the East-to-West Project requires enterprises to play the main role in investment and financing.

The investment scale of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is about 500 billion yuan. At the beginning, it relied on capital investment from the central budget and syndicated loans from state-owned banks, and used the long-term construction special treasury bonds in 2003. The South-to-North Water Diversion Group was formally established in 2020. It is responsible for the preliminary work, fund raising, development, construction, and operation management of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. It is responsible for the safety, operation safety, and water supply safety of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, as well as raising investment in follow-up projects and other project construction.
The Yangtze Three Gorges Project created the "Three Gorges Model". The overall construction capital of the Three Gorges Project exceeds 200 billion yuan. At the beginning of the plan, the investment and financing plan was established as follows: The first part is the profit of the Gezhouba Power Plant, which is about 600 million yuan a year. The profit after the Three Gorges Project starts generating power in 2003 will also be used as the profit of the Three Gorges Project. The second part is the Three Gorges Fund. In the national electricity consumption, the price of electricity is increased by 4% to 8% per kilowatt hour, and the annual income is nearly 4 billion yuan; the third part is commercial bank loans and buyer's credit for the purchase of foreign equipment. Among them, foreign credit is more than one billion US dollars; the fourth part is the issuance of bonds. Three Gorges Corporation has so far issued five corporate bonds to the public, raising a total of 14 billion yuan; the fifth part of the funds comes from the Yangtze Power IPO for equity financing.
The total investment in the two phases of the West-East Gas Transmission Project exceeded 300 billion yuan. Central enterprises such as PetroChina and Sinopec took the lead in investment and financing activities. Subsequently, collective insurance investment was also introduced twice in 2012 and 2013. In 2019, the National Pipeline Network Corporation was formally established. It is responsible for the investment, construction and operation of infrastructure such as oil and gas trunk pipeline networks and gas storage peak shaving. It is responsible for the interconnection of trunk pipeline networks and social pipeline connections, as well as the operation and dispatch of the national oil and gas pipeline network.
The investment scale of the West-to-East Power Transmission Project exceeds 500 billion yuan, and is led by central enterprises such as State Grid and China Southern Power Grid in investment and financing activities. Investments such as UHV and large energy bases are also invested and constructed through bidding by major central enterprises.
The significance of policy lies in guiding planning rather than ending up in one's own hands. The innovation of "Eastern Digital and Western Counting" is that the market-oriented factors of this investment will be more prominent. In the future, many types of enterprises including central enterprises, local state-owned enterprises, large Internet companies, etc. will strengthen their construction around the "Eastern Digital and Western Counting" policy direction. In the past, the investment layout of data centers was mainly based on user needs and local comprehensive factors. Enterprises mainly make their own decisions based on market behavior, which is prone to chaos and disorder, which is not conducive to the deployment and effective allocation of resources. After the introduction of "Eastern Data and Western Computing", new data centers will be laid out according to policy directions as much as possible. At present, the construction of data centers mainly includes two main models: self-construction and leasing. The launch of the Eastern Digital and Western Computing industry clusters will further encourage companies with massive data scale to adopt the self-construction model.. The role of the government is to guide investment direction and provide supporting facilities. It is expected that the government will be less directly involved in the construction of data centers in the short term. Judging from existing cases, the three major operators, Internet companies and local state-owned enterprises have rushed to establish data centers in the west.

Digital industrialization innovation: the key breakthrough of “stuck neck”

Core technology is the cornerstone of digital economy construction, and my country’s key digital technology has long been controlled by others
Core digital Technology can be divided into three major levels. At the current node, breakthroughs in basic digital software and hardware may be the key to achieving breakthroughs in digital technology. The fields related to the digital economy are complex. We believe that its core technologies can be divided into three main levels, which also represent the three major steps to promote the development of the digital economy, namely, complementing key basic technologies, expanding core industrial technologies, and deploying next-generation cutting-edge technologies. Breakthroughs in core technologies are the key to promoting digital industrialization and industrial digitization, while R&D breakthroughs and iterative applications of basic software and hardware are the foundation for the development of all digital technologies.

At present, my country’s basic software and hardware of the digital economy, especially in the fields of high-end chips, integrated circuits, and industrial software, have long been controlled by others. According to IC Insights data, among the top 15 semiconductor manufacturers in the world, 8 are from the United States and none from mainland China are on the list.
In terms of basic hardware, my country's key core technologies are still unable to achieve independent control, which poses a serious restriction to the development of the digital economy.

From components, complete equipment, software, testing to assembly, my country is currently at the middle and low end of the global value chain. Key core technologies cannot be independently controlled. Objectively speaking, digital The integration of the economy and the real economy poses huge constraints.
Currently, U.S. semiconductor companies maintain an absolute advantage in microprocessors and other leading equipment, and maintain leading positions in R&D, design and process technology. Currently, U.S. companies have the largest market share in the global semiconductor field, reaching 46.3%, and other countries/regions hold 7% to 21% of the global market. None of the world's top ten semiconductor suppliers in 2021 are from mainland China. In the 2019 ranking, my country's HiSilicon ranked ninth in the world with revenue of US$11.55 billion, with a market share of 2.8%. Due to U.S. trade sanctions, HiSilicon has now withdrawn from the ranking of the top 25 semiconductor suppliers in the world. According to IC Insights data, China's semiconductor self-sufficiency rate may be around 15.9% in 2020, of which the automotive chip self-sufficiency rate is less than 5%. If non-mainland companies that have set up factories in mainland China, such as TSMC, Samsung and SK Hynix, are not included, this The number will be only 6%.
In terms of basic software, my country currently lacks competitive advantages in operating systems, industrial software and other application fields. Research and development of basic software for digital economy such as operating systems and industrial softwareIt is difficult, has high technical thresholds, and has high reliability requirements, which results in long R&D cycles, high R&D costs, and slow iteration speeds. High R&D investment and long R&D cycles have formed high industry barriers, and users have also become strongly dependent on head software. Therefore, information technology basic software has formed an industry pattern in which the strong get stronger and the winner takes all. Taking operating systems as an example, in 2019, 88% of the domestic PC operating system market was occupied by Windows, 9% by macOS, and the remaining manufacturers' shares were less than 4%.
my country's high-end industrial software field is basically monopolized by foreign software, and China's industrial software is seriously lacking in competitiveness. Taking industrial software as an example, during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology organized and implemented the industrial base reengineering project to merge industrial basic software, an important component of industrial software, with the traditional "four bases" into the new "five bases". base". Industrial software is the core component of modern industry, and most of China's industrial software relies on overseas products. Specifically:
R&D and design: The localization rate of R&D and design industrial software is only 5%. Domestically available R&D and design products can only be used in fields with simple industrial mechanisms, single system functions, and low industry complexity. , such as domestic CAD applications and molds, furniture and home appliances, general machinery, electronic appliances and other industries. In the high-end field, China's EDA market has long been monopolized by the three giants Cadence, Synopsys, and Siemens EDA. The overall market concentration is high, with the top three companies accounting for more than 70%.
Manufacturing: Manufacturing industrial software accounts for half of the domestic market, but at the high end

㈦ What are the policies to promote the development of blockchain

Legal analysis: October 25 On the same day, national leaders presided over a collective study meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and listed blockchain as an important breakthrough for independent innovation technology.

In the 19 days since then, local governments have issued a total of 44 related policies to encourage the development of blockchain, involving 20 provinces.

Government affairs, medical care, finance and smart cities have become the areas where local governments value blockchain implementation most.

In the process of actively promoting the implementation of blockchain, local governments are also trying to combine their own advantages and local characteristics. For example, in Shanxi, energy has become a key area for blockchain implementation.

Legal basis: "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Outline of Long-term Goals for 2035" Article 3 Strategic Orientation: Promote high-quality development during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period , we must base ourselves on the new development stage, implement new development concepts, and build a new development pattern. Grasping the new development stage is the realistic basis for implementing the new development concept and building a new development pattern. Implementing the new development concept provides an action guide for grasping the new development stage and building a new development pattern. Building a new development pattern is to respond to the opportunities and challenges of the new development stage. , strategic choices to implement new development concepts. We must persist in deepening supply-side structural reforms and pursue innovation-driven, high-quality supply.Lead and create new demand, and improve the resilience of the supply system and its adaptability to domestic demand. We must establish an effective system to expand domestic demand, accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, strengthen demand-side management, and build a strong domestic market. We must unswervingly advance reform, break down institutional obstacles that restrict economic circulation, and promote the circulation of production factors and the organic connection between production, distribution, circulation, and consumption. We must unswervingly expand opening up, continue to deepen openness based on the flow of factors, steadily expand openness based on institutions, and rely on the domestic economic cycle system to form a strong gravitational field for global factor resources. It is necessary to strengthen the leading role of the domestic general cycle, improve the efficiency and level of the domestic general cycle with the international cycle, and realize the mutual promotion and advancement of the domestic and international dual cycles.

What are the prospects of blockchain?

The application of blockchain has extended to many fields such as medical health, education, charity, social management, and finance. The biggest advantage of blockchain is that it truly completes the construction of credit in an anonymous society, bringing new opportunities to many fields, thus making various innovative applications possible. . The current blockchain is equivalent to the Internet 20 years ago. It is in its preliminary stage. In the future, it will definitely become a major part of the social economy and be used to benefit the people and society. Please wait and see!
Blockchain is an intelligent peer-to-peer network that uses distributed databases to identify, disseminate and record information, also known as the Internet of Value. The concept of blockchain was first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in his paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published on the Bitcoin Forum in late 2008.
It is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be an untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger.
Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access. A new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and manipulate data.
Blockchain Investment
Blockchain investment is indeed one of the hottest investment methods in today’s society. Although blockchain seems to have just started, as such a novel existence, it It is indeed very unique. Many people don’t know what blockchain is. They only know that blockchain mining can make money, so they follow it in a fog. But to achieve a truly safe investment, I suggest that everyone still Understand it first, prepare well before taking action, and don’t fight an unprepared battle.
Blockchain technology does have huge room for growth in the future. Many people believe that it will be able to subvert many existing industries in the future. This is very important. This is the source of all your confidence. If you If you don’t recognize the value of blockchain in your heart, then you are likely to be affected by some negative remarks, and even have negative opinions about the wholeDoubts arise in an industry, thus affecting your entire decision-making and judgment.
If you just want to play casually or test the water, the chance of success is very small.
Once you are determined, be prepared and spend all your precious energy on research. When investing, you must do your homework! Never invest money without knowing what the project is about.
Finally, the blockchain is a new industry after all. It is currently in a mixed situation, and of course there are scammers. Therefore, when we invest, we must be careful and do not accept what others say. Bright eyes.
In addition, I still have to say that investment is risky, so you must be cautious!

㈨ What is the country’s policy on blockchain?

The country currently has a recognized attitude towards blockchain technology and supports and encourages the research and development of independent blockchain technology. , the country’s expectation for the blockchain industry is to be supported by specific implementation and application value. The future expectation for the blockchain is that the blockchain will become a breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies. And blockchain is legal. Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of being unforgeable, leaving traces throughout the process, traceable, open and transparent, and collectively maintained.
1. The composition of the blockchain system:
1. Data layer
2. Network layer
3. Consensus layer
4. Incentive layer
5. Contract layer
6. Application layer
2. Types of blockchain
1. Public blockchain
2. Industry blockchain
3. Private blockchain
3. Blockchain Features
1. Decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management agencies or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes self-verification, transmission and management of information through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain.
2. Openness. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface. Therefore, the entire System information is highly transparent.
Legal basis:
"Civil Code of the People's Republic of China"
Article 123 Civil subjects enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with the law. Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights enjoyed by obligees in accordance with the law with respect to the following objects:
(1) Works;
(2) Inventions, utility models, and designs;
(3) Trademarks;
( 4) Geographical indications;
(5) Trade secrets;
(6) Integrated circuit layout designs;
(7) New plant varieties;
(8) Other objects specified by law